通过温和的镍腐蚀制备珊瑚状FeNi(OH)x/Ni作为一种一体化高效水分解电极

高效稳定并可同时催化析氧反应(OER)和析氢反应(HER)的非贵金属催化剂对于实现廉价水分解电解槽的商业化十分重要.虽然众多研究表明FeNi(OH)x是一种极具潜力的催化剂,但是在基础研究与更有实用前景的电极之间仍有许多空白亟待填补.比如,基础研究多基于薄膜电极,其催化剂内部导电性的影响通常可以忽略.而基于实用化的电极则需要负载较厚的催化剂膜以获得更多的活性位,与此同时,其催化剂内部导电性的不利影响将会增大.此外,物质传递方面也会出现类似的情况.因此,一些在基础研究中显示出高本征活性的催化剂,在更加接近实际应用的体系下难以表现出预期的高活性.对于这一问题,目前鲜有相关的研究报道.基于上述分析,本文报道了一种经济且环保的方法,以制备珊瑚状的FeNi(OH)x/Ni催化剂.在碱性条件下,该催化剂具有同时催化OER和HER,从而实现全水分解的能力.在催化剂的制备过程中,具有高本征活性的FeNi(OH)x纳米片借助Fe(NO3)3对Ni温和的腐蚀过程,被原位负载到珊瑚状镍骨架上.这些纳米片与电沉积制备的珊瑚镍骨架以及3D泡沫镍基底一起构成了一体化的析气电极.这样的电极结构有助于暴露活性位、电解质快速传递和气体产物的迅速释放.此外,与珊瑚状金属镍骨架的复合也有利于减轻较厚的催化剂薄膜所带来的导电性降低的负面影响.在1.0mol L-1 KOH溶液中,以FeNi(OH)x/Ni同时作为阳极和阴极而构建的对称电解槽表现出了优异的催化活性,只需要施加1.52 V的槽压即获得10 mA cm-2的催化电流密度.其活性甚至优于当前最佳的由贵金属催化剂RuO2和Pt/C构建的非对称电解槽所表现出来的活性(10 mA cm-2的槽压为1.55 V).本文提供了一种简便易行且十分可靠的制备更加实用、具有潜力且可负担的水分解装置的策略.     

NiFe_2O_4/NiO纳米复合材料的制备及电催化水氧化性能

以镍铁水滑石为单一前驱体,通过高温焙烧制备了NiFe_2O_4/NiO纳米复合材料,对该纳米复合材料在碱性介质中电催化水的氧化性能进行了研究.结果表明,相比于化学共沉淀法制备的单独NiFe_2O_4、NiO及其物理混合物NiFe_2O_4+NiO,NiFe_2O_4/NiO纳米复合材料具有更高的电催化水氧化活性和更好的循环稳定性.电流密度为10 m A/cm2时过电位仅为364 m V.     

CoO/CaTiO3的制备及其光催化分解水的性能

 以碱金属化合物为矿化剂,以Ca(NO3)2和钛酸丁酯的水解产物TiO(OH)2为原料进行固态反应,制得CaTiO3粉末,再由浸渍法负载上CoO,制备出新型光催化分解水的催化剂CoO/CaTiO3. SEM, XRD和UV-Vis漫反射光谱表征结果显示,加入NaOH矿化剂可使固态反应完全,提高CaTiO3的结晶完整性. 适宜的NaOH用量为1.5%. 在400 W高压汞灯照射下,该催化剂在0.008 mol/L的Na2CO3溶液中分解水的产氢速率可达到468 μmol/(g·h).     

