Local electric dipole moments: A generalized approach

We present an approach for calculating local electric dipole moments for fragments of molecular or supramolecular systems. This is important for understanding chemical gating and solvent effects in nanoelectronics, atomic force microscopy, and intensities in infrared spectroscopy. Owing to the nonzero partial charge of most fragments, “naively” defined local dipole moments are origin‐dependent. Inspired by previous work based on Bader's atoms‐in‐molecules (AIM) partitioning, we derive a definition of fragment dipole moments which achieves origin‐independence by relying on internal reference points. Instead of bond critical points (BCPs) as in existing approaches, we use as few reference points as possible, which are located between the fragment and the remainder(s) of the system and may be chosen based on chemical intuition. This allows our approach to be used with AIM implementations that circumvent the calculation of critical points for reasons of computational efficiency, for cases where no BCPs are found due to large interfragment distances, and with local partitioning schemes other than AIM which do not provide BCPs. It is applicable to both covalently and noncovalently bound systems. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Theoretical calculation of electric dipole moments for conjugated systems

A detailed survey has been made of the potentialities of the VESCF molecular orbital procedure for computing electric dipole moments of conjugated molecules. Forty-one molecules, ranging from non-alternant hydrocarbons to a wide variety of heterocycles and benzene derivatives have been studied. The agreement between theory and experiment is always within 0.4 D and notably better than has been achieved by any alternative theoretical procedure so far. Some assessment is made of the relative merits of alternative techniques for dealing with neutral-atom penetration integrals and with two-electron coulomb integrals. Comments are made on the contributions of -bond polarities and of hydrogen atom hybridization moments.The possibility that the present procedure for treating heterocyclic oxygen is less satisfactory than for nitrogen is indicated, the molecules showing greatest deviations from experiment being oxygen heterocycles.The present study points up the fact that for some of the key molecules studied the experimental values are of uncertain reliability or, occasionally, not yet available.

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Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen der VESCF-Methode sind die Dipolmomente von 41 Molekülen mit konjugierten Systemen berechnet worden, beginnend mit nicht alternierenden Kohlenwasserstoffen bis zu einer Reihe von Heterocyclen und Benzolderivaten. Theorie und Experiment stimmen in den meisten Fällen bis auf 0.4 D — und damit wesentlich besser als bei den meisten bisherigen Verfahren — überein. Einige Bemerkungen in bezug auf die Vorteile einzelner Methoden, Durchdringungs- und Coulombintegrale zu behandeln, auf den Beitrag der -Elektronen und der Wasserstoffhybridisierungsmomente werden zur Ergänzung gemacht.Die angewandte Methode scheint zur Behandlung von Heterosauerstoff weniger geeignet als für Stickstoff zu sein, da Moleküle mit Sauerstoff die größten Abweichungen vom Experiment zeigen. Andererseits zeigt sich, daß die experimentellen Werte für einige wichtige Moleküle zweifelhaft sind.

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Résumé Etude détaillée des possibilités de la méthode des orbitales moléculaires SCF à électronégativité variable pour le calcul des moments dipolaires électriques des molécules conjuguées. L'étude a porté sur quarante et une molécules s'étendant d'hydrocarbures non alternants jusqu'à une large classe de dérivés benzéniques et d'hétérocycles. L'accord entre la théorie et l'expérience est presque toujours à moins de 0,4 D, étant notablement meilleur que celui obtenu jusqu'alors par une autre technique. On établit en partie les mérites relatifs des différentes techniques d'utilisation des intégrales de pénétration et des intégrales coulombiennes. On fait des commentaires sur les contributions des polarités des liaisons et des moments d'hybridation de l'atome d'hydrogène.On mentionne la possibilité pour le présent procédé de traiter l'oxygène hétérocyclique d'une manière moins satisfaisante que l'azote, les heterocycles oxygénés étant les molécules présentant le plus grand désaccord avec l'expérience.Cette étude souligne le fait que pour certaines molécules clés les données expérimentales sont peu certaines sinon inexistantes.

