High-sensitivity,fiber-optic,flexural disk hydrophone with reduced acceleration response

Abstract

A hydrophone consisting of a hollow cylinder whose flexible, circular end plates are bonded to pairs of pat, spiral wound coils of optical fiber is described. When the end plate/disk is deformed due to a pressure difference, the outer and inner fiber coils experience opposite strains resulting in a “push—pull” optical path length difference which is detected in an all-fiber Michelson interferometer. The close proximity of the interferometric fiber coils, separated by the thin thermally conducting end plate, rejects thermal gradient-induced signals. The addition of a second identical end plate and fiber coil pair at the opposite end of the cylinder will double the acoustic sensitivity while canceling acceleration induced signals. The calculated and measured optical strain of a single simply supported plate, single-coil sensor (8.0 cm diameter, 3.0 mm thickness) using static pressure, acoustic pressure, and acceleration are in good agreement and yield a sensitivity of 0.21 rad/Pa (ΔΦ/ΦΔP = -301 dB re I μPa-1) below its resonance frequency of 3 kHz. The calculated and measured strain for a dual clamped disk (4.5 cm diameter, 1.0 mm thickness) acceleration-canceling sensor with four 8-m coils are in good agreement also and yield a sensitivity of 1.0 rad/Pa (ΔΦ/ΦpΔP = -291 dB re 1 μPa^?1) below the disk resonance frequency of 4.5 kHz. These are the highest fiber-optic, omnidirectional hydrophone sensitivities reported to date.     

An investigation of a fiber-optic air-backed mandrel hydrophone

In this work, a optical-fiber air-backed mandrel hydrophone is proposed and investigated both analytically and experimentally. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional quasistatically theoretical models of the hydrophone is created and compared, and the phase sensitivity of the hydrophone is analyzed. The theoretical result of phase sensitivity with three-dimensional model is −153.3 dB re rad/μPa. Twenty-two hydrophones of this type according to the model presented are constructed and tested. The experiment results show that experimental results of mean values of phase sensitivity are about −153 ± 0.5 dB re rad/μPa and have the close agreement with the estimation of theoretical models. The size of the fiber sensor is ∅12 × 55 mm, the normal phase sensitivity achieves −308 dB re 1 μPa⁻¹, the 3 dB effective bandwidth of the frequency response is 30 kHz, and the responsivity decreases less than 0.5 dB when static pressure is 2 MPa (200 m water depth). The hydrophone is easy to constructed at low cost with simple structure, and some new type of it with the required performances could be designed according to the model presented.     

Optimization of a 1 mm thick PVA/acrylamide recording material to obtain holographic memories: method of preparation and holographic properties

Information holographic storage is a very promising technique due to its high theoretical capacity. One of the key factors in developing holographic memories is the need for a suitable recording material which must have certain specific characteristics. In particular, in order to achieve a high storage density it is necessary to work with great thicknesses. One of the essential requirements for holographic memories to be competitive is that the material must have a thickness of 500 μm or more, but it is not easy to find such thicknesses with the photopolymers currently available. In this study, we develop a method of preparing layers of a polyvinyl alcohol/acrylamide based photopolymer approximately 1 mm thick. Optimization of this material makes it possible to obtain good results for the main holographic parameters; diffraction efficiency 70% and energetic sensitivity 50 mJ/cm². PACS 42.70.Ln; 42.40.Pa; 42.40.Ht An erratum to this article can be found at .     

Mobile adaptive holographic laser seismometer

A prototype of a mobile laser seismometer based on a multiturn fiber-optic sensitive element and an adaptive holographic interferometer is developed. The possibility of recording weak seismic waves propagating in the “land-sea” interface region by the laser seismometer is shown. The original multiturn design of the sensitive element of the seismometer provides a threshold sensitivity of 1.6 · 10^?7 m/s² to seismic acceleration. The long-term operation stability of the laser seismometer is provided due to adaptive properties of the interferometer constructed using a dynamic hologram formed in the photorefractive bismuth titanate crystal.     