高结晶度硼酸镍纳米棒的制备及其电催化析氧性能研究

氢能被视为21世纪最具发展潜力的能源. 电解水制氢具有诸多优点,如原料来源广泛、操作简便、产品纯度高、无污染,已成为最具有应用前景的方法之一,但其阳极氧析出反应动力学缓慢,严重制约电解水制氢的效率. 因此,发展氧析出电催化剂尤为重要. 本文利用高温煅烧法制备了硼酸镍纳米棒,长度约为2 μm,直径约为200 nm. 与文献报道的低结晶度或无定型硼酸盐析氧催化剂不同,硼酸镍纳米棒的结晶度较高,并且具有较好的OER催化活性和稳定性. 其催化活性可以通过与其他导电材料复合或进一步减小其尺寸等方式提升.     

高结晶度硼酸镍纳米棒的制备及其电催化析氧性能研究北大核心CSCD

氢能被视为21世纪最具发展潜力的能源.电解水制氢具有诸多优点,如原料来源广泛、操作简便、产品纯度高、无污染,已成为最具有应用前景的方法之一,但其阳极氧析出反应动力学缓慢,严重制约电解水制氢的效率.因此,发展氧析出电催化剂尤为重要.本文利用高温煅烧法制备了硼酸镍纳米棒,长度约为2μm,直径约为200nm.与文献报道的低结晶度或无定型硼酸盐析氧催化剂不同,硼酸镍纳米棒的结晶度较高,并且具有较好的OER催化活性和稳定性.其催化活性可以通过与其他导电材料复合或进一步减小其尺寸等方式提升.     

MoS2-石墨烯的制备及其电催化析氢性能的研究

本文利用改进的Hummers方法合成层状的石墨烯,并用原位合成法在石墨烯上负载了颗粒状二硫化钼。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X-射线光电子能谱分析仪(XPS)、粉末X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、比表面及孔隙度分析仪对所合成物质的形貌、结构、比表面积及孔径进行分析;使用电化学工作站测试催化剂的线性循环伏安和Tafel曲线来分析所合成催化剂的电化学析氢性能。结果表明在所有样品中石墨烯/二硫化钼-21.7复合物的电催化性能最好,其在电流密度为-10 mA·cm~(-2)时过电位为-193 mV。     

磷化钴@铁-锌双金属磷化物多级纳米复合物的制备及其电催化水分解性能

氢能源因其储量丰富、高效、零污染等特性而受到广泛关注.电解水产氢作为一种有效的获取氢能源的方式成为当前研究的重点.但由于电极表面反应过电势的存在极大增加了电解水的能耗,因此需要开发高效的电催化材料以提高电解水反应动力学.考虑到实际应用,设计和构筑在同一电解液中同时具有高效催化产氢和释氧能力的双功能催化材料更为重要且更具挑战.目前,越来越多的非贵金属基双功能催化材料被开发和报道,比如过渡金属硫化物、氧化物、层状双金属氢氧化物、碳化物、氮化物和磷化物等,其中又以磷化物的研究更为广泛.金属有机骨架化合物(MOFs)因其具有独特的性能(孔隙率高、超高比表面积、可调控的化学组分和孔道结构等)在能源转化等领域得到广泛应用.但是,基于MOFs材料转化的多组分过渡金属磷化物应用于全分解水体系的报道还比较少.先前的研究表明,优化催化材料的微纳结构和化学组成是提高材料催化性能的关键.我们利用三步法(晶体生长、自组装和磷化)设计并制备了一种基于MOFs转化的新型分级纳米复合材料CoP@ZnFeP.透射电子显微镜(TEM)结果显示,自组装形成的花状Co3O4@Fe-MOF-5中空结构在磷化后形貌能够很好地保持.X射线衍射(XRD)表明, CoP@ZnFeP纳米复合物是由大量的混合纳米晶体组成,主要包括Co2P, ZnP2和Fe2P.在碱性(1.0mol/L KOH)条件下, CoP@ZnFeP纳米复合物表现出优异的催化产氢(HER)和释氧(OER)性能,其释氢和产氧的启动电位分别为–50和148m V(vs.RHE),相应的Tafel斜率分别为76和53.9m V/decade.优异的电催化性能主要归功于复合材料的多级纳米结构组元(纳米粒子、纳米笼和纳米管),其有序的多孔结构和大的比表面积有利于电解液的渗透、气体的扩散和电子的转移.作为对比,我们利用相似方法制备了CoP和ZnFeP纳米粒子的机械混合物(CoP/ZnFeP).测试数据表明, CoP@ZnFeP分级复合材料的催化性能优于CoP/ZnFeP机械混合物.鉴于CoP@ZnFeP复合材料优异的催化性能,我们将其应用于全分解水体系.在两电极体系中,达到10m A/cm~2电流密度仅需1.6V电压,表明材料具有优异的全分解水性能.同时该复合物也显示出较好的稳定性,经过24h连续水解后,电解电位仅升高70m V.但同时我们也注意到电极表面剧烈产生的气泡会对电极材料的稳定性有严重影响.此项研究可为设计高效的非贵金属催化材料应用于能源转化和储存等领域提供较好的思路和借鉴.     

