Structural studies of a protein using the assigned back-bone carbonyl carbon-13 NMR resonances

Several new methods to observe and assign the back-bone peptide carbonyl carbon NMR resonances of a protein have been developed and applied for Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor. With the assigned carbonyl resonances various site-specific structural information can be obtained for virtually any site of the peptide chain. By putting those site-specific NMR parameters, including chemical shifts, rotational structures around peptide bond, and solvent accessibilities, together a new algorithm to predict the protein structures in solution has emerged.     

Study of electron spin crossover in iron(III) tris-dithiocarbamate complexes by carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy

¹³C and ¹H isotropic shifts have been measured for a series of Fe(III) tris-dithiocarbamate complexes. The ¹³C isotropic shifts may be interpreted as arising solely from contact hyperfine coupling and demonstrate that as the low-spin state of the metal is favoured there is an increase in metal-ligand π-bonding. σ-delocalization of unpaired spin density is more important in determining the ¹³C isotropic shifts than those of the contiguous proton.     

Structural assignments of 2-aryl and 3-arylbenzofurans by carbon-13 nmr

The ^1–3C chemical shifts of 2-aryl and 3-arylbenzofurans are discussed. Pairs of isomers can be differentiated based on the chemical shifts of C-2 in 3-arylbenzofurans and C-3 in 2-arylbenzofurans. A signal near 100 ppm (101 ± 1.7) indicates a 2-arylbenzofuran and a signal near (141 ± 1.3) indicates a 3-arylbenzofuran.     

Carbon-13 NMR studies. 96—carbon-13 spectra of several polyhydroxylated 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene and phenanthrene derivatives

The ¹³C spectra of eleven 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene and twelve phenanthrene derivatives were recorded in order to examine the effects of hydroxy and methoxy substitution on the skeletal carbon shieldings. For each series, the parent compounds were the 2,4-disubstituted derivatives with the others bearing 5-, 6- and/or 7-substituents, including the naturally occurring orchinol and loroglossol. The data should be helpful for examinations of related compounds. Some examples of particularly facile hydrogen-deuterium exchange at aryl positions were encountered. Since these occur under apparently neutral conditions, suitable caution may be required in examinations of related compounds.     

Conformational analogies of morphine agonists and antagonists as revealed by carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy

The extreme similarity (except in the vicinity of the nitrogen atom) of the ¹³C spectra of the agonist-antagonist pairs oxymorphone-naloxone and morphine-nalorphine and their respective hydrochlorides suggests that the N-methyl and N-allyl compounds have analogous conformations. This makes unlikely an interpretation of the agonist-antagonist dichotomy in terms of confonnational differences. Both morphine hydrochloride and nalorphine hydrochloride exist as mixtures of two diastereomers: ca 83% of the isomer with equatorial N-alkyl and 17% of the isomer with axial N-alkyl (ΔG°=O.95 kcalmol^?1).     

Solid phase carbon-13 NMR studies of dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 ethers and some alkali metal phenoxide complexes

From C-13 CPMAS spectra, the asymmetric units in the crystalline state of a number of title species have been determined. Results are compared with available x-ray data and liquid phase C-13 spectra.     

Structural characterisation of micro- and mesoporous materials by electron microscopy

Zeolites are one of the most important materials currently used in the petroleum industry for a wide variety of catalytic transformations. However, they are increasingly being considered for other applications such as for designing quantum-confined materials in their spaces. With such applications in mind, precise characterisation of zeolites and related porous materials has never been more necessary. Here we show how electron diffraction coupled with high-resolution imaging can reveal the detailed fine structure in both the bulk and at the surface of these materials. A variety of case studies are considered which include ETS-10, FAU, LTL and FSM-16.     

Carbon-13 NMR and CNDO/2 studies of phenoxachalcogenins

The ¹³C chemical shifts of the carbon atoms in dibenzodioxin, phenoxathiin, phenoxaselenin and phenoxatellurin were determined in CDCl₃ solutions and assigned. The total (σ and π) charge densitites on the carbon atoms calculated by the CNDO/2 method without consideration of d-orbitals correlated well with the experimentally determined shifts. Rather good agreement was also found between experimental shifts and shifts calculated from ¹³C data for phenyl methyl chalcogenides on the assumption that a phenoxachalcogenin molecule can be assembled from C₆H₅O and C₆H₅X groups. Only the shifts of the carbon atoms bonded to the heavier chalcogen atoms show an upfield trend in the sequence O, S, Se, Te. All other shifts exhibit a downfield trend. These trends are rationalized in terms of the electronegativities, abilities to participate in π-interactions, and anisotropy effects of the chalcogen atoms.     

