生物脱氮新技术——同步硝化反硝化研究

详细介绍了一种新型的生物脱氮技术———同步硝化反硝化的技术和特点,应用前景以及存在的问题。该技术比传统生物脱氮方法有简化工艺流程、提高脱氮效率、节省投资等优点,但有待进一步研究与开发。     

十二烷基苯的硝化选择性

借助气相色谱发现正十二烷基苯在硝硫混酸和硝磷混酸中硝化时，一硝化产物中对位异构体可达６０％，较在硝酸乙酸酐中硝化时的对位选择性高１０％，利用１ＨＮＭＲ测定了工业十二烷基苯和正十二烷基苯在高浓度硫酸（９８％）的硝硫混酸中的硝化选择性，发现前者的硝化中对位异构体的高达８０％。     

吡啶硝化衍生物的合成及应用

综合评述了吡啶类化合物的硝化合成方法及近年来的研究进展，对其中较重要的氮氧化－硝化法进行了讨论，并介绍了该类衍生物在农药、医药、有机合成等方面的应用情况。     

水相中取代苯酚的硫酸氢钠/硝酸钠硝化反应

以硫酸氢钠和硝酸钠为硝化剂,在水溶液中完成了取代苯酚的硝化反应.硝化产物具有良好的选择性和较高的产率.     

生物转盘高效脱氮的实验研究

采用单轴三级生物转盘(RBC),在水力停留时间(HRT)为5、8、12h时,总氮(TN)去除率分别为30.94%、51.52%、58.67%。证明了生物转盘具有同步硝化反硝化的功能。增加硝化液回流系统后,在温度为15℃、回流比为200%时,TN去除率为74.57%。改变转盘的转速及水温,在试验中水温30℃、生物转盘转速10r/min时,转盘对TN的去除率达到最大值为85.35%。实验结果表明,生物转盘在污水脱氮上有较好的应用前景。     

3—氨基—4—硝基苯甲酸的合成

以苯甲酸为原料，经硝化，还原，乙酰化，再硝化，水解，制备了标题化合物，结果较好     

芳环硝化反应中碳—碳键的断裂

报道了一例特殊的苯环硝化反应：在硝酸铝作为硝化试剂的条件下,硝化反应是发生在取代烷基与硝基之间而不是苯环上质子与硝基之间。     

负载型杂多酸催化下N2O5对氯苯的选择性硝化研究

使用负载型杂多酸为催化剂,N2O5为硝化剂的新型硝化体系,对氯苯的硝化反应进行研究。文章分别考察了杂多酸类型、载体种类、杂多酸负载量及催化剂循环使用次数等因素对硝化反应的影响。结果证明,N2O5硝化反应属于酸催化反应,负载型杂多酸能显著提高N2O5的硝化能力;催化剂回收后可直接重复使用,催化活性没有明显的降低。在优化条件下,氯苯硝化反应得率为26%,对位选择性达到68.8%,表明N2O5是一种具有应用前景的硝化试剂,可取代传统的硝硫混酸硝化法,减少废酸处理,符合绿色环保要求。     

3－氨基－4－硝基苯甲酸的合成

以苯甲酸为原料，经硝化、还原、乙酰化、再硝化、水解，制备了标题化合物，结果较好。     

固体酸SO_4~（2－）／TiO_2－SiO_2对甲苯硝化的选择性催化作用

固体酸ＳＯ２－４／ＴｉＯ２－ＳｉＯ２对甲苯硝化的选择性催化作用阳年发（中山大学化学系，广州，５１０２７５）张春华（湘潭大学化学系，湘潭，４１１１０５）关键词甲苯，硝化，固体酸，选择性甲苯的位置选择性硝化一直是化学家们感兴趣的课题，为了提高甲苯－硝化产...     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定高铼酸钾中的19种杂质元素

建立了一种用稀盐酸溶解样品,标准工作溶液中匹配钾,ICP-AES测定高铼酸钾中19种杂质元素的方法。在选定的仪器工作条件下,样品加标回收率(%)分别为：钠94.4～101、钙98.8～102、铝98.1～102、镁95.8～99.1、钴98.4～101、钼97.3～103、钛97.6～102、钒96.6～106、锆96.2～97.7、铬97.8～101、铜98.1～108、铁92.9～104、锰95.5～98.4、镍93.6～101、钯93.3～101、铅96.5～103、锌95.2～103、铂95.9～99.9、铑94.5～96.3;方法精密度RSD%(n=7)分别为：钠2.0～5.5、镁1.1～3.5、铝0.9～2.5、钙1.5～7.3、钴1.1～3.1、钼0.9～4.5、钛1.0～2.8、钒1.6～4.0、锆1.4～3.6、铬0.77～4.6、铜0.74～1.8、铁1.3～3.8、锰1.1～2.0、镍0.99～5.0、钯1.1～2.4、铅1.3～9.1、锌0.80～6.7、铂1.2～10、铑0.78～8.6。方法简便、快速、准确, 满足生产分析要求。     

