固体氧化物燃料电池直接以焦炭为燃料的电性能

直接碳固体氧化物燃料电池（DC-SOFC）是一种潜在的固体碳燃料高效率、低污染发电技术。本研究报道了将工业焦炭直接用作管式DC-SOFC燃料的研究。制备了电极材料为Ag-GDC （钆掺杂氧化铈）的YSZ （钇稳定化氧化锆）电解质支撑型管式固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）。采用拉曼光谱、扫描电镜和X射线能谱仪对焦炭燃料进行了性质表征。结果表明,焦炭燃料呈微米级的颗粒状,并含有大量对Boudouard反应有利的缺陷结构。电池以纯焦炭为燃料在850℃取得的最大功率密度为149mW/cm²,在碳燃料表面负载能提高Boudouard反应速率的Fe催化剂后,最大功率密度提高至217mW/cm²。通过电化学测试和尾气表征,分析了恒电流放电过程中电池的性能衰减机制。测试结果证明了将焦炭直接用作全固态DC-SOFC的燃料产生电能的可行性。     

管式电解质支撑型直接碳固体氧化物燃料电池的浸渍法制备及电性能

管状电解质支撑型固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)具有稳定性高、电极选择范围广、易封接等优点,很适合应用于直接碳固体氧化物燃料电池(DC-SOFC)现阶段的基础研究中。为实现管状电解质支撑型SOFC的便捷制备,本研究开发了管状YSZ(钇稳定化氧化锆)电解质支撑膜的浸渍法制备工艺。组装了电极材料为Ag-GDC(钆掺杂氧化铈)的电解质支撑型SOFC单电池。测试了单电池分别以加湿氢气和担载5%(w,质量分数)Fe的活性炭为燃料,环境空气为氧化剂的电性能。电池的开路电压接近理论值,且扫描电镜分析结果表明电解质膜致密。单电池以活性碳为燃料在800°C取得了280 m W?cm~(-2)的最大功率密度,接近其以加湿氢气为燃料的330 m W?cm~(-2)。交流阻抗谱结果表明YSZ电解质的欧姆电阻是影响电池性能的主要原因。DC-SOFC以恒电流1 A放电,运行了2.1 h,燃料利用率为36%。DC-SOFC二次装载碳燃料后的电性能几乎与初次的性能一样,表明制备的YSZ电解质支撑膜可稳定的应用于DC-SOFCs中。分析了DC-SOFC放电过程中电性能衰减的机制。     

固体氧化物燃料电池直接以焦炭为燃料的电性能（英文）

直接碳固体氧化物燃料电池(DC-SOFC)是一种潜在的固体碳燃料高效率、低污染发电技术。本研究报道了将工业焦炭直接用作管式DC-SOFC燃料的研究。制备了电极材料为Ag-GDC(钆掺杂氧化铈)的YSZ(钇稳定化氧化锆)电解质支撑型管式固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)。采用拉曼光谱、扫描电镜和X射线能谱仪对焦炭燃料进行了性质表征。结果表明,焦炭燃料呈微米级的颗粒状,并含有大量对Boudouard反应有利的缺陷结构。电池以纯焦炭为燃料在850℃取得的最大功率密度为149 mW/cm~2,在碳燃料表面负载能提高Boudouard反应速率的Fe催化剂后,最大功率密度提高至217 mW/cm~2。通过电化学测试和尾气表征,分析了恒电流放电过程中电池的性能衰减机制。测试结果证明了将焦炭直接用作全固态DCSOFC的燃料产生电能的可行性。     

可用作便携式电源的高性能直接碳固体氧化物燃料电池组（英文）

报道了一种直接碳固体氧化物燃料电池(DC-SOFC)电池组。该电池组由3个单节管式电池串接而成。为使电池组能够承载更多的碳,阳极制备在管状电池的外壁。此三节电池组直接以碳为燃料,空气中的氧气为氧化剂运行。该电池组的有效面积为10.2 cm~2,以17 g负载5%(w)Fe的活性炭为燃料,800°C下的功率为4.1 W。电池组以1 A的恒电流放电19 h,放电容量为19 A?h,释放出31.6 W?h的电能。这种高容量的DC-SOFC可开发成便携式电源加以应用。     

以椰壳生物质炭为燃料的直接炭固体氧化物燃料电池

通过热裂解制得椰壳炭,表征了其结构和组成,并将其用于电解质为钇稳定化氧化锆（YSZ）、电极材料为银和钆掺杂氧化铈（Ag-GDC）的固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）的燃料,对所构成的直接炭固体氧化物燃料电池（DC-SOFC）的性能进行了测试研究。结果表明,所制得的椰壳炭颗粒粒径在微米级别,具有介孔结构,而且椰壳炭中含有K、Ca等元素,可用作Boudouard反应催化剂。当使用椰壳炭作为DC-SOFC燃料时,在800 ℃下电池最大功率密度为255 mW/cm²;负载Fe催化剂后,最大功率密度提升为274 mW/cm²。以0.5 A/cm²的恒电流放电,0.5 g负载Fe椰壳炭燃料电池能够连续工作17.6 h,燃料利用率为39%,表明椰壳炭作为DC-SOFC燃料具有优异的性能和潜力。     