光催化分解水制备氢气和过氧化氢

过氧化氢不仅是一种广泛应用于化学合成、消毒、废水处理及纸浆漂白等领域的高价值化学品,还是一种具有潜力的能源载体.此外,过氧化氢燃料电池因其结构简单而受到广泛关注.蒽醌法是工业生产过氧化氢的传统方法,但是这种方法不仅能耗高,而且生产过程会造成严重的环境问题.因此,通过环保并且低成本的工艺直接合成过氧化氢具有重要研究意义.以太阳能为动力的光催化法生产过氧化氢被认为是最有前景的方法之一.目前,光催化已在制氢、二氧化碳还原和水处理等诸多领域取得了重要进展.但是,利用光催化分解水制备过氧化氢的研究还非常少.尽管通过光催化还原氧气可以制备过氧化氢,但是通过分解水同时制备高价值过氧化氢和氢气更具有吸引力.在本项工作中,我们利用Pt/TiO_2(锐钛矿)光催化剂在没有牺牲剂的条件下实现了高效产氢和过氧化氢,氢气和过氧化氢的生成速率分别达到7410和5096μmol g~(–1) h~(–1) (第一小时),远高于市售的Pt/TiO_2 (锐钛矿)体系和文献报道数值.本文采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、电子自旋共振(ESR)和荧光标记法等表征手段研究了Pt/TiO_2上同时生成氢气和过氧化氢的催化机理.XPS测试结果表明, Pt/TiO_2在光照射1 h后, XPS信号发生明显变化.与其他样品相比,物理吸附水和羟基的峰明显增加.因此,我们推测羟基和物理吸附水对过氧化氢的生成具有重要影响.进一步采用电子自旋共振(ESR)和荧光标记法对羟基进行了测量.ESR结果显示,紫外光照60 s即可检测到羟基捕获剂与羟基的结合物5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide-OH(DMPO-OH)的特征峰.此外,在体系中加入荧光标记分子对苯二甲酸(TANa)后也可以迅速检测到2-羟基对苯二甲酸(TAOH)在422 nm处明显的荧光信号.因此, ESR和荧光结果均表明所产生的羟基自由基在过氧化氢形成中起着重要作用.上述结果表明,在本体系中氢气和过氧化氢的生成遵循两电子转移过程.与传统全分解水体系生成氢气和氧气相比,两电子转移过程比四电子过程更容易发生.因此,光催化水氧化制过氧化氢是实现大规模生产氢气和过氧化氢的一种很有前景的方法.     