Characterization of Acacia mangium polyflavonoid tannins by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and CP-MAS C NMR

The MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) and solid state CP-MAS ¹³C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic technique were introduced to characterize Acacia mangium tannin (condensed tannins). The MALDI-TOF MS illustrated a series of peaks corresponding to oligomers of condensed tannins of up to 11 flavonoid units (3200 Da). A. mangium condensed tannins were found to consist predominantly of prorobinetinidin combined with profisetinidin and prodelphinidin. Both the MALDI-TOF mass spectra and the solid state CP-MAS ¹³C NMR indicated that the A. mangium tannins obtained from Kudat, had an almost completely linear structure; In addition, Lembah Beringin, consist of “angular” polymer structure; and Tawau, has included “twice-angular” polymer structures present in oligomers type of up to 7 flavonoid units. The high degree of polymerization of linear, angular type, twice-angular structures and longer oligomer (3200 Da) chains have not been observed in previous studies of condensed tannins. The spectra also indicated that A. mangium tannins are more heavily branched and have higher degree of polymerization (>7.0) compared to commercial mimosa (A. mearnsii) tannin (4.9). Because tannins are phenolic, it was expected that they can be used to replace phenol-formaldehyde (PF) adhesives.     

Molten state reactivity of difunctional cyanates: Thermal and spectroscopic studies by liquid and solid CP-MAS 13C-NMR

Using differential scanning calorimetry, we have investigated three difunctional cyanate monomers differing by their central group: bisphenol A dicyanate (BADCy), bisphenol E dicyanate (BEDCy), and hexafluorinated bisphenol A dicyanate (BAFDCy), to determine the effect of the central group on the molten state reactivity of heat-treated cyanates. To identify the different phenomena occurring during the heat cycle, which was followed by differential scanning calorimetry, ¹³C-NMR (liquid and solid) was undertaken. This technique was used to characterize the major products and side products formed. Using ¹³C-NMR and HPLC, we were able to detect the formation of compounds with a triazine ring at one chain end and a hydroxyl function at the other. The presence of the latter depended on the purity of the initial monomers. In light of the purity parameter, inherent in the synthesis of the products, we propose an order of reactivity, at molten state, of the polymerization of the three cyanate monomers in the temperature range of 180–300°C. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 1245–1254 1997     

NMR studies in the heterocyclic series. XX—a carbon-13 NMR study of the structures of N-hydroxybenzotriazole and its acylated derivatives

Assignment of the carbon resonances in nine derivatives of N-hydroxybenzotriazole has been carried out. The ¹³C NMR method enables tautomeric N-hydroxy and N-oxide and isomeric O- and N-acyl structures to be identified. In DMSO, the predominant tautomer of N-hydroxybenzotriazole was found to be the N-hydroxy form. The structure of the benzoate and methyl and phenyl carbonate esters were likewise established, but for the two latter compounds, hydrolysis of the equilibrating O- and N-acyl isomers imposed some limitations on the usefulness of the technique.     

Structural Revision and Elucidation of the Biosynthesis of Hypodoratoxide by 13C,13C COSY NMR Spectroscopy

Feeding of (2,3,4,5,6‐¹³C₅)mevalonolactone to the fungus Hypomyces odoratus resulted in a completely labeled sesquiterpene ether. The connectivity of the carbon atoms was easily deduced from a ¹³C,¹³C COSY spectrum, revealing a structure that was different from the previously reported structure of hypodoratoxide, even though the reported ¹³C NMR data matched. A structural revision of hypodoratoxide is thus presented. Its absolute configuration was tentatively assigned from its co‐metabolite cis‐dihydroagarofuran. Its biosynthesis was investigated by feeding of (3‐¹³C)‐ and (4,6‐¹³C₂)mevalonolactone, which gave insights into the complex rearrangement of the carbon skeleton during terpene cyclization by analysis of the ¹³C,¹³C couplings.     