Spectral photosensitivity and holographic performance of europium-doped fluorophosphate glass

Spectral investigation of europium-doped flourophosphate glass shows photosensitivity in the range of 244 nm to 351 nm. Holographic investigations of the dependence of the achievable refractive-index changes indicate a strong impact of the doping concentration. The refractive-index changes increase with europium concentrations up to 1.0×10²⁰ Eu/cm³; for higher doping levels the effect becomes smaller. Based on these results, refractive-index changes in excess of 10^-3 for optimized material and holographic recording are predicted. About 23% of the initially recorded holographic grating decay in a double-exponential way with time constants of 7 h and 240 h, but the other 77% of the primary refractive-index changes are persistent. The spatial resolution of this material is better than 1 m. PACS 42.40.Lx; 42.40.Pa; 42.70.Ln     

Photorefractive properties of iron-doped lithium tantalate crystals

Iron-doped lithium tantalate crystals are grown by the Czochralski method and their photorefractive properties are examined with holographic methods. Dynamic range, holographic sensitivity, photoconductivity, and dark storage time are measured in dependence on the iron concentration and light intensity. The largest refractive-index change for ordinarily polarized light is 3.5×10^-4, in comparison with 6.2×10^-4 for iron-doped lithium niobate. Due to a small mobility of protons the dark storage time of holograms in lithium tantalate is larger than that in lithium niobate. PACS 42.40.Pa; 42.70.Ln     

ZnO薄膜硅微压电矢量水听器

提出了一种基于ZnO压电薄膜的硅微压电矢量水听器,其核心部件是利用微电子机械系统(MEMS)技术制作的悬臂梁结构压电加速度计。由近似解析和有限元分析,得出加速度计的灵敏度和谐振频率,并在此基础上对其进行了优化设计。研制了MEMS压电加速度计,并装配后构成MEMS矢量水听器。测试结果表明:加速度灵敏度在20~1,200 Hz范围内约为0.83 mV/(m/s2)。经过液柱法测量,在1 kHz时,MEMS矢量水听器等效声压灵敏度为-229.5 dB (ref.1V/μPa),比同类型压阻式MEMS矢量水听器的灵敏度高17 dB以上。      

干涉型光纤水听器相位载波调制-解调中信号混叠产生的机理及解决方案

信号混叠是制约基于相位载波调制-解调的光纤水听器系统走向应用的一个关键问题。对信号混叠产生的机理进行了详细的理论分析和仿真,结果表明,提高光源调制频率和降低探头灵敏度都无法有效解决光纤水听器实际应用中遇到的高频干扰引起的混叠问题。基于声学滤波器原理,提出了一种新颖的声低通滤波解决方案。设计并加工制作了一种简单的声低通滤波光纤水听器,在驻波罐中对其声压灵敏度频响进行了测量。实验结果表明,该光纤水听器在测量频带上具有较好的声低通滤波特性,低频声压灵敏度约为-140 dB(0 dB=1 rad/μPa),高频衰减大于20 dB,对高频干扰有较强的抑制能力。该方案十分简单经济,能从根本上有效地解决相位载波调制-解调中的信号混叠问题。     

Experimental evidence on the ground-state energy of 229Pa

The E1 transition from the 3/2⁻ state to the ground state of ²²⁹Pa was identified in the (p,tγ) reaction. Its energy is found to be 11.6(3) keV. This leads to a value of Q_g.s.=−4133(2) keV and to a mass defect of ²²⁹Pa of 29894(3) keV. It is concluded that the ground-state configuration of ²²⁹Pa is 3/2[651]. Received: 29 January 1998     

231Pa Mössbauer resonance in Pa metal

The Mössbauer resonance of the 84.2 keV transition in ²³¹Pa has been measured for an absorber of Pa metal at 4.2 K with respect to a source of ThO₂ at 4.2 and 65 K. The resulting nuclear parameters are compared with calculations based on the Nilsson model. The electric field gradient in Pa metal is |eq_z| = (2.05 ± 0.15)} 10¹⁸ V/cm².     

Study of the planar optical fiber Bragg grating hydrophone probe with acceleration compensation

Since the probe acceleration response of a planar optical FBG hydrophone is very obvious and has an adverse influence on normal underwater acoustic pressure detection,an acceleration desensitization method employing an acceleration compensation measure is presented here.Results indicate that by utilizing this method,the equivalent pressure output applied by one unit of acceleration(1m·s^-2) is reduced from a range of 2.52-3.26 Pa to 0.0758-0.217 Pa, while the structural sensitivity decreases from 28 fm/Pa to 20 fm/Pa,however,the resonance frequency increases slightly from 6.2 kHz to 6.5 kHz.The increased resonance frequency helps to improve the dynamic frequency characteristics,and while the structural sensitivity is reduced, it can be compensated for by improving the optical FBG dynamic wavelength interrogation sensitivity.The system sensitivity of the optical FBG hydrophone is mainly determined by its wavelength interrogation sensitivity and not the probe structure sensitivity.Therefore,the acceleration compensation method would have broad practical applications.     