     

Amine-hydrogen halide complexes: experimental electric dipole moments and a theoretical decomposition of dipole moments and binding energies

The Stark effect has been observed in the rotational spectra of several gas-phase amine-hydrogen halide complexes and the following electric dipole moments have been determined: H(3)(15)N-H(35)Cl (4.05865 +/- 0.00095 D), (CH(3))(3)(15)N-H(35)Cl (7.128 +/- 0.012 D), H(3)(15)N-H(79)Br (4.2577 +/- 0.0022 D), and (CH(3))(3)(15)N-H(79)Br (8.397 +/- 0.014 D). Calculations of the binding energies and electric dipole moments for the full set of complexes R(n)()(CH(3))(3)(-)(n)()N-HX (n = 0-3; X = F, Cl, Br) at the MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ level are also reported. The block localized wave function (BLW) energy decomposition method has been used to partition the binding energies into contributions from electrostatic, exchange, distortion, polarization, and charge-transfer terms. Similarly, the calculated dipole moments have been decomposed into distortion, polarization, and charge-transfer components. The complexes studied range from hydrogen-bonded systems to proton-transferred ion pairs, and the total interaction energies vary from 7 to 17 kcal/mol across the series. The individual energy components show a much wider variation than this, but cancellation of terms accounts for the relatively narrow range of net binding energies. For both the hydrogen-bonded complexes and the proton-transferred ion pairs, the electrostatic and exchange terms have magnitudes that increase with the degree of proton transfer but are of opposite sign, leaving most of the net stabilization to arise from polarization and charge transfer. In all of the systems studied, the polarization terms contribute the most to the induced dipole moment, followed by smaller but still significant contributions from charge transfer. A significant contribution to the induced moment of the ion pairs also arises from distortion of the HX monomer.     

The permanent electric dipole moments of iron monoxide, FeO

The Q(4) and R(4) branch features of the (0,0)D (5)Delta(4)-X (5)Delta(4) band system and the Q(3) and R(3) branch features of the (0,0)D (5)Delta(3)-X (5)Delta(3) band system of iron monoxide FeO have been studied by optical Stark spectroscopy. The Stark splittings in the high resolution laser induced fluorescence spectra were analyzed to produce values for the magnitude of the permanent electric dipole moments /mu/ of 4.50+/-0.03, 4.29+/-0.05, 2.53+/-0.04, and 2.58+/-0.06 D for the X (5)Delta(4) (nu=0), X (5)Delta(3) (nu=0), D (5)Delta(4) (nu=0), and D (5)Delta(3) (nu=0) states, respectively. The results are compared to several ab initio predictions and to FeC. The qualitative trends are explained in terms of a molecular orbital correlation picture.     

Statistical properties of the energies and electric dipole moments of the bound vibrational states of the system HCO/COH

From the ab initio calculated three-dimensional adiabatic double-minimum potential energy surface of the HCO⁺/COH⁺ system and the corresponding dipole moment surface the energies of all bound vibrational states and their effective dipole moments are determined applying the Suttcliffe–Tennyson Hamiltonian for triatomic molecules. The energy and dipole data are analysed in terms of statistical methods such as the density of states approach and the nearest-neighbor level spacing distribution (NNSD). Special effort is put into investigating the effect of the tunnelling motion across the isomerization barrier on the NNSD representations.     

The permanent electric dipole moments and magnetic g factors of uranium monoxide

Permanent electric dipole moments and magnetic g factors for uranium monoxide (UO) have been determined from analyses of optical Stark and Zeeman spectra recorded at a spectral resolution that approaches the natural linewidth limit. Numerous branch features in the previously characterized [L. A. Kaledin et al., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 164, 27 (1994)] (0,0) [18403]5-X(1)4 and (0,0) [18404]5-X(1)4 electronic transitions were recorded in the presence of tunable static electric (Stark effect) or magnetic (Zeeman effect) fields. The lines exhibited unusually large Zeeman tuning effects. A ligand field model and an ab initio electronic structure calculation [R. Tyagi, Ph.D. thesis, The Ohio State University (2005)] were used to interpret the ground state properties. The results indicate that the low energy electronic states of UO are sufficiently ionic for the meaningful application of ligand field theory models. The dipole moments and g factors were distinctly different for the three electronic states examined, which implies that these properties may be used to deduce the underlying electronic state configurations.     

Computer programme for calculation of electric dipole moments from measurements in solution

An ALGOL computer programme is described for the calculation of an electric dipole moment from measurements made on dilute solutions in a non-polar solvent.     

Calculation of molecular electric polarizabilities and dipole moments. III. BH molecule

We use a previously proposed variation-perturbation method to calculate the electric polarizabilities and the electric dipole moment at equilibrium nuclear distance of the BH molecule. We obtain 3.56 × 10^?24 cm³ for the perpendicular polarizability α_xx and 3.22 × 10^?24 cm³ for the parallel polarizability α_zz. Our result for the electric dipole moment μ₀ is 1.734 debye units; there is no reliable experimental result to compare it with.     

Molecular dipole moments and electronegativity

As suggested by acharge-transfer model based on Mulliken's definition of electronegativity, the dipole moments of various diatomic molecules and certain photoemission chemical shifts are shown to depend on the normalized electronegativity differences, [(x_B ? x_A)/$\text{x}$], and not simply on (x_B ? x_A).     