Structural, solid-state NMR and theoretical studies of the inverse-coordination of lithium chloride using group 13 phosphide hosts

The reaction of MeAlCl2 with 'PhPLi2' in THF gives [{MeAl(PPh)3Li(4).3 THF}4(mu4-Cl)]-Li+ (1). The GaIII and InIII analogues, [{MeE(PPh)3Li(4).3 THF}4(mu4-Cl)]-Li+(THF)3 (E=Ga (2), In (3)), are obtained by the in situ reactions of MeECl2 with PhPLi2 in THF. For all of the complexes, the cage anions have an unusual cubic arrangement that is similar to a zeolite, and contain large voids (ca. 17 A). The location of the Li+ counterions in 1-3 and their coordination environment appears to subtly reflect variations in packing and lattice energy. Whereas in 1 highly mobile, loosely coordinated Li+ counterions are present, 2 and 3 contain less mobile THF-solvated counterions within the cavities. X-ray crystallographic and solid-state NMR studies are reported on 1-3, together with model DFT calculations on the selectivity of halide coordination.     

Structural and orientational properties of the ferro, antiferroelectric, and re-entrant smectic C phases of ZLL7/ by deuterium NMR and other experimental techniques

In this work, two selectively deuterium-labeled isotopomers of the (S)-2-methylbutyl- [4'-(4' '-heptyloxyphenyl)-benzoyl-4-oxy-(S)-2-((S)-2')-benzoyl)-propionyl)]-propionate (ZLL 7/), one labeled on the phenyl ring (ZLL 7/-phe-D2) and the other one on the biphenyl fragment (ZLL 7/-biphe-D2), have been investigated by deuterium NMR (DNMR) spectroscopy and other experimental techniques. These compounds possess the paraelectric SmA, the ferroelectric SmC, the antiferroelectric SmC(A), the re-entrant ferroelectric SmC(re), and the ferroelectric hexatic phases down to room temperature. The orientational ordering properties of the two labeled fragments have been determined by means of DNMR, and the mesophase behavior at two magnetic fields is discussed. In particular, the effect of the magnetic field on the supramolecular structure of the SmC and SmC(re) phases is commented. This study revealed to be useful to understand the structural and conformational properties of the ferroelectric/antiferroelectric/re-entrant/hexatic smectic phases. Mesomorphic properties, spontaneous tilt angle, polarization, and layer spacing have been studied for the labeled materials and compared with those obtained for the nonlabeled compound. The two self-consistent set of data, from optical and DNMR measurements and X-ray results, allow us to associate at the transition from the SmC to the SmC(A) phase a change of the molecular conformation.     

NMR study of organosilicon compounds. III—Silicon-29, nitrogen-14, carbon-13 and proton NMR spectra of silylakylamines

²⁹Si, ¹⁴N ¹³C and ¹H NMR data are presented for a series of homologous (methylethoxysilyl)alkylamines of the type (CH₃)_3?n(C₂H₅O)_nSi(CH₂)_mNH₂(n=o to 3; m = 1 to 4). The measured ¹³C and ¹H chemical shifts correlate with the total net charges Q_A on the corressponding atoms, estimated by the Del Re method. ¹⁴N and ²⁹Si chemical shifts which do not show simple linear relationships to the charges are found to correlate with the relative basicities of the compounds. The influence of the remote substituent (? NH₂ and others) on the ₂₉Si chemical shifts is shown to depend on the number and nature of substituents directly on the silicon atom. Argyments for d-orbital participation in the Si? O bounds are given. The chemical shifts of ²⁹Si, ¹⁴N and ₁₃C nuclei are not consistent with the fromation of intramolecular ‘long bonds’ between the solicon and nitrogen atoms in aliphatic silymethylamines.     

Polysaccharides ofPolygonatum. VI. A study of the structure of a glucomannan fromPolygonatum sewerzowii by13C NMR spectroscopy,electron microscopy,and x-radiography

A phytoecdysteroid, sileneoside D, has been isolated from the roots ofSilene brahuica Boiss. and it has been shown to be ecdysterone 3-O--D-galactopyranoside.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 741–744, November–December, 1984.