钙钛矿材料在固体氧化物燃料电池燃料重整中的应用

固体氧化物燃料电池（solid oxide fuel cell,SOFC）是通过电化学反应将化石燃料（煤、石油和天然气等）、生物质燃料或其它碳氢燃料中的化学能直接转换为电能的发电装置,能量转换效率更高、污染更低,被公认为21世纪高效绿色能源技术. 但直接以碳氢化合物为燃料时,镍基阳极中容易产生积碳,从而失去电化学催化活性. 在阳极外侧进行一次燃料的预重整是一种行之有效的解决办法,其中高效稳定的重整催化剂至关重要. 本文将结合本课题组的研究进展对钙钛矿催化剂在燃料重整中的应用进行概述,并提出自己相应的观点和展望.     

Ag-GDC复合电极的性能及其在直接碳SOFC中的应用

制备了Ag与Gd掺杂的氧化铈(GDC)复合的电极材料。采用氧化钇稳定的氧化锆(YSZ)为电解质,Ag-GDC为阴极和阳极,组装成固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC),采用担载5%(质量分数)Fe的活性炭为SOFC的燃料,对此直接碳SOFC(DC-SOFC)的输出性能及阻抗谱进行测试,并与采用传统阴极(掺Sr的锰酸镧与YSZ的复合材料)的DC-SOFC性能进行了比较,发现Ag-GDC具有更好的性能。采用扫描电镜(SEM)对电池的微观结构进行了分析,并就其对电池性能的影响进行了分析。     

固体氧化物电解池直接电解CO2的研究进展

固体氧化物电解池是一种高效、环境友好型的能量转换器件,可以直接将电能转化为化学能. 本文介绍了近年来作者课题组在固体氧化物电解池直接用于CO₂还原的研究进展,并以阴极材料为主着重讨论了金属陶瓷电极和混合导电型钙钛矿氧化物电极的研究工作,最后展望了未来固体氧化物电解池直接电解CO₂的研究思路和方向.     

双过渡层阴极对流延法制备的阳极支撑直接碳固体氧化物燃料电池性能的改善作用

采用流延法制备了阳极支撑的固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC),电解质材料为钇稳定化氧化锆(YSZ),阳极为镍和YSZ构成的金属陶瓷(Ni-YSZ),阴极为LSCF-GDC/LSCF复合材料,同时在阴极与电解质之间制备了YSZ-GDC/GDC双过渡层。分别采用含3%的加湿H_2和活性炭为燃料,对此电池的输出性能及阻抗谱进行测试。采用加湿H_2测试的结果表明:在800℃下,采用双过渡层电池的开路电压达到1 V,最大功率密度为680 mW·cm~(-2),比未改良电池的最大功率密度(372 mW·cm~(-2))提高了83%。直接采用固体碳为燃料时,具有双过渡层阴极的电池在850℃时的开路电压达到0.95 V,最大输出功率密度达429 mW·cm~(-2),几乎比无过渡层阴极的电池(225 mW·cm~(-2))高出1倍,特别是双过渡层阴极还使直接使用碳燃料的SOFC(DC-SOFC)的燃料利用率提高了33%。     

氧还原碳基非贵金属电催化剂研究进展

质子交换膜燃料电池是一种直接将化学能转化为电能的能量转换装置,具有环境友好、能量密度高、转化效率高等优点,能够应用于便携能源及燃料电池电动车领域.但燃料电池阴极氧还原需要大量的铂基催化剂,铂价格昂贵、储量有限、易中毒的缺点限制了它的实际应用.因此,开发低成本、高活性、高稳定性的阴极非贵金属催化剂将能够显著推动质子交换膜燃料电池的大规模商业化应用.其中碳基非贵金属催化剂作为最有可能替代铂的氧还原催化剂,引起了广泛的研究.基于此,本文首先简单介绍了氧还原的机理;其次将碳基非贵金属催化剂分为过渡金属氮碳催化剂和非金属掺杂碳催化剂,对它们在材料制备和活性中心的研究进行了总结和讨论;最后,报道了碳基非贵金属催化剂在质子交换膜燃料电池单电池中的应用进展.     

