新型双间隙虚阴极振荡器的理论分析和数值模拟

 该新型双间隙虚阴极振荡器的互作用区为一带孔金属薄膜隔开的两个圆柱形谐振腔；器件采用侧向提取同轴输出的方法，具有输出效率高和输出模式纯的优点；第一阳极薄膜采用了局部薄膜结构。对互作用腔进行冷腔分析，计算得到互作用腔Ⅰ和Ⅱ的品质因子分别为6 960和71.8，共振频率为2.3 GHz。当电子束电压为515 kV、电流为10 kA时，通过参数优化，模拟得到周期平均峰值功率大于570 MW、频率约2.4 GHz的微波输出，效率达到11%。模拟还发现电子束的最佳阻抗值约为51.5 W；电子束的输入功率在较大范围内变化时，器件的输出效率保持大于10%；在一定的范围内，器件的输出效率随电子束密度的增加而增加。对器件中由于电子能量沉积而引起的阳极膜的温升进行了估算，得到膜的最高温度为434 K，远低于熔点933 K。     

TE11模式增强型高效率同轴虚阴极振荡器

 在阴阳极严格同轴的条件下，理论分析表明同轴虚阴极振荡器中TE₁₁模式与TM₀₁模式与径向入射电子束的谐振耦合具有近似的作用效率。3维PIC数值模拟结果显示，即使在圆对称结构下，输出波导中非角向均匀模式在输出功率中也占有较大成分。因此，同轴虚阴极振荡器中TE11模式与电子束之间的谐振作用对器件效率的影响不可忽略。通过引入结构的不对称性以及TE11模式反射器可以抑制电子束与TM₀₁模式之间的谐振作用，从而起到抑制同轴虚阴极振荡器系统中模式竞争的作用，因此可以提高电子束到微波的功率转换效率。实验结果表明，采用阴阳极非均匀对称结构的TE₁₁模式增强型同轴虚阴极振荡器可以大幅度提高效率，在优化参数条件下获得功率转换效率约7％，输出功率大于1.0 GW的实验结果，该功率约为近似严格同轴结构的2.5倍。该研究结果可以为高效率同轴虚阴极振荡器装置设计与实验结果分析提供基本理论依据以及参数确定基础。     

新型高效率虚阴极振荡器

结合低磁场返波管振荡器和虚阴极振荡器的优点,设计了一个具有较高效率的虚阴极振荡器,通过添加半反射腔,使虚阴极在由阳极箔、波导和半反射腔组成的准谐振腔内形成,实现器件的高效率、高功率运行。当电子能量和束流分别为480keV和23kA时,采用2.5维粒子模拟(PIC)程序模拟得到频率为3.7GHz、功率为2.6GW的微波输出,器件束波转换效率约为23%。     

Nonlinear dynamics of a generator on a virtual cathode with modulated emission

A numerical study of a low-voltage vircator with controlled emissions from a thermocathode is performed for when an external signal effects on the electron beam and modulates the emission. The strong influence of the modulation parameters on characteristics of oscillations of the beam with virtual cathode is noted. It is shown that when the modulation frequency is tuned to the one of harmonics of a virtual cathode’s free oscillations, there is a considerable increase in the power of high-frequency harmonics of the virtual cathode’s free oscillations in the output spectrum.     

The effect of an external signal on output microwave power of a low-voltage vircator

This Letter is devoted to results of the both experimental and theoretical studies of electromagnetic radiation output power gain in the low-voltage microwave generator with a virtual cathode (vircator) under an external harmonic signal leading to the preliminary velocity modulation of the electron beam. The simple theoretical model of the electron beam with virtual cathode in a diode gap with retarding field under the external signal has been developed. The theoretical and numerical analysis have shown the possibility of power amplification in the vircator under the external influence. Obtained results of the theoretical consideration are proven by the experimental study.     

多元纳米稀土六硼化物Nd1-xEuxB6粉末的制备及光吸收研究

在真空环境中采用固相烧结法成功制备出了多元稀土六硼化物Nd1-xEuxB6纳米粉末.系统研究了Eu掺杂对纳米NdB6物相、形貌及光吸收性能的影响规律.结果表明,所有合成的纳米粉末物相均为单相的CsCl型晶体结构,具有立方形貌,平均晶粒尺度为30 nm.光吸收实验结果表明,随着Eu掺杂量的增加,纳米NdB6透射光波长从629 nm红移至1000 nm以上,表现出了透射光波长的可调特性.此外,NdB6和EuB6同步辐射吸收图谱表明,Nd和Eu原子分别以Nd^3+和Eu^2+形式存在于纳米NdB6和EuB6中,充分说明了Eu掺杂使NdB6传导电子数量减少,从而导致其等离子共振频率能量的降低.采用第一性原理计算了NdB6和EuB6的能带结构、态密度、介电函数以及等离子共振频率能量,从而定性解释了Eu掺杂使NdB6透射光波长红移的特性.     

