半干旱草原下垫面动量和感热总体输送系数参数化关系研究

本文利用锡林郭勒草原2008年春季近地层涡旋相关系统和铁塔的风、 温平均梯度观测资料, 分析了总体输送系数随梯度Richardson数的变化特征, 建立了动量总体输送系数随大气稳定度、近地层风速以及感热总体输送系数随大气稳定度和近地层气温的关系. 中性条件下, 半干旱草原植被下垫面动量总体输送系数与近地层大气动力状态之间存在明显的相互作用, 总体输送系数与近地面层风速之间满足二次曲线拟合关系; 风速较小时, 大气动力特征对地表粗糙度长度的改变不是很明显, 动量总体输送系数随气流增强而增大; 而当风速较大时, 强风速会使植被高度发生改变, 动量总体输送系数随气流增强而减小. 另外, 感热总体输送系数与近地层气温之间也存在二次曲线关系. 动量总体输送系数与近地层风速之间的关系、感热总体输送系数与近地层气温之间关系的建立为总体输送系数参数化提供了重要途径, 同时该方案避免了对动力学粗糙度长度和热力学粗糙度长度的求解. 关键词： 总体输送系数 参数化 湍流通量 相似性函数     

(火积)的宏观物理意义及其应用

提高传热过程的性能是解决能源问题的重要途径之一. 本文通过与力学中相关概念进行对比,分析了传热过程性能优化的新物理量——(火积)的宏观物理意义. 通过(火积)与物体对外传热能力、(火积)定义的传热过程效率以及(火积)与热量传递驱动力的关系三方面分析,发现(火积)具有的宏观物理意义是物体包含的热量在温度场中所具有的势能. 并且,通过对流换热的(火积)理论优化介绍了(火积)理论在工程实际中的应用. 关键词： (火积) 宏观物理意义 势能 对流换热     

CdTe量子点-铜酞菁复合体系荧光共振能量转移的研究

以波长为780 nm、重复频率为76 MHz、脉宽为130 fs的飞秒激光作为激发光源, 采用超快时间分辨光谱技术研究了CdTe量子点-铜酞菁复合体系的荧光共振能量转移. 实验结果表明, 在780 nm的双光子激发条件下, 复合体系中CdTe量子点的荧光寿命随着铜酞菁溶液浓度的增加而减少, 荧光共振能量转移效率增加. 同时也研究了激发功率对荧光共振能量转移效率的影响. 结果表明, 随着激发光功率的增加, 复合体系溶液中CdTe量子点的荧光寿命增加, 荧光共振能量转移效率减小, 其物理机理是因为高激发功率下的热效应和由双光子诱导的高阶激发态的跃迁. 当激发光功率为200 mW时, 双光子荧光共振能量转移效率为43.8%. 研究表明CdTe量子点-铜酞菁复合体系是非常有潜力的第三代光敏剂.     

Modeling of complex flows and heat transfer

This paper presents the numerical modeling of complex flows and heat transfer. The Finite Analytic method is used to discretize the transport equations. The diagonal Cartesian method is proposed to model fluid flows and heat transfer over complex geometries. A three-dimensional channel flow with conjugate heat transfer is simulated. By the diagonal Cartesian method and 5-point Finite Analytic scheme, a grooved channel flow and flow in a casting bank at different Reynolds numbers are modeled. Simulations by both the diagonal Cartesian method and the traditional saw-tooth Cartesian method indicates the diagonal Cartesian method improves the modeling of flows, due to the more accurate approximation of complex boundaries. Heat transfer in two-dimensional finned compact heat exchanger is also studied. An improved heat exchanger is proposed based on the numerical prediction of heat transfer.     

Visualization and determination of local mass transfer at solid walls in liquid flow

A method for visualization and determination of local and integral mass transfer coefficients at solid walls in liquid flow is presented. The method is based on chemisorption of a dye at a surface coated with polyamide. This results in a colour intensity distribution which corresponds to the local mass transfer: a high mass transfer rate results in a high colour intensity and vice versa. Chromatographic foils and polyamide membranes are used for the coating of the surface. This method allows the investigation of surface flow phenomena in channels with wall suction by using membranes. The experimental method based on convective mass transfer in liquid flow allows the investigation of flow phenomena near the wall in various apparatuses for heat and mass transfer. There are new possibilities for research of mass transfer in gas-liquid flow and systems with free surfaces, for example stirred reactors. The method can also be used for the analysis of mixing behaviour and residence time distribution. The quantification of the local mass transfer coefficient is made by optical measurements of the resulting colour intensity distribution. This is made by remission photometry or digital image processing. The application of different CCD-cameras and scanning systems is explained. The correlation between the optical measurement and the transferred mass is evaluated in simple but effective calibration experiments. Some examples of investigations show the practicability of the method.     

