Growth and characterization of nonlinear optical material: l-alanine thiourea

The title compound of l-alanine thiourea, a semi organic material, has been grown from slow evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature. It is a potential material for nonlinear optical applications. The grown single crystals have been analyzed using powder X-ray diffraction. It belongs to monoclinic crystal system, and its lattice dimensions were determined. The presence of functional groups was identified from FTIR spectral analysis. The title compound has good optical transmission in the entire visible region. Thermal stability of the grown crystal was investigated by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis.     

Synthesis,crystal growth,structural, spectral,optical, thermal and dielectric studies of a new nonlinear optical material: 4-Hydroxy-l-proline-l-tartaric acid (1:1)

Single crystals of a new organic material, 4-hydroxy-l-proline-l-tartaric acid (HPTA) adduct, were grown by slow evaporation of an aqueous solution containing equimolar concentrations of 4-hydroxy-l-proline and l-tartaric acid at room temperature. Formation of new crystal has been confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopic techniques. The single crystal XRD analysis shows that a molecule of 4-hydroxy-l-proline and a molecule of free l-tartaric acid both of which are interlinked to each other by two types of H-bonding interactions, namely O(6)–H(6)⋯O(2) and N(1)–H(1B)⋯O(10). The title compound (HPTA) crystallizes in monoclinic crystal system with non-centrosymmetric space group P2₁. The suitability of the crystal for optical applications was studied by UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectral analysis was used to confirm the presence of various functional groups in the grown crystals. The thermal stability of the compound was investigated by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the crystal were studied as a function of frequency and temperature. The fluorescence spectral analysis of the title crystal shows an indigo emission. The second order nonlinear optical (NLO) property of the crystal was confirmed by the modified Kurtz–Perry powder second harmonic generation (SHG) test.     

Crystallization,spectral, and thermal characterization of <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">l</Emphasis>-histidine methyl ester dihydrochloride (LHMED)

A novel nonlinear optical semi-organic single crystal of l-histidine methyl ester dihydrochloride was grown by slow evaporation solution growth method at an ambient temperature. The grown crystal was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Functional groups and the modes of vibrations were identified by FT–IR spectroscopy. The chemical composition of the crystal was confirmed by Energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The optical behavior of the crystal was examined by UV spectral analysis, which shows the absence of absorption between the wavelengths ranging from 230 to 1000 nm. The optical band gap of the grown crystal was estimated and is found to be 5.35 eV. The thermal behavior of the crystal was investigated by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses. The nonlinear optical property of the grown crystal was confirmed by the powder technique of Kurtz and Perry.     

Growth,optical, thermal,dielectric and mechanical studies of sodium hydrogen succinate single crystal

Sodium hydrogen succinate, an alkali metallo-organic third-order nonlinear optical crystal, had been grown successfully using aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique at room temperature. Transparent single crystals were selected and subjected to single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to identify lattice parameters, space group and morphology. The grown crystal was further subjected to powder X-ray diffraction to analyze the crystalline quality, UV–Vis–NIR spectral analysis to reveal optical transparency, FTIR spectroscopy for confirmation of the functional group analysis and TG–DTG/DSC analysis to determine the thermal stability. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss were studied as a function of frequency at different temperatures, and the results were discussed. The mechanical properties were calculated by Vickers microhardness test, and the third-order nonlinear optical parameters such as nonlinear refractive index, nonlinear absorption coefficient and real and imaginary parts of the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility were determined by Z-scan technique.     

Growth, spectral, and thermal characterization of 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde semicarbazone

2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde semicarbazone (HMBS) has been synthesized from 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde and semicarbazide hydrochloride using sodium acetate as catalyst. Good quality single crystals of HMBS were successfully grown by slow evaporation method at room temperature using a mixture of DMF and ethanol as solvent. Fourier transform infrared and Fourier transform Raman spectral studies have been performed to identify the functional groups. Single-crystal XRD study was conducted to obtain the crystal structure and lattice parameters. The grown crystal was subjected to ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR spectral studies in order to confirm its structure and purity. The compound crystallizes into a monoclinic P21/c space group. Intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions facilitate unit cell packing in the crystal lattice. The UV–Vis spectrum confirmed the transparency of the compound between the wavelengths 420 and 1,100 nm, which is a characteristic property of a nonlinear optical (NLO) material. The thermal decomposition of the compound under static air atmosphere was investigated by simultaneous TG–DTG at a heating rate of 10 °C min^?1. The NLO property of HMBS was confirmed from the second-harmonic generation by Kurtz–Perry powder test.     