金属钯插层类水滑石的制备及其电催化乙醇的性能研究

高性能的电催化剂对直接燃料电池的商业化应用有着至关重要的作用,目前的阳极材料还存在活性低、易中毒、成本高等问题。本研究以层状双氢氧化物(layered double hydroxides, LDHs)为载体通过浸渍法制备了新型纳米钯(Pd)催化剂,并通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、电感耦合等离子体质谱仪、能谱仪、透射电子显微镜、循环伏安法测试、计时电流测试和电化学阻抗等方法对催化剂的结构和电催化性能进行了研究。结果表明,新制备的Pd/Mg-Al-LDHs仍然保持着LDHs的层状结构,循环伏安测试表明在碱性条件下,Pd/Mg-Al-LDHs比Pd/C有更好的电催化乙醇活性和抗中间产物中毒性能,且乙醇浓度、扫描速率和温度等因素对峰电流有着直接影响。计时电流测试表明在电催化乙醇的过程中Pd/Mg-Al-LDHs比Pd/C拥有更高的电催化活性和稳定性。电化学阻抗测试表明,Pd插层可显著改善Mg-Al-LDHs的导电性,并降低电催化过程中电荷转移阻力。     

Nickel Foam Supported NiO@Ru Heterostructure Towards High-Efficiency Overall Water Splitting

Electrocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production from renewable energy requires the innovation of electrocatalysts with high activity and low cost. In this work, densely packed NiO@Ru nanosheets were fabricated on the surface of Ni foam through a two-step method of Ni(OH)₂ growth followed by Ru deposition. Through pair distribution function analysis from selected-area electron diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the interface structure feature is revealed as a thin layer of perovskite NiRuO₃ sandwiched between NiO and Ru. The electrode exhibits high activity and durability for HER and OER, delivering a current density of 10 mA cm⁻² at a voltage of 1.55 V for overall water splitting in 1 M KOH. The excellent performance can be attributed to the intimate interface contact of NiO and Ru in addition to low charge transfer resistance and super-hydrophilic surface structure, as verified by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and contact-angle measurement.     

Earth-Abundant Transition-Metal-Based Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Overall Water Splitting in Alkaline Media

The depletion of fossil fuels has accelerated the search for clean, sustainable, scalable, and environmentally friendly alternative energy sources. Hydrogen is a potential energy carrier because of its advantageous properties, and the electrolysis of water is considered as an efficient method for its industrial production. However, the high-energy conversion efficiency of electrochemical water splitting requires cost-effective and highly active electrocatalysts. Therefore, researchers have aimed to develop high-performance electrode materials based on non-precious and abundant transition metals for conversion devices. Moreover, to further reduce the cost and complexity in real-world applications, bifunctional catalysts that can be simultaneously active on both the anodic (i.e., oxygen evolution reaction, OER) and cathodic (i.e., hydrogen evolution reaction, HER) sides are economically and technically desirable. This Minireview focuses on the recent progress in transition-metal-based materials as bifunctional electrocatalysts, including several promising strategies to promote electrocatalytic activities for overall water splitting in alkaline media, such as chemical doping, defect (vacancy) engineering, phase engineering, facet engineering, and structure engineering. Finally, the potential for further developments in rational electrode materials design is also discussed.     

Hollow Nanotube Ru/Cu2+1O Supported on Copper Foam as a Bifunctional Catalyst for Overall Water Splitting

Hydrogen energy is considered as one of the ideal clean energies for solving the energy shortage and environmental issues, and developing highly efficient electrocatalysts for overall water splitting to produce hydrogen is still a huge challenge. Herein, for the first time, Ru-doped Cu₂₊₁O vertically arranged nanotube arrays in situ grown on Cu foam (Ru/Cu₂₊₁O NT/CuF) are reported and further investigated for their catalytic properties for overall water splitting. The Ru/Cu₂₊₁O NT/CuF presents ultrahigh catalytic activities for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline conditions, and it exhibits a small overpotential of 32 mV at 10 mA cm⁻² in the HER, and only needs 210 mV overpotential to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm⁻² in the OER. Importantly, the alkaline electrolyzer using Ru/Cu₂₊₁O NT/CuF as a bifunctional electrocatalyst only needs 1.53 V voltage to deliver a current density of 10 mA cm⁻², which is much lower than the benchmark of IrO₂(+)/Pt(−) counterpart (1.64 V at 10 mA cm⁻²). The excellent performance of the Ru/Cu₂₊₁O NT/CuF catalyst is attributed to its high conductive substrate and special Ru-doped nanotube structure, which provides a high electrochemical active surface area and 3D gas diffusion channel.     