The antioxidant activity of 4‐hydroxycoumarin derivatives and some sulfured analogs

In this work, the relationship between the structure and the radical scavenging activity of seven hydroxycoumarins and their sulfured analogs was investigated for the first time by density functional theory calculation in the gas phase, benzene, and water. Our investigation includes hydrogen atom transfer, single‐electron transfer–proton transfer, and sequential proton loss electron transfer mechanisms. The results revealed that the bond dissociation enthalpy values of sulfured coumarins were lower than those of hydroxylated analogs. The obtained results were in a good agreement with the experimental results. The hydrogen atom transfer mechanism is dominant in both benzene and vacuum. The sequential proton loss electron transfer mechanism represents the most thermodynamically preferred reaction pathway in water. However, single‐electron transfer–proton transfer mechanism is not the most preferred one in all media. Finally, this work contributes to the understanding of the pharmacological activity of the compounds studied. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

低温绝热气瓶颈管传热的数值模拟与试验

利用数值模拟的方法建立模型来分析高真空多层绝热气瓶容器的漏热量,与理论计算相比,能更精确分析颈管传热包括颈管导热和气体换热所占的份额及液体充满率对颈管传热的影响。模型中还考虑了不规则内筒壁的导热和容器气相空间的传热,并且模拟结果与通过试验测试不同液位高度时绝热气瓶的漏热量吻合良好。     

Luminescence and energy transfer in TbAl3B4O12

An investigation of the luminescence properties of TbAl₃B₄O₁₂ in the temperature region 1.4–300 K is reported. Laser site-selection and time-resolution techniques were used.The results show that energy migration among Tb³⁺ ions on the regular crystallographic sites occurs. The transfer characteristics at room temperature are consistent with a diffusion-limited transfer process to Mo³⁺ quenching centres. The diffusion constant and the critical transfer distance for Tb³⁺ → Mo³⁺ transfer are derived. The rate of diffusion increases for decreasing temperature. At about 60 K a transition from diffusion-limited transfer to trapping-limited transfer occurs. This behaviour is due to the variation in the diffusion constant with temperature. In the temperature region below 60 K transfer to Tb³⁺ traps is observed. The intensity of the emission from the traps increases exponentially with decreasing temperature. However, the overall transfer rate to Mo³⁺ and traps remains roughly constant. A simple model including time-independent transfer rates and back transfer from traps to intrinsic Tb³⁺ ions is proposed to explain the results. The rates of transfer to Mo³⁺ and traps are obtained.     

载人登月转移轨道偏差传播机理分析与稳健性设计

载人登月转移轨道具有飞行时间长, 动力学模型复杂, 非线性强且变系数的特点, 而载人登月工程对转移轨道可靠性要求极高, 研究地月转移轨道偏差传播机理和轨道稳健性设计不仅具有工程意义, 更具有探索地月空间复杂引力场对轨道偏差作用的科学意义. 本文首先分析了日地月中心引力和地球J₂项摄动等主要作用力对转移轨道偏差的作用范围与影响大小, 其次提出了一种基于标称轨道数据的变系数非线性动力学系统偏差传播机理解析分析方法, 最后构建了基于偏差传播矩阵的转移轨道稳健性评价指标, 并基于NSGA-II (Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithms)算法求解了载人登月转移轨道稳健性优化设计问题. 仿真结果表明, 本文提出的偏差传播机理分析方法能快速准确地求解出载人登月转移轨道偏差传播矩阵, 利用偏差传播矩阵进行协方差分析和中途修正脉冲计算是简单准确的, 考虑稳健性的转移轨道优化设计可以提高标称轨道品质. 关键词： 载人登月 转移轨道 偏差分析 稳健性设计     