Growth,spectral, and thermal characterization of the NLO crystal: semicarbazone of <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">dl</Emphasis>-camphor (SDLC)

Semicarbazone of dl-camphor (SdlC) crystals were grown using methanol as a solvent by slow evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature. Formation of the product and the presence of various functional groups present in the grown crystal have been identified using FTIR spectra. Single crystal XRD study was conducted to obtain the crystal structure and lattice parameters. The grown crystal was subjected to ¹HNMR and ¹³CNMR spectral studies and TG-DTA in order to confirm its structure, purity, and stability, respectively. The optical transparency of the crystal was tested using UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy. The nonlinear optical (NLO) property of the grown crystal was confirmed from the second harmonic generation (SHG) by Kurtz–Perry powder test.     

Growth and characterization of organic nonlinear optical crystal of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB)

Organic nonlinear optical crystal of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene has been successfully grown by low temperature solution growth technique. Good optical quality single crystals of size 28 mm x 11 mm x 5mm are obtained. Grown crystals were subjected to X-ray powder diffraction analysis, FT-IR, FT-Raman, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (PNMR) and etching studies. Thermal properties of the grown crystals were studied by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). UV-vis studies show the cutoff wavelength is less than 400 nm. Nonlinear optical property of the crystal was studied by Kurtz powder technique using Nd:YAG laser and the crystal exhibits second harmonic generation property.     

Crystal growth, structural, optical, spectral and thermal studies of tris(L-phenylalanine)L-phenylalaninium nitrate: a new organic nonlinear optical material

Tris(L-phenylalanine)L-phenylalaninium nitrate, C(9)H(12)NO(2)(+)·NO(3)(-)·3C(9)H(11)NO(2) (TPLPN), a new organic nonlinear optical material was grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation solution growth at room temperature. The grown crystals were subjected to powder X-ray diffraction and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies to confirm the crystalline nature and crystal structure. The modes of vibration of different molecular groups present in TPLPN have been identified by FTIR spectral analysis. The presence of hydrogen and carbon in the grown crystal were confirmed by using proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral analyses. The optical transmission spectral study establishes good transmitting ability of the crystal in the entire visible region. The thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analyses (DTA) were carried out to understand the thermal stability of the sample. The nonlinear optical property of the compound observed using Kurtz powder second harmonic generation test assets the suitability of the grown material for the frequency conversion of laser radiation of Nd:YAG.     

Growth, structural, spectral, mechanical, thermal and dielectric characterization of phosphoric acid admixtured L-alanine (PLA) single crystals

Phosphoric acid admixtured L-alanine (PLA) single crystals were grown successfully by solution method with slow evaporation technique at room temperature. Crystals of size 18 mm×12 mm×8 mm have been obtained in 28 days. The grown crystals were colorless and transparent. The solubility of the grown samples has been found out at various temperatures. The lattice parameters of the grown crystals were determined by X-ray diffraction technique. The reflection planes of the sample were confirmed by the powder X-ray diffraction study and diffraction peaks were indexed. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies were used to confirm the presence of various functional groups in the crystals. UV-visible transmittance spectrum was recorded to study the optical transparency of grown crystal. The nonlinear optical (NLO) property of the grown crystal was confirmed by Kurtz-Perry powder technique and a study of its second harmonic generation efficiency in comparison with potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) has been made. The mechanical strength of the crystal was estimated by Vickers hardness test. The grown crystals were subjected to thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA). The dielectric behavior of the sample was also studied.     

Growth and characterization of semiorganic crystal potassium hydrogen oxalate

Single crystals of potassium hydrogen oxalate (KHO), a semiorganic nonlinear optical material, were grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature. The cell parameters of KHO were determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction and the crystal system was identified as monoclinic. The suitability of this material for nonlinear optical application was studied by UV–Vis spectral study and the second harmonic generation efficiency measurement by Kurtz–Perry powder method. The nature of coordination and the functional groups present were investigated by the Fourier transform infrared spectrum. The thermal stability of the crystal was analyzed by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. Vickers microhardness test was carried out on the growth crystal to assess its mechanical stability.     