An investigation on the kinetics of direct carbon solid oxide fuel cells

A direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell (DC-SOFC) is an all-solid-state electricity generation device that operates directly with solid carbon as fuel, without any liquid medium and feeding gas. Tubular electrolyte-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), with silver-gadolinium doped ceria (Ag-GDC) as both anode and cathode materials, are fabricated and operated directly with activated carbon as fuel. The kinetics of the DC-SOFCs is carried out through analyzing the correlations of the cell reaction rates to the emitting rates of CO and CO₂. It turns out that higher operating current corresponds to higher rates of consuming and producing CO, through electrochemical oxidation at the anode and the Boudouard reaction at the carbon fuel, respectively. The rate of consuming CO can be maintained constant by controlling the operating current while the rate of producing CO decreases with time because of carbon consumption. When the CO producing rate becomes smaller than the CO consuming rate, the operation will be terminated. Compared to the rates of the chemical reactions, the diffusion rates of CO and CO₂ are so fast that their impeding effect on the cell performance can be neglected.     

Effect of structural properties of carbon-based fuels on efficiency of direct carbon fuel cells

This research is focused on the effect of supplying solid oxide fuel cells with different graphite and carbon black powders on the cells’ efficiency. Before being tested in the fuel cell, the structures of carbon-based fuels were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermal analysis method (DTA/TG). Total electrical conductivity measurements were also carried out for carbon samples. The relation between the structure and morphology of solid particles and their performance in direct carbon solid oxide fuel cells (DC-SOFC) was presented and discussed. It was found that structurally disordered carbon-based materials are the most promising fuels for oxidation in DC-SOFCs.     

固体氧化物直接碳燃料电池阳极反应过程分析

以氧化钇稳定的氧化锆(YSZ)为电解质组装成直接碳燃料电池(DCFC),分别以活性炭(AC)、石墨(G)、神府半焦(SC)作为DCFC燃料,研究了碳燃料的特性、电池操作温度以及阳极反应气氛等对DCFC阳极反应过程的影响。结果表明,三种碳燃料在空气、CO₂气氛中氧化反应活性顺序为AC > SC > G,当三种碳材料作为DCFC燃料时,活性炭作为燃料的DCFC性能最好,半焦燃料次之,石墨作为燃料的DCFC性能最差,而且燃料反应活性与其表面含氧官能团、孔隙结构有关;DCFC的阳极反应过程存在碳燃料直接氧化为CO₂、CO₂与C反应转化为CO,以及CO氧化为CO₂等。     

增压O_2/CO_2气氛下煤燃烧特性实验研究

增压O2/CO2燃烧是一种可高效分离回收CO2的新兴燃烧技术,其燃烧机理与常压空气、常压O2/CO2燃烧存在较大差异。在加压热重分析仪上研究了增压条件下总压、氧浓度、气氛及粒径等反应参数对美国烟煤和淮北无烟煤燃烧特性的影响,确定了煤的着火温度,并对其进行燃烧动力学分析。结果表明,增压O2/CO2气氛下,随着压力或氧浓度的增加,DTG曲线向低温区移动,煤样整体燃烧速率加快。压力提升、氧浓度增加及煤粉细化均可改善O2/CO2气氛下煤样的着火特性。常压O2/CO2气氛下煤粉燃烧基本属于一级反应;增压O2/CO2气氛下,低温区属于0.5级反应,而高温区属于1.5级反应。     

CO2高效资源化利用的高温熔盐电化学技术研究

高温熔融盐具有CO₂吸收容量大、电化学窗口宽、高温下反应动力学快等特点,是利用清洁电能大规模捕集和资源化利用CO₂颇具实用化潜力的电解液体系. 本文主要介绍作者课题组近十年关于高温熔盐CO₂捕集与电化学资源化转化(MSCC-ET)技术的相关研究工作,包括熔融盐电解质对CO₂的吸收、阴极过程动力学、电解条件对产物的影响、析氧阳极、电解过程能量效率和CO₂捕获潜力,并展望了MSCC-ET技术的发展前景.     