变厚度圆板、环板振动分析的传递矩阵法*

变厚度圆板和环板是在工程设计中经常遇到的一类构件,与等厚度板相比,通过适当的沿径向厚度的变化,这种变厚度板在振动、失稳、弯曲等方面能起到更好的效果。将沿径向任意变厚度圆板、环板划分为一系列等厚度环板单元,基于Mindlin中厚板理论采用逆向推导的方式推导了其传递矩阵,建立起变厚度圆板、环板的频率方程。通过计算线性变厚度环板自由振动时的频率,并与ANSYS模态分析结果相比较,验证了计算模型的精确性。逆向推导法避免了高阶数传递矩阵推导复杂的问题,是对传递矩阵法的很好推广。     

Experimental and numerical study of the effect of conjugate heat transfer on film cooling

Combined convection heat transfer and thermal conduction for film cooling of a flat plate with 45° ribs on one wall was investigated experimentally and numerically. The flat plate surface temperature was measured using thermochromic liquid crystals. The results show that the film cooling is the main mechanism for the local cooling with a very low thermal conductivity while the convection heat transfer of the coolant in the coolant channel is the dominant heat transfer mechanism for the high thermal conductivity plate, with both film cooling and convection heat transfer by the coolant being important with medium thermal conductivity walls.     

Phosphate Assisted Proton Transfer in Water and Sugar Glasses: A Study Using Fluorescence of Pyrene-1-carboxylate and IR Spectroscopy

The role of water’s H-bond percolation network in acid-assisted proton transfer was studied in water and glycerol solutions and in sugar glasses. Proton transfer rates were determined by the fluorescence of pyrene-1-carboxylate, a compound with a higher pK in its excited state relative to the ground state. Excitation of pyrene-1-COO⁻ produces fluorescence from pyrene-1-COOH when a proton is accepted during the excited singlet state lifetime of pyrene-1-COO⁻. The presence of glycerol as an aqueous cosolvent decreases proton transfer rates from phosphoric and acetic acid in a manner that does not follow the Stokes relationship on viscosity. In sugar glass composed of trehalose and sucrose, proton transfer occurs when phosphate is incorporated in the glass. Sugar glass containing phosphate retains water and it is suggested that proton transfer requires this water. The infrared (IR) frequency of water bending mode in sugar glass and in aqueous solution is affected by the presence of phosphate and the IR spectral bands of all phosphate species in water are temperature dependent; both results are consistent with H-bonding between water and phosphate. The fluorescence results, which studied the effect of cosolvent, highlight the role of water in assisting proton transfer in reactions involving biological acids, and the IR results, which give spectroscopic evidence for H-bonding between water and phosphate, are consistent with a mechanism of proton transfer involving H-bonding. The possibility that the phosphate-rich surface of membranes assists in proton equilibration in cells is discussed.     

环形翅片的分析模拟与优化设计

强化效率是评价翅片的最基本参数之一,翅片的结构参数直接影响着翅片传热的强化效率。对翅片结构进行优化设计的目的在于找到翅片的最佳结构,使得用最小换热面积满足换热的设计要求。可为进一步的对空冷器的结构优化提供参考。     

Natural and forced convective heat transfer on slender cylinders

This paper presents an experimental study of free and forced convective heat transfer along vertical slender cylinders. The local heat transfer coefficient is determined from the measurement of the surface temperature distribution performed by quantitative infrared thermography. It is found that the convective heat transfer is strongly dependent on the cylinder curvature and misalignment with the flow. The effect of proximity of two cylinders is emphasized in the case of forced convection. Correlations are proposed for the two types of convection. It is worth noting that circumstances exist where the turbulent heat transfer in free convection can be of the same order of magnitude as for laminar forced convection. The outcome of the study demonstrates the suitability of quantitative infrared thermography to solve complex problems and to provide a deeper understanding of the heat transfer on slender cylinders.     

加权SPXYE(WSPXYE)算法及其在近红外光谱模型转移中的应用

样本选择是模型转移的重要组成部分,其目的是在主光谱和从光谱中选择合适的样本,建立二者的转移模型,使得从光谱的预测样本能通过转移模型校正成类似于主光谱的样本,进而用主光谱的模型直接预测其浓度.目前,常用的样本选择算法有:Kennard-Stone法(KS法),SPXY法和SPXYE法.根据上述算法的特点,提出了一种新的样...     