经由[Ni(en)3](SeO3)配合物电镀制备的硒化镍高效电催化水分解反应

电催化水分解是一种高效制备清洁氢气能源的有效方法. 开发高效、稳定、廉价、双功能的电催化剂用于水的氧化与还原反应一直以来都是具有挑战的课题. 在这篇论文中,作者报道了一种生长在碳布上高活性的硒化镍微球. 该催化剂通过对同时包含镍和硒元素的亚硒酸镍配合物进行电解制备. 由于前驱分子同时含有两种有效元素,制备得到的硒化镍具有很好的形貌和元素分步均一性. 制备得到的NiSe-EA/CC电极能够双功能催化水的氧化与还原. 在154 mV析氢过电势下能达到10 mA·cm^-2的催化电流. 同时,在250 mV析氧过电势下能达到20 mA·cm^-2电催化电流. 用该电极材料同时作为阴极和阳极制备的全电解水电解池能在1.53 V的电压下实现10 mA·cm^-2的稳定电解电流.     

Interfacial Engineering FeOOH/CoO Nanoneedle Array for Efficient Overall Water Splitting Driven by Solar Energy

Interface engineering has been applied as an effective strategy to boost the electrocatalytic performance because of the strong coupling and synergistic effects between individual components. Here, we engineered vertically aligned FeOOH/CoO nanoneedle array with a synergistic interface between FeOOH and CoO on Ni foam (NF) by a simple impregnation method. The synthesized FeOOH/CoO exhibits outstanding electrocatalytic activity and stability for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in an alkaline medium. For the overall water splitting, the bifunctional FeOOH/CoO nanoneedle catalyst requires only a cell voltage of 1.58 V to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm⁻², which is much lower than that required for IrO₂//Pt/C (1.68 V). The FeOOH/CoO catalyst has been successfully applied for solar cell-driven water electrolysis, revealing its great potential for commercial hydrogen production and solar energy storage.     

焦耳热快速合成双功能电催化剂用于高效水分解

电解水是有效的产氢方式之一, 开发具有高催化活性的电极材料是当前电解水的研究热点,但仍面临诸多挑战。 本研究报告了一种通过焦耳热技术快速制备多金属异质结构, 并将其用作电解水的双功能电催化剂, 展现出优异的电解水催化活性。通过焦耳热处理三种金属前驱涂覆的碳布, Mo₂C和CoO/Fe₃O₄异质结构形成。当其用作析氢（HER）和析氧（OER）的双功能催化剂时, 仅需121 mV和268 mV的过电位,可以实现10 mA·cm^-2的电流密度。当用于两电极电解水时, MoC/FeO/CoO/CC作为阳极和阴极催化剂表现出优异的电催化性能和长期稳定性, 仅需1.69 V即可实现10 mA·cm^-2的电流密度, 并且展现出25小时的稳定性。本研究通过简单、 快速的焦耳热技术实现了双金属/多金属异质结构的构筑,并应用于高效水电解,为合理设计多金属异质结构提供指导。     

Flexible Molecular Precursors for Selective Decomposition to Nickel Sulfide or Nickel Phosphide for Water Splitting and Supercapacitance