Calculation of molecular electric polarizabilities and dipole moments. II. The LiH molecule

We use a variation–perturbation method to calculate the electric polarizabilities and the electric dipole moment of the LiH molecule. We obtain 4.455 for the perpendicular polarizability and 4.001 (×10^?24 cm³) for the parallel polarizability. Our result for the electric dipole moment at equilibrium nuclear distance is 5.866, which is in excellent agreement with the experimental value 5.828 debye units.     

On the evaluation of electric and magnetic dipole transition moments in the ZDO approximation

The implications of the ZDO approximation for the evaluation of electric and magnetic dipole transition moments are analyzed using an overlap ordered expansion of the type proposed by Fischer-Hjalmars. The relative merits of electric dipole length and electric dipole velocity matrix elements are discussed from the point of view of their use in conjunction with the ZDO approximation.

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Zusammenfassung Die Folgerungen aus der ZDO-Näherung für die Berechnung elektrischer und magnetischer Dipolübergangsmomente werden mit Hilfe einer geordneten Entwicklung der Überlappungsmatrix, wie von Fischer-Hjalmars vorgeschlagen, untersucht. Die relativen Vorzüge der Benutzung von Matrixelementen des Dipolmomentoperators einerseits und des Impulsoperators andererseits werden im Rahmen der ZDO-Näherung diskutiert.

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Résumé Analyse des implications de l'approximation du recouvrement différentiel nul dans l'évaluation des moments de transition dipolaire électrique et magnétique, en utilisant un développement en série selon les puissances du recouvrement du type de celui proposé par Fischer-Hjalmars. Les mérites relatifs des éléments de matrice des opérateurs longueur dipolaire électrique et vitesse dipolaire électrique sont discutés du point de vue de leur utilisation dans le cadre de l'approximation à recouvrement différentiel nul.

     

The permanent electric dipole moments of WN and ReN and nuclear quadrupole interaction in ReN

The high-resolution laser induced fluorescence spectra of tungsten mononitride WN and rhenium mononitride ReN have been recorded in a laser ablation/molecular beam spectrometer. The field free spectrum of the (0,0)A (4)Pi(3/2)-X (4)Sigma(1/2) (-) band system of (186)WN has been analyzed to produce B("), B('), and gamma(") values of 0.4659(2), 0.4554(2), and 0.0518(1) cm(-1), respectively. The permanent electric dipole moments mu for the X (4)Sigma(1/2) (-) and A (4)Pi(3/2) state were determined to be 3.77(18) and 2.45(3) D, respectively, from the analysis of the optical Stark effect. The (0,0)[26.0]0(+)-X0(+) band system of ReN was recorded in the presence of a variable static electric field. The ground and excited state electric dipole moments of (187)ReN were determined to be mu(X0(+))=1.96(8) D and mu([26.0]0(+))=3.53(4) D. Splittings in the field free (187)ReN spectrum were analyzed to produce (187)Re (I=5/2) nuclear electric quadrupole coupling constants e(2)Qq(0) of -0.0304(8) and 0.0328(9) cm(-1) for the X0(+) and [26.0]0(+) states, respectively. A molecular orbital correlation model is used to interpret the observation and a comparison is made to CrN and MoN.     

Triplet state dipole moments of aminobenzonitriles

The triplet state dipole moments mu(T) of a series of 4-amino- and 3-aminobenzonitriles in cyclohexane, benzene, and 1,4-dioxane are recalculated from previously published [J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96, 10809] time-resolved microwave conductivity data, on the basis of newly measured intersystem crossing yields. For 4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile (DMABN), the following values are now determined for mu(T): 8.3 D (cyclohexane), 8.9 D (benzene), and 9.7 D (1,4-dioxane), as compared with the previously reported dipole moment of 12 D for the first and the last solvent. With the other aminobenzonitriles, similar mu(T) data are obtained, between 6.9 D for 4-aminobenzonitrile (ABN) in n-hexane and 10.0 D for 4-(di-n-decylamino)benzonitrile (DDABN) in 1,4-dioxane. The increase of mu(T) observed for all aminobenzonitriles when going from cyclohexane via benzene to 1,4-dioxane may indicate that their triplet dipole moments become larger with increasing solvent polarity. The present mu(T) of DMABN, between 8.3 and 9.7 D, although larger than the ground state dipole moment mu(0) of 6.6 D, is somewhat smaller than that of the locally excited (LE) state (9.9 D) but considerably smaller than the dipole moment of the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state (17 D). By comparing these mu(X) data with the frequency (CN) of the cyano vibration in each state, it appears that at least for DMABN in the triplet state (CN) is not a reliable indication of the extent of charge transfer as compared with the other states S0, LE, and ICT.