CeO2/RP-PSCFM@CoFe阳极材料用于质子导体乙烷燃料电池共生乙烯和电能

The continuous consumption and excessive use of fossil fuels promote the exploration of new energy conversion technologies. Meanwhile, the increase in the supply of ethane encourages the development of industrial technology for the production of ethylene chemical raw materials. Compared with traditional fossil fuel energy conversion equipment, solid oxide ethane cogeneration fuel cells are an efficient energy processing device. Through selective oxidation of fuel gas on the anode, the endothermic process of ethane dehydrogenation is converted into an exothermic oxidation reaction, which has a greater driving force for reaction thermodynamics, and simultaneously produces clean electricity and value-added chemicals without CO₂ emissions. The anode material used for the proton conductor ethane fuel cells needs to operate stably and efficiently under hydrocarbon fuel. Consequently, excellent catalytic activity, low polarization resistance, and anti-coking stability are essential. In this work, CeO₂ was uniformly impregnated into the surface of the porous cubic perovskite Pr_0.4Sr_0.6Co_0.2Fe_0.7Mo_0.1O_3−δ anode by wet impregnation, and then calcined and reduced to obtain a CeO₂/RP-PSCFM@CoFe composite anode embedded with nanoparticles, which was successfully used in electrolyte-supported proton conductor fuel cells. CeO₂ has a high ionic conductivity and transport capacity, which accelerates the transfer rate of protons on the anode and improves the catalytic reaction and transport process. Moreover, uniformly dispersed CeO₂ can effectively increase the three-phase interface of the anode reaction and increase the range of reaction activity. The peak power densities before and after wet impregnation reached 172 and 253 mW·cm⁻², respectively, at 750 ℃. When switching to ethane as the fuel, the peak power densities reached 136 and 183 mW·cm⁻², respectively. The polarization resistance of the impregnated single cell was significantly reduced, and the catalytic activity improved. Moreover, there was no attenuation for 10 h in the long-term test. Inversely, the current density increased with the continuous reduction of the composite anode. Product analysis revealed that the yield of ethylene increased from 23.52% at 650 ℃ to 34.09% at 750 ℃, and the ethylene selectivity exceeded 94%. These results clearly show that the impregnated anode exhibited excellent catalytic activity and anti-coking ability in hydrocarbon fuels at high temperatures. Combining CoFe nanoparticles with CeO₂ enhanced the electronic conductance and ionic conductance of the electrode, improved the transmission of electric energy and the efficient conversion of chemicals, thus successfully producing the cogeneration of electric energy and ethylene.     

Hybrid direct carbon fuel cells and their reaction mechanisms—a review

As coal is expected to continue to dominate power generation demands worldwide, it is advisable to pursue the development of more efficient coal power generation technologies. Fuel cells show a much higher fuel utilization efficiency, emit fewer pollutants (NO _x , SO _x ), and are more easily combined with carbon capture and storage (CCS) due to the high purity of CO₂ emitted in the exhaust gas. Direct carbon (or coal) fuel cells (DCFCs) are directly fed with solid carbon to the anode chamber. The fuel cell converts the carbon at the anode and the oxygen at the cathode into electricity, heat and reaction products. The use of an external gasifier and a fuel cell operating on syngas (e.g. integrated gasification fuel cells) is briefly discussed for comparative purposes. A wide array of DCFC types have been investigated over the last 20 years. Here, the diversity of pre-commercialization DCFC research efforts is discussed on the fuel cell stack and system levels. The range of DCFC types can be roughly broken down into four fuel cell types: aqueous hydroxide, molten hydroxide, molten carbonate and solid oxide fuel cells. Emphasis is placed on the electrochemical reactions occurring at the anode and the proposed mechanism(s) of these reactions for molten carbonate, solid oxide and hybrid direct carbon fuel cells. Additionally, the criteria of choosing the ‘best’ DCFC technology is explored, including system design (continuous supply of solid fuel), performance (power density, efficiency), environmental burden (fresh water consumed, solid waste produced, CO₂ emitted, ease of combination with CCS) and economics (levelized cost of electricity).     

可用作便携式电源的高性能直接碳固体氧化物燃料电池组

A direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell (DC-SOFC) stack was prepared with 3 tubular cells electrically connected in series. To increase carbon storage in the stack, the anode was fabricated outside the tubular cells so that carbon fuel can be loaded at the exterior of the stack, which is more spacious than the interior. The 3-cell-stack is operated directly with carbon as the fuel and oxygen in ambient air as the oxidant. With a total effective area of 10.2 cm² and a 5% (w) Fe-loaded activated carbon fuel of 17 g, the stack reveals a peak power of 4.1 W at 800℃. The stack discharged at a constant current of 1.0 A for 19 h, giving a charge capacity of 19 A·h and an energy capacity of 31.6 W·h, which are much higher than those of a similar stack with anode on the inside and carbon loaded at the interior. The high capacity of our DC-SOFC opens up potential applications in portable devices.     

水溶液中二氧化碳电还原技术的发展现状、挑战及对策

二氧化碳(CO₂)电化学还原利用CO₂生产低碳燃料,能够实现可再生能源存储同时降低温室气体排放对环境的负面影响,因而成为了近年里一个甚受瞩目的研究与开发热点. 尽管以往科学家关于催化剂活性、产物选择性以及反应机理的基础研究已做了广泛的报道,但对催化稳定性和电化学反应器系统的设计及实用性方面还未给予充分重视. 本文针对影响低温水溶液中二氧化碳电化学还原技术实用化的上述两个重要因素, 从技术应用需求角度出发,在概述发展现状基础上,总结归纳了主要存在的技术挑战,对未来研究方向提出了建议性对策.