Herein, the synthesis of three nickel(II) dithiophosphonate complexes of the type [Ni{S₂P(OR)(4-C₆H₄OMe)}₂] [R=H ( 1 ), C₃H₇ ( 2 )] and [Ni{S₂P(OR)(4-C₆H₄OEt}₂] [R=(C₆H₅)₂CH ( 3 )] is described; their structures were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray studies. These complexes were subjected to surfactant/solvent reactions at 300 °C for one hour as flexible molecular precursors to prepare either nickel sulfide or nickel phosphide particles. The decomposition of complex 2 in tri-octylphosphine oxide/1-octadecene (TOPO/ODE), TOPO/tri-n-octylphosphine (TOP), hexadecylamine (HDA)/TOP, and HDA/ODE yielded hexagonal NiS, Ni₂P, Ni₅P₄, and rhombohedral NiS, respectively. Similarly, the decomposition of complex 1 in TOPO/TOP and HDA/TOP yielded hexagonal Ni₂P and Ni₅P₄, respectively, and that of complex 3 in similar solvents led to hexagonal Ni₅P₄, with TOP as the likely phosphorus provider. Hexagonal NiS was prepared from the solvent-less decomposition of complexes 1 and 2 at 400 °C. NiS (rhom) had the best specific supercapacitance of 2304 F g⁻¹ at a scan rate of 2 mV s⁻¹ followed by 1672 F g⁻¹ of Ni₂P (hex). Similarly, NiS (rhom) and Ni₂P (hex) showed the highest power and energy densities of 7.4 kW kg⁻¹ and 54.16 W kg⁻¹ as well as 6.3 kW kg⁻¹ and 44.7 W kg⁻¹, respectively. Ni₅P₄ (hex) had the lowest recorded overpotential of 350 mV at a current density of 50 mA cm⁻² among the samples tested for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). NiS (hex) and Ni₅P₄ (hex) had the lowest overpotentials of 231 and 235 mV to achieve a current density of 50 mA cm⁻², respectively, in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) examinations.     

Inorganic Photocatalysts for Overall Water Splitting

Photocatalytic water splitting using semiconductor photocatalysts has been considered as a “green” process for converting solar energy into hydrogen. The pioneering work on electrochemical photolysis of water at TiO₂ electrode, reported by Fujishima and Honda in 1972, ushered in the area of solar fuel. As the real ultimate solution for solar fuel‐generation, overall water splitting has attracted interest from researchers for some time, and a variety of inorganic photocatalysts have been developed to meet the challenge of this dream reaction. To date, high‐efficiency hydrogen production from pure water without the assistance of sacrificial reagents remains an open challenge. In this Focus Review, we aim to provide a whole picture of overall water splitting and give an outlook for future research.     

A Flexible Electrode Based on Iron Phosphide Nanotubes for Overall Water Splitting

The design of cheap and efficient water splitting systems for sustainable hydrogen production has attracted increasing attention. A flexible electrode, based on carbon cloth substrate and iron phosphide nanotubes coated with an iron oxide/phosphate layer, is shown to catalyze overall water splitting. The as‐prepared flexible electrode demonstrates remarkable electrocatalytic activity for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at modest overpotentials. The surface iron oxide/phosphate, which is formed in situ, is proposed to improve the HER activity by facilitating the water‐dissociation step and serves directly as the catalytically‐active component for the OER process.     

Tuning the Composition and Structure of Ni@MoC Nanosheets for Highly Active and Stable Electrocatalysis in Water Splitting

The conventional electrolytic water-splitting process for hydrogen production is plagued by high energy consumption, low efficiency, and the requirement of expensive catalysts. Therefore, finding effective, affordable, and stable catalysts to drive this reaction is urgently needed. We report a nanosheet catalyst composed of carbon nanotubes encapsulated with MoC/Mo₂C, the Ni@MoC-700 nanosheet showcases low overpotentials of 275 mV for the oxygen evolution reaction and 173 mV for the hydrogen evolution reaction at a current density of 10 mA ⋅ cm⁻². Particularly noteworthy is its outstanding performance in a two-electrode system, where a cell potential of merely 1.64 V is sufficient to achieve the desired current density of 10 mA ⋅ cm⁻². Furthermore, the catalyst demonstrates exceptional durability, maintaining its activity over a continuous operation of 40 hours with only minimal attenuation in overpotential. These outstanding activity levels and long-term stability unequivocally highlight the promising potential of the Ni@MoC-700 catalyst for large-scale water-splitting applications.