Antibacterial activity and comparison of the volatile constituents obtained by several extraction methods from the flowers, stems and leaves of Astrodaucus orientalis

The oils of the flowers, stems and leaves of Astrodaucus orientalis L. were separately extracted using hydrodistillation (HD), head-space solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and microwave assisted head-space solid-phase microextraction (MA-HS-SPME). The volatile constituents were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Temperature and time of extraction, microwave power and exposure time of extraction were optimized. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fiber was used as the solid phase for SPME methods. The main constituents of the flower, stem and leaf oils isolated by HD, HS-SPME and MA-HS-SPME are as follows, respectively: beta-pinene (20.5%, 13.9% and 30.4%), alpha-thujene (8.7%, 16.2% and 10.9%) and alpha-pinene (7.6%, 14.3% and 10.9%) for the flowers, sabinene (11.8%, 32.3% and 11.8%), alpha-pinene (8.7%, 28.8% and 6.1%) and p-mycrene (2.5%, 12% and 8.5%) for the stem, and alpha-pinene (9.4%, 37.1% and 22.5%), sabinene (13.5%, 26.3% and 23.5%), beta-pinene (6.3%, 9.8% and 10%) and p-mycrene (3.2%, 2.5% and 15.6%) for the leaf. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined for all essential oils obtained by HD against both Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria using the agar dilution method. These oils showed the good activities against the both bacteria (0.5 - 1.5 mg/mL).     

添加乙酸乙酯对生物油稳定性的影响

以稻草秸秆快速热裂解生物油为样品,选取乙酸乙酯作为添加剂,按不同质量分数(分别为1%、6%、11%、16%和21%)添加到生物油中,考察原始生物油(空白组)及乙酸乙酯组生物油理化特性随贮存时间的变化规律。结果表明,随着乙酸乙酯添加质量分数增大,各乙酸乙酯组(1%、6%、11%、16%和21%)生物油最终pH值比空白组分别提高0.66%、2.33%、3.65%、4.32%和6.31%;最终含水率比空白组分别降低10.90%、20.17%、28.19%、30.27%和35.10%;最终运动黏度比空白组分别降低13.69%、39.08%、57.99%、66.00%和73.58%。FT-IR和GC-MS分析结果表明,添加乙酸乙酯能抑制生物油老化反应。此外,GC-MS分析结果还证实乙酸乙酯可以减少生物油内有机酸含量。     

Unmittelbare photometrische Bestimmung des Antimongehaltes von legierten St?hlen mit Jodid

Zusammenfassung Das photometrische Verfahren von Ploum [1,2] zur Antimonbestimmung mit Jodid in nichtlegierten Stählen wurde so modifiziert, daß einerseits die Arbeitszeit durch Vereinfachung der Methode herabgesetzt wird und es andererseits zur Untersuchung hochlegierter Stähle herangezogen werden kann. 20% Cr, 12% Ni, 3% Mo, 4% W, 2% Mn, 3% V, 1% Ti, 0,4% Si, 0,8% Nb, 0,04% Ta, 0,1% Co, 0,05% Al, 0,05% As, 0,014% Sn und 0,004% B haben keinen Einfluß. Cu > 0,2% stört. Es können Antimongehalte von 0,001–0,025% bestimmt werden.

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Direct photometric determination of antimony in alloy steels with iodide

The method of Ploum [1,2] for the direct determination of antimony in plain steels has been modified. It has been possible to reduce the working time in simplifying the method and to apply the procedure to the investigation of high-alloy steels. 20% Cr, 12% Ni, 3% Mo, 4% W, 2% Mn, 3% V, 1% Ti, 0.4% Si, 0.8% Nb, 0.04% Ta, 0.1% Co, 0.05% Al, 0.05% As, 0.014% Sn and 0.004% B have no effect. Cu >0.2% interferes. Sb contents from 0.001 to 0.025% can be determined.

     

CPA矩阵法测定肺保三效片中六组分含量

本文采用ＣＰＡ矩阵法测定肺保三效片中六种组分的含量．计算程序采用ＢＡＳＩＣ语言编制．扑热息痛、苯妥英钠、咖啡因、茶碱、扑尔敏和盐酸麻黄碱的平均回收率和相对标准偏差分别为９６．１５％，０．７７％；９６．１５％，０．７２％；９６．４１％，０．６１％；９６．２２％，０．７１％；９６．１３％，０．７４％；９６．１６％，０．７７％．结果较满意．     

紫外可见分光光度法测定不同产地龙牙百合中皂苷含量

为建立龙牙百合总皂苷的测定方法,并确定不同产地龙牙百合中皂苷的含量,以便控制龙牙百合药材的质量,采用香草醛-高氯酸显色,在535 nm处,利用紫外可见分光光度法测定了10个批次的龙牙百合中总皂苷的含量.结果表明,10个不同产地龙牙百合中皂苷的含量,分别是:8.39%、8.11%、8.24%、7.62%、7.38%、9....     