Growth and characterization of 2-amino-4-picolinium toluene sulfonate single crystal

2-Amino-4-picolinium toluene sulfonate (2A4PTS), a new organic material, was synthesized and grown as single crystals in room temperature by slow evaporation solution growth technique using water as solvent. The crystal structure of 2A4PTS has been determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. 2A4PTS belongs to monoclinic crystal system. The molecular arrangements in the crystal were studied. The structural perfection of the grown crystals has been analysed by high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) rocking curve measurements. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral studies have been performed to identify the functional groups. The optical transmittance window and the lower cutoff wavelength of the 2A4PTS have been identified by UV–Vis–NIR studies. The nonlinear optical properties have been investigated by Z-scan method. The nonlinear refractive index and linear absorption coefficient of the 2A4PTS are found to be in the order of 10⁻⁸ cm²/W and 10⁻⁴ cm/W, respectively. The laser induced surface damage threshold for the grown crystal was measured using Nd:YAG laser. Thermal analysis carried out on the compound reveals that 2A4PTS is stable up to 133 °C. The microhardness test was carried out and the load dependent hardness was measured.     

Synthesis and characterization of a new organic nonlinear optical crystal: l-Phenylalaninium maleate

l-Phenylalaninium maleate (abbreviated as LPM) chemical formula C₉H₁₂NO₂⁺·C₄H₃O₄⁻, a new organic nonlinear optical crystal was grown by slow evaporation technique. Transparent needle shaped crystal of dimensions 7 mm × 1 mm × 0.5 mm was obtained. Single crystals of LPM have been subjected to X-ray diffraction analysis to estimate the lattice parameters and the space group. The powder X-ray diffractogram of the crystal has been recorded and the reflections from various planes are identified. The XRD studies confirm the crystalline nature. The qualitative analysis on the crystal has been carried out using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Fourier transform Raman (FTRaman) spectral measurements. The presence of hydrogen and carbon in the grown crystal was confirmed by using proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral analyses. Optical behaviour of the crystal was investigated using UV–vis spectroscopy. The thermal stability of the crystal was analysed with the aid of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The nonlinear optical (NLO) property of the crystal was tested by Nd:YAG laser source.     

Growth and characterization studies on glycine barium dichloride single crystals for NLO applications

The novel nonlinear optical single crystal of glycine barium chloride has been successfully synthesized by taking the appropriate amount of glycine and barium dichloride and single crystals have been grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature. The grown single crystals have been analyzed with XRD, FT-IR, TG/DTA measurements. Its mechanical behavior has been assessed by Vickers Microhardness measurements. Its nonlinear optical property has been tested by Kurtz powder technique. Its optical behavior was examined by UV-vis, and found that the crystal is transparent in the region between 250 and 1200 nm.     

Studies on the growth, optical, electrical and spectral properties of potassium pentaborate (KB5) single crystals

The bulk single crystals of nonlinear optical material potassium pentaborate (KB5) have been grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique using water as solvent. The grown crystal was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The structural perfection of the grown crystals has been analyzed by high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) studies by recording rocking curve. The photoluminescence (PL), UV-vis spectral studies were performed and the optical bandgap of the material was calculated. FTIR and FT-Raman measurements enumerate the functional groups present in the compound. The factor group analysis on KB5 reveals that there are 117 vibrational optical modes. The dielectric behavior of KB5 was investigated with different frequencies and temperatures.     

Spectroscopic and thermal studies of γ-glycine crystal grown from potassium bromide for optoelectronic applications

Single crystals of an organic nonlinear optical material γ-glycine have been synthesized by slow evaporation technique from aqueous solutions of α-glycine and potassium bromide at room temperature. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the growth of γ phase of glycine. The powder X-ray diffraction of the grown crystal was recorded and indexed. Functional groups present in the sample were identified by FTIR spectral analysis. The optical absorption studies show that the UV cut-off wavelength of γ-glycine is at 238 nm and has a wide transparency window. The thermal characteristics of the grown crystal were determined by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), which show the thermal stability of the grown crystals. The powder second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of γ-glycine crystals was measured by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd:YAG laser and it was found to be 2.56 times that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals.     