Characteristics of generation in a chain of unidirectionally coupled low-voltage vircators

The output power of generation in a chain of unidirectionally coupled low-voltage vircators upon variation in controlling parameters of a system is studied. It is shown that at a certain set of controlling parameters, the output power of the generator chain grows sharply. Physical processes occurring in the system are analyzed by plotting space-time diagrams of the motion of charged particles of the electron flow with a virtual cathode. The obtained results are in good agreement with the data from a previous experimental study on signal amplification in a low-voltage vircator.     

高效强流径向分离腔振荡器研究

根据同轴虚阴极的结构特点,提出了一种紧凑型径向分离腔振荡器,该径向分离腔的特点是输入电子束的电流可以很大,从而可以得到较高的微波输出功率. 综合考虑影响微波输出的各种因素,在电子束为410kV,电流为35kA的条件下,模拟得到的平均功率大于50GW,频率为146GHz,电子束功率效率达到348%. 关键词： 径向分离腔 高功率微波 同轴虚阴极 电子束分布     

Vircator with electron beam premodulation built around a high-current pulsed-periodic accelerator

Theoretical, numerical, and experimental studies of a vircator with the premodulation of a dm-wave electron beam are performed. Possible oscillation mechanisms in virtual-cathode systems (modulation of passing current, effect of reflex klystron, and inertial bunching of particles reflected) are analyzed. The microwave efficiency of the vircator using a two-gap electrodynamic system is shown to be significantly higher than that of the vircator with a one-gap system. Based on the results of the numerical experiment, a prototype of a two-stage vircator in the absence of an external magnetic field is designed. In experiments using a high-current pulsed-periodic accelerator, single-mode oscillations with a power of up to 1 GW, a duration of ≈25 ns, and an efficiency of ≈5% are generated in the dm-wave range. The oscillation frequency is demonstrated to be stable during a pulse and from pulse to pulse, which suggests the decisive effect of the electrodynamic system. It is shown that the oscillation frequency can continuously be tuned in a half-power bandwidth of ≈15% by varying the parameters of the resonator.     

虚阴极振荡器中束流质量影响的粒子模拟

 采用二维半全电磁PIC程序对轴向提取反馈式虚阴极振荡器中束流质量影响进行了模拟研究。结果表明：上凸前沿可使虚阴极振荡器达到饱和振荡的时间缩短，束脉冲前沿对微波饱和功率基本无影响；束流脉宽应大于16ns；当能散度为5%时，束波转换效率从单能束时的3.8%降至1.5%；束流质量（除能散度外）对微波频率基本上没有影响。     

Dynamics of an electron beam with a virtual cathode in a vircator without a magnetic field and with drift space filled by neutral gas

The physical processes in a vircator without an external magnetic field and with a drift space filled by neutral gas are studied. Three typical dynamic regimes are found: (1) the suppression of virtual cathode oscillations, (2) pulse generation, in which the suppression and resumption of virtual cathode oscillations are observed, and (3) continuous virtual cathode generation. The frequency dynamics of the vircator’s output radiation is investigated for the last case, and it is shown that the generation frequency of the vircator can rise when the gas pressure exceeds a certain critical value.     

A high power microwave vircator with an enhanced efficiency

A radially extracted vircator (virtual-cathode oscillator) with two identical opposite output ports is presented. The microwave modes propagating inside the WR650 output rectangular waveguide are determined by the calibrated E-probes lined up in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the WR650 waveguide. Velvet-covered cathodes are used to emit electrons. Several diameters of velvet are chosen to see how the emitting area effects microwave generation. Evidence of virtual cathode formation, onset of electron reflexing, and simultaneous microwave emission are discussed. This vircator is found to have the capability of generating a maximum 1.4 GW microwave pulse with the dominant frequency at 8.2 GHz. The radiation pattern is dominated by the TE₁₀ mode and the instantaneous efficiency for producing this microwave pulse is around 6±0.8%. Simple E-probes are applied to pick up the microwave signals inside the WR650 output rectangular waveguide     

同轴虚阴极振荡器数值模拟

 给出了同轴型虚阴极振荡器的数值模拟和部分理论分析结果, 指出许多几何结构参数包括阴极宽度、二极管间隙等都对输出微波的频率、带宽和能量转换效率有较大的影响。给出了这些参量之间关系的数值模拟结果，在一定程度上为同轴虚阴极振荡器的实验研究提供了理论基础。     