DFB fiber laser hydrophone with band-pass response

A distributed-feedback fiber laser hydrophone with band-pass response is presented. The design of the hydrophone aims to equalize static pressure and eliminate signal aliasing of high-frequency acoustic components. Theoretical analysis is presented based on electro-acoustic theory. The experimental results agree well with the theory. The measured underwater responses show that the hydrophone has a pressure sensitivity of -170 dB re:pm/μPa over a bandwidth between 100 Hz and 500 Hz. A sensitivity reduction exceeding -35 dB is observed at 2500 Hz. The tested static pressure sensitivity of the hydrophone is -226 dB. The proposed fiber laser hydrophone of this kind is expected to have important application in deep water fiber-optic sonar systems with anti-aliasing, and the understanding gained through this work can be extended to a guide of hydrophone design for required filtering bandwidth.     

带加速度补偿平面型光纤光栅水听器探头技术的研究

针对平面型光纤Bragg光栅(Fiber Bragg Grating,缩写为FBG)水听器探头加速度响应明显,影响它对正常声压进行探测的需求,提出了采用加速度补偿措施进行加速度去敏这一有效方法。从理论和实验上分析研究了带加速度补偿平面型光纤FBG水听器探头的结构灵敏度、灵敏度频率响应特性和加速度响应特性。结果表明:采用加速度补偿措施后,单位加速度(1m·s-2)响应输出的等效作用声压由2.52~3.26 Pa降为0.0758~0.217 Pa。同时,探头结构灵敏度由28 fm/Pa减小为20 fm/Pa,动态谐振频率由6.2 kHz增高为6.52 kHz。谐振频率的增加有助于提高水听器系统的动态响应特性,而结构灵敏度的降低,可以通过提高FBG动态波长解调仪的灵敏度来进行补偿。本来,光纤光栅或光纤光栅激光水听器系统可探测灵敏度主要由解调仪灵敏度决定,而不是由探头结构灵敏度决定。所以,该加速度补偿措施具有很大的实用性。      

新型光纤光栅水声传感器的研究

提出了一种新型的光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)水声传感探头结构以及光纤光栅传感信号的自解调方法。利用一对匹配光栅构成推挽结构,实现了传感-解调的合二为一,大大地减小了系统的复杂度;并通过筒状弹性体结构,解决了裸光纤光栅测量水声信号的灵敏度过小的问题,并具有温度补偿作用。仿真与初步实验结果表明,该水听器探头的测量动态范围超过100 dB,在100~200 dB re 1μPa的水声压范围内,测量灵敏度为0.36 nm/Mpa。     

Research of the planar optical fiber Bragg grating hydrophone probe

This paper presents the planar Fiber Bragg Grating （FBG） hydrophone probe sensing principle, and theoretically and experimentally researches the probe structure sensitivity, the receiving sensitivity frequency response characteristic and the acceleration response property. Planar sheet is made of stainless steel, its thickness is 0.15 mm, its diameter is 15mm, and the length of hollow circular shell is 20 mm. For this size of the structure, the probe structure sensitivity is up to 23 fm/Pa, which is about 7300 times of the value of the bare fiber. The resonance frequency is 6.5 kHz, and the amplitude-frequency curve of the receiving sensitivity response is relatively flat within the frequency range of 100 Hz to 5.5 kHz. The output yielded by one unit acceleration （1m/s2） is equivalent to （2.52 to 3.26 Pa） acoustic pressure acting output. This probe structure is easy to form FBG hydrophone array by multiplexing technique. The research shows that this planar structure not only can form FBG hydrophone probe, but also can constitute optical FBG laser hydrophone probe. The structure can realize different bandwidth, different range acoustic pressure measurement by adjusting the geometrical size of the sheet.     

The low-lying levels in229Pa and parity doublets

The nucleus ²²⁹ Pa was studied using the reactions ²³¹ Pa(p,t) and ²³⁰ Th(p,2nγ). A level scheme based on particle and conversion-electron-gamma spectroscopy data is suggested.     