Comparative volatile oil composition of four Ocimum species from northern India

The hydrodistilled essential oils of Ocimum basilicum L. cvs. 'Vikarsudha' and 'CIM-Soumya', Ocimum sanctum L. cvs. 'Green' (CIM-Ayu) and 'Purple', Ocimum gratissimum L. and Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke have been studied by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Phenylpropanoids (65.2-77.6%) constituted the major proportion of the essential oil compositions of O. sanctum, O. basilicum and O. gratissimum, whilst oxygenated monoterpenes (72.7%) constituted the major proportion of the oil composition of O. kilimandscharicum. The essential oil compositions of cvs. 'Green' and 'Purple' of O. sanctum were almost the same, and both cultivars were dominated by eugenol (67.4% and 72.8%), β-elemene (11.0% and 10.9%), β-caryophyllene (7.3% and 8.4%) and germacrene D (2.4% and 2.2%), whilst the major components in O. basilicum cvs. 'Vikarsudha' and 'CIM-Soumya' were methyl chavicol (68.0% and 64.9%) and linalool (21.9% and 25.6%), along with bicyclogermacrene (2.0% and 0.7%) and α-terpineol (1.2% and 0.1%). Eugenol (77.2%), 1,8-cineole (7.6%), germacrene D (2.7%) and β-caryophyllene (1.7%) were identified as the major constituents of O. gratissimum. On the contrary, the essential oil from O. kilimandscharicum was mainly dominated by monoterpenoids (95.8%), represented by camphor (64.9%), limonene (8.7%), camphene (6.4%) and (E)-β-ocimene (3.0%).     

离子色谱法测定大豆木质部汁液中的Cl-、SO42-、NO3-、PO43-、柠檬酸和苹果酸

建立了离子色谱法测定大豆木质部汁液中Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、PO_4~(3-)、柠檬酸和苹果酸的方法。Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、PO_4~(3-)、柠檬酸和苹果酸的检出限分别为0.01、0.04、0.05、0.05、0.30和0.10 mg/L,相对标准偏差分别为8.34％、4.68％、9.54％、6.86％、5.52％和7.50％,线性范围分别为0.5～50.0、1.0～100.0、0.5～50.0、1.0～100.0、5.0～100.0和1.0～100.0 mg/L,回收率分别为103％～106.7％、92％～98.7％、93％～95.5％、91.7％～92％、93.2％～106％和94％～108.3％。方法简便、快速,测定结果准确,无干扰。     

Local and non-local sources of airborne particulate pollution at Beijing--The ratio of Mg/Al as an element tracer for estimating the contributions of mineral aerosols from outside Beijing

A new element tracer technique has firstly been established to estimate the contributions of mineral aerosols from both inside and outside Beijing. The ratio of Mg/Al in aerosol is a feasible element tracer to distinguish between the sources of inside and outside Beijing. Mineral aerosol, inorganic pollution aerosol mainly as sulfate and nitrate, and organic aerosol are the major components of airborne particulates in Beijing, of which mineral aerosol accounted for 32%―67% of total suspended particles (TSP), 10%―70% of fine particles (PM2.5), and as high as 74% and 90% of TSP and PM2.5, respectively, in dust storm. The sources from outside Beijing contributed 62% (38%―86%) of the total mineral aerosols in TSP, 69% (52%―90%) in PM10, and 76% (59%―93%) in PM2.5 in spring, and 69% (52%―83%), 79% (52%―93%), and 45% (7%―79%) in TSP, PM10, and PM2.5, respectively, in winter, while only ～20% in summer and autumn. The sources from outside Beijing contributed as high as 97% during dust storm and were the dominant source of airborne particulates in Beijing. The contributions from outside Beijing in spring and winter are higher than those in summer, indicating clearly that it was related to the various meteorological factors.     

ICP-AES法测定锌阳极中的铝、镉、铁、铜、铅

通过分析高频功率、雾化压力、辅助气流量和泵速等试验条件，建立了ICP-AES法测定锌阳极中铝、镉、铁、铜、铅的方法。用该方法测定锌阳极中的铝、镉、铁、铜、铅，其RSD分别为0.17%、0.63%、2.7%、5.2%、2.5%，回收率分别为99.3%-101.2%，99.3%-100.3%、97.1%-102.2%、97.8%-102.9%。对锌阳极试样进行测定，该方法的测定结果与GB4951-85方法的测定结果基本一致。