一种高阻抗,低束流虚阴极器件的研制

基于虚阴极微波发生器的原理,设计一种特殊的高阻抗、低束流Vircator的实验装置,并结合理论研究对该实验系统的各种参量进行了数值计算与分析,实验测试结果与理论设计计算吻合,在3cm频段获得的输出功率≥20MW。     

同轴虚阴极微波输出模式分析

 对不同透过率的阳极网进行实验研究，得到了主频为3.4 GHz和3.7 GHz的辐射微波，对同轴虚阴极内的电子束分布进行了分析。对同轴虚阴极内的本征模式进行了计算，并与实验结果进行比较。实验结果表明：网内电子束的分布对微波输出模式有重要影响；同轴虚阴极微波频率是阴阳极间距及谐振腔共同作用的结果；阳极网透过率对频率有显著影响，透过率越高，则微波频率相应提高。     

电子束放射照相的特性与参数优化

短脉冲强激光产生的电子束具有源尺寸小、脉宽窄、准单能谱等特点, 在放射照相诊断中具有独特作用. 本文通过分析电子在材料中散射并采用蒙特卡罗方法数值模拟, 研究了100 keV到几百MeV能量电子束对有厚度起伏或存在界面的靶的透视, 并与质子、X射线束透视结果比较, 给出了电子束放射照相的特性与参数优化: 基于电子在材料中非弹性散射或能量损失, 选用能量使其射程与靶厚度接近的电子束来诊断靶厚度不均匀性; 基于电子在材料中的弹性散射, 选用射程超过靶厚度的电子束来诊断靶界面.     

TM01模虚阴极振荡器实验研究

 在SPARK-04强流相对论电子束加速器上，对轴向反馈式虚阴极振荡器进行了实验研究，并采用远场测量方法对其激励的高功率微波辐射进行了测量，测得了微波辐射主模及辐射功率。结果表明：微波辐射主模为TM₀₁模，辐射功率大于500 MW，微波转换效率大于3%，辐射频率约3.6 GHz，微波脉宽大于20 ns。同时，采用单反射面Vlasov天线，实现了该器件所激励高功率微波的定向传输。     

轴向反馈式虚阴极振荡器的频率特性

 采用粒子模拟和实验相结合的方法对轴向反馈式虚阴极振荡器进行了研究。结果表明，轴向反馈式虚阴极振荡器能够有效地锁定微波频率，提高输出功率。在二极管电压为450kV，束流为22kA的条件下，当阴阳极间距大于1.3cm时，辐射微波主频约为3.5GHz，此时与腔的耦合较好，微波辐射功率较高；当阴阳极间距小于1.3cm时，辐射微波主频约为4.8GHz。实验和模拟符合得较好。     

Optimization of the parameters of a virtual-cathode oscillator with an inhomogeneous magnetic field

A two-dimensional numerical model is used to study the generation of powerful microwave radiation in a vircator with an inhomogeneous magnetic field applied to focus a beam. The characteristics of the external inhomogeneous magnetic field are found to strongly affect the vircator generation characteristics. Mathematical optimization is used to search for the optimum parameters of the magnetic periodic focusing system of the oscillator in order to achieve the maximum power of the output microwave radiation. The dependences of the output vircator power on the characteristics of the external inhomogeneous magnetic field are studied near the optimum control parameters. The physical processes that occur in optimized virtual cathode oscillators are investigated.     

纳秒激光冲击加载的全过程诊断

 与传统的冲击加载方式相比,激光驱动试样具有微尺寸（直径小于1 mm,厚度约10 μm）、超短作用过程（纳秒量级）等特点,但其速度变化历史的实时诊断颇为困难,因此发展适用于激光驱动的高时空分辨率的实时测试技术是十分重要和有价值的。采用桌面式脉冲Nd:YAG激光器作为加载平台,发展了激光加载下的小焦点多普勒光纤探针测量系统（焦斑直径约200 μm,时间分辨力约50 ps）,成功实现了从激光脉冲驱动微尺寸飞片飞行直至撞击Z-切石英试样的全过程实时诊断。实验结果显示,将6 μm 厚Al箔飞片驱动至2.48 km/s时,撞击Z-切石英试样的粒子速度为1.27 km/s,与Hugoniot理论计算结果相符,表明该测试技术是可靠、有效的;多层薄膜靶结构设计（基底/烧蚀层/硅油/Al箔）可提升激光与靶物质的能量耦合效率,使飞片保持更好的宏观完整性。为开展超短脉冲激光加载下材料动态特性研究提供了一种有效的技术途径。