Synthesis,growth and characterization of hydrogen bonding organic complex for SHG conversion: 3-hydroxyanilinium-2,5-dimethylbenzenesulphonate single crystal

The new hydrogen bonding single crystal of 3-hydroxyanilinium-2,5-dimethylbenzenesulphonate (3HADB) complex has been synthesized and grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The grown crystal was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹HNMR) spectral studies. Single crystal X-ray diffraction study shows that 3HADB crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system with noncentrosymmetric Pna2₁ space group. The title compound was characterized by UV–Vis–NIR absorption and TG/DTA thermal analysis studies. The second harmonic generation efficiency of powdered 3HADB was determined by Kurtz and Perry method.     

Growth and characterization of a new metal-organic nonlinear optical bis (thiourea) cadmium zinc chloride single crystals

A new semiorganic nonlinear optical bis (thiourea) cadmium zinc chloride (BTCZC) crystal has been synthesized. BTCZC single crystals were grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique. The solubility of BTCZC has been determined for various temperatures. Single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) study has been carried out to identify the lattice parameters. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies confirm the various functional groups present in the grown crystal. The transmission and absorption spectra of this crystal show that the lower cut off wavelength lies at 260nm. The thermal analyses confirmed that the crystal is stable upto 201 degrees C. The nonlinear optical (NLO) property of the grown crystal has been confirmed by Kurtz-powder second harmonic generation (SHG) test.     

Thermal,FTIR and microhardness studies of bisthiourea-urea single crystal

Single crystals of a new nonlinear optical material, bisthiourea-urea have been grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique with a period of 4 weeks. The structure of the grown crystals was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The presence of title compound in the crystal lattice has been qualitatively determined by FTIR analysis. The mechanical properties and thermal stability of the grown crystals were evaluated by Vickers microhardness test and TG and DTG, respectively.     

Synthesis, growth, spectral, thermal, mechanical and optical properties of 4-chloro-4′dimethylamino-benzylidene aniline crystal: A third order nonlinear optical material

An organic nonlinear optical material, 4-chloro-4′dimethylamino-benzylidene aniline (CDMABA), was synthesized by the condensation of the p-chloroaniline and p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. Solubility of CDMABA was determined in acetone at different temperatures. Single crystals were grown by the solvent evaporation method from acetone solution at room temperature. Grown crystal was subjected to FTIR, FT-Raman and ¹H NMR spectral analyses to confirm the synthesized compound. The range and percentage of optical transmission was ascertained by recording UV–vis–NIR spectrum. Thermal properties were investigated by Thermo Gravimetric, Differential Thermal and Differential Scanning Calorimetric analyses. High Resolution X-ray Diffractometry (HRXRD) was employed to evaluate the perfection of the grown crystal. The third order nonlinear optical parameters (nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficient) were derived by the Z-scan technique.     

Crystal growth, spectral, optical, and thermal characterization of glycyl-l-alanine hydrochloride (GLAH) single crystal

A new semi-organic nonlinear optical material glycyl-l-alanine hydrochloride (GLAH) was grown successfully by slow evaporation solution growth method. The solubility of GLAH was estimated for a wide range of temperatures. Large size single crystal of size 15?×?9?×?6?mm³ was grown at room temperature. The grown crystal was subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction study which confirms that the grown crystal is monoclinic in nature with the space group P2₁. The molecular weight of the title compound was estimated by mass spectrometry. Functional groups and the modes of vibrations were identified by FT-IR spectral analysis. The UV?Cvisible spectral study reveals that the percentage of optical transmission of the sample is very high in the entire visible and UV regions. The second harmonic generation of the crystal was confirmed by the Kurtz and Perry technique. The hardness of the sample was tested by microhardness test which shows that the grown crystal belongs to the soft category of materials. The thermal stability of the compound was studied by TG?CDTA analyses which indicate that the crystal is thermally stable up to 248.6?°C.