含侧腔的机械抗混叠声低通滤波光纤水听器

报道了一种含侧腔的机械抗混叠声低通滤波光纤水听器.基于电-声类比理论建立了该光纤水听器的低频集中参量模型,画出了声学等效电路图,利用电路分析方法给出了声压传递函数表达式,并对其声学特性进行了理论分析.研究表明,该光纤水听器具有三个共振频率,由于侧腔的引入使得传递函数出现了一个零点,从而加快了第二个共振频率之后的衰减速度,可以获得更好的高频整体衰减特性.在充水驻波罐中对自行设计并制作的含侧腔的声低通滤波光纤水听器进行了测试.在50—7000 Hz频段上,该光纤水听器的声压灵敏度频响曲线与理论结果具有大致相同的变化形式,低频响应非常符合,声压灵敏度约为-140 dB（0 dB=1 rad/μPa）,受低频模型精度的限制,高频响应差异较大.这为解决光纤水听器的高频混叠问题提供了一条简单可行的技术途径. 关键词： 光纤传感器 光纤水听器 声压灵敏度 低通滤波器     

Non-collective oblate states in121Te

Two new neutron-deficient isotopes,²¹³Pa and²¹⁴Pa were produced in complete fusion reactions of⁵¹V-ions with¹⁷⁰Er targets at (5.2–5.6) AMeV. The assignment was based on delayed evaporation residue - - time and position coincidences. The- decay energies of^213,214Pa were measured to be E=(8236±20) keV and E=(8116±20) keV, respectively. The half-lives of^213,214Pa were determined to be T_1/2=(5.3 _–1.6 ^+4.0 ms and T_1/2=(17 ±3) ms, respectively.This article was processed by the author using the LAT_EX style filecljour2 from Springer-Verlag.     

High-sensitivity, fiber-optic, flexural disk hydrophone with reduced acceleration response

A hydrophone consisting of a hollow cylinder whose flexible, circular end plates are bonded to pairs of pat, spiral wound coils of optical fiber is described. When the end plate/disk is deformed due to a pressure difference, the outer and inner fiber coils experience opposite strains resulting in a “push—pull” optical path length difference which is detected in an all-fiber Michelson interferometer. The close proximity of the interferometric fiber coils, separated by the thin thermally conducting end plate, rejects thermal gradient-induced signals. The addition of a second identical end plate and fiber coil pair at the opposite end of the cylinder will double the acoustic sensitivity while canceling acceleration induced signals. The calculated and measured optical strain of a single simply supported plate, single-coil sensor (8.0 cm diameter, 3.0 mm thickness) using static pressure, acoustic pressure, and acceleration are in good agreement and yield a sensitivity of 0.21 rad/Pa (ΔΦ/ΦΔP = -301 dB re I μPa-1) below its resonance frequency of 3 kHz. The calculated and measured strain for a dual clamped disk (4.5 cm diameter, 1.0 mm thickness) acceleration-canceling sensor with four 8-m coils are in good agreement also and yield a sensitivity of 1.0 rad/Pa (ΔΦ/ΦpΔP = -291 dB re 1 μPa^-1) below the disk resonance frequency of 4.5 kHz. These are the highest fiber-optic, omnidirectional hydrophone sensitivities reported to date.     

一种具有声低通滤波特性的无源零差光纤水听器

报道了一种新颖的具有抗混叠功能的无源零差迈克耳孙型光纤水听器.它由一个普通的芯轴型光纤水听器和一个圆柱型亥姆霍兹共振器构成.在驻波罐中对其声压相位灵敏度频响进行了测量,结果表明该光纤水听器具有较好的声低通滤波特性,能有效地抑制声信号中的高频成分,从而实现抗混叠滤波.该光纤水听器的低频声压相位灵敏度主要由传感光纤长度和弹性增敏层的物理特性决定,约为-159 dB(0 dB=1 rad/μPa).在1150 Hz附近出现了一个共振峰,这主要由圆柱型亥姆霍兹共振器的声学特性决定.1150～2280 Hz频段内的灵敏度衰减率约为50 dB/倍频程,1500 Hz以后的灵敏度衰减量大于10 dB.这对于提高我国未来声纳系统的抗干扰能力具有十分重要的意义.