Meshless approach for coupled radiative and conductive heat transfer in one-dimensional graded index medium

A meshless local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) approach is employed for solving the coupled radiative and conductive heat transfer in a one-dimensional slab with graded index media. The angular distribution term in discrete ordinate equation of radiative transfer within a one-dimensional graded index slab is discretized by a step scheme, and the meshless approach for radiative transfer is based on the discrete ordinate equation. A moving least-squares approximation is used to construct the shape function. Two particular test cases for coupled radiative and conductive heat transfer within a one-dimensional graded index slab are examined to verify this new approximate method. The temperatures and the radiative heat fluxes are obtained. The results are compared with the other benchmark approximate solutions. By comparison, the results show that the MLPG approach has a good accuracy in solving the coupled radiative and conductive heat transfer in one-dimensional graded index media.     

Coupled radiation and natural convection: Different approaches of the slw model for a non-gray gas mixture

The coupling between non-gray radiation heat transfer and convection-conduction heat transfer is studied. The spectral line weighted sum of gray gases model (slw) is used to account for non-gray radiation properties. The aim of this work is to analyze the influence of the different approaches used when calculating the parameters of the slw model. Such strategies include the use of optimized model coefficients to reduce the number of operations, and the interpolation of the distribution function instead of the use of mathematical correlations. Non-gray calculations are also compared to gray solutions using the Planck mean absorption coefficient, which can be also calculated with the slw model. The radiative transfer equation (rte) is solved by means of the discrete ordinates method (dom). A natural convection driven cavity is chosen to couple radiation and conduction-convection energy transfer. Several cases, with a significant variation of the ratio between radiation to convection heat transfer, as well as the ratio between radiation to conduction heat transfer, are discussed.     

R410A和R22在水平内螺纹管内冷凝性能的实验研究

实验研究了环保替代制冷工质R410A和R22在冷凝温度40℃时在内螺纹强化管(外径为9.52mm)内的冷凝换热特性,对二者的冷凝换热性能进行了对比,并研究了测试管外冷却水流量对换热系数的影响。结果表明:在管外冷却水流量相同时,R22的总换热系数K普遍比R410a小,而管内传热系数hr比R410A大。R22与R410A的总传热系数K均随管外冷却水流量的增加而增加,当制冷剂流量Gm大于300kg.s-1.m-2时,管外冷却水流量对总传热系数K的影响变小。     

Numerical Study of Fin-and-Tube Heat Exchanger in Low-Pressure Environment: Air-Side Heat Transfer and Frictional Performance,Entropy Generation Analysis,and Model Development

Heat transfer and frictional performance at the air-side is predominant for the application and optimization of finned tube heat exchangers. For aerospace engineering, the heat exchanger operates under negative pressure, whereas the general prediction models of convective heat transfer coefficient and pressure penalty for this scenario are rarely reported. In the current study, a numerical model is developed to determine the air-side heat transfer and frictional performance. The influence of air pressure (absolute pressure) is discussed in detail, and the entropy generation considering the effect of heat transfer and pressure drop are analyzed. Furthermore, prediction models of air-side thermal and frictional factors are also developed. The results indicate that both the convective heat transfer coefficient and pressure penalty decrease significantly with decreasing air pressure, and the air-side heat transfer coefficient is decreased by 64.6~73.3% at an air pressure of 25 kPa compared with normal environment pressure. The entropy generation by temperature difference accounts for the highest proportion of the total entropy generation. The prediction correlations of Colburn j-factor and friction factor f show satisfactory accuracy with the absolute mean deviations of 7.48% and 9.42%, respectively. This study can provide a reference for the practical application of fined tube heat exchangers under a negative pressure environment.     

人眼视觉的传递特性及模型

介绍了国内外对人眼视觉特性及其调制传递函数的研究 ,对几种典型的人眼视觉模型进行了分析。较之以往采用的具有低通特性的指数型和高斯型 ,及具有带通特性的Barten模型和复合模型更符合人眼视觉传递特性。在此基础上将两种带通模型和国内外一些典型的试验数据进行了比较研究 ,得出 :Barten模型参数简单 ,计算方便 ,但实用的范围较复合模型小。复合模型综合考虑了人眼瞳孔、显示器亮度、视场角、量子效率、积分时间等因素的影响 ,是一种更全面的反映人眼传递特性的视觉模型