Investigating the kinetics of liquid-free,OSDA-free ZSM-5 zeolite synthesis from iron ore tailings

In this study, ZSM-5, which is a Mobil-type five-type zeolite with well-defined crystal morphology, is successfully synthesized via a seed-assisted, liquid-free method that uses iron ore tailings as a silica source. The ZSM-5 crystallization kinetics at 423, 433, and 443 K and different synthesis times are investigated to identify the nucleation and crystallization mechanisms of the synthesized ZSM-5 zeolites, and results suggest that the crystallization kinetics follow a Kolmogorov-Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-type behavior. The activation energies for the induction and transition periods are 112.38 and 58.35 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. Furthermore, the Avrami exponent indicates three-dimensional crystal growth from both sporadic and instantaneous nucleation mechanisms. A comparison of our results with previous reports of the ZSM-5 crystallization mechanism demonstrates that the seed crystals play a significant role in nucleation and crystal growth. Finally, seed surface crystallization and new nuclei crystallization dual mechanism has been proposed to describe the crystallization process of ZSM-5.     

Mo／ZSM-5催化剂上NO催化还原反应机理与动力学研究

采用浸渍法制备了Mo/ZSM-5催化剂样品,并以氨为还原剂对其NO选择性催化还原活性、以及NO转化的反应速率进行测定.结果表明,在Mo/ZSM-5催化剂上不会发生NO氧化成NO2的反应,也没有N2O生成,然而有少量的NO分解反应发生.在氧气存在条件下,Mo/ZSM-5催化剂上NO-NH3-O2的SCR反应遵循LH机理.NO、O2和NH3首先吸附在Mo/ZSM-5表面,吸附态NO物种与吸附NH3物种直接反应生成氮气,气相氧的作用是加强NO吸附、补充催化剂表面吸附氧物种.并由此推导出NO转化的速率方程式,分别计算和模拟了在不同O2浓度、NO浓度和反应温度条件下NO的反应速率rNO值及其变化关系.结果表明,理论模拟值能够与实验值很好地吻合,所推测的机理能够很好地描述Mo-ZSM-5催化剂上NO选择性催化还原行为.     

Converting red mud wastes into mesoporous ZSM-5 decorated with TiO2 as an eco-friendly and efficient adsorbent-photocatalyst for dyes removal

Red mud wastes have been converted into mesoporous zeolite socony mobile-5 (ZSM-5) followed by deposited titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles to generate synergy adsorption-photodegradation for removal of dye removal in waste water. The amount of TiO₂ loading was varied to achieve optimum photocatalytic activity while maintaining the mesoporosity and high surface area of ZSM-5. Sol-gel method facilitated the formation of anatase TiO₂ on the ZSM-5. The fourier transform infrared spectra clarified the formation of Si–O–Ti at 957 cm^?1 by the exchanging the hydrogen ion with titanium ion, which proved by decreasing the absorption band of Si–OH and Si–O interaction at 964 and 944 cm^?1, respectively. Sol-gel method also preserved the mesopore diameter of ZSM-5 at 3.5 nm which allow the diffusion of methylene blue (MB) molecules into the pores. However, the surface area and the pore volume were slightly reduced with increasing the TiO₂ loading. The adsorption performance of samples showed that the increasing in the TiO₂ loading led to the decreasing in the adsorption capacity. All samples showed the suitability towards the pseudo second order kinetic. The Langmuir isotherm was suitable to describe the adsorption mechanism by monolayer adsorption. Mesoporosity of ZSM-5 accelerated the adsorption of dye via the increase of mass transfer in the pore channel which confirmed by the low intercept of intraparticle diffusion model at the first stage. The photocatalytic test showed that 10% TiO₂ loading on the ZSM-5 exhibited the highest methylene blue removal followed by 5% and 20% TiO₂ loading. Optimization on the amount of photocatalyst and the pH of solution indicated the reaction favoured 1 g L^?1 of catalysts and at alkaline pH. 10% TiO₂/ZSM-5 also exhibited high stability and reusability up to four reaction cycles. Photocatalytic performance of 10% TiO₂/ZSM-5 was further investigated on photodegradation of malachite green and rhodamine B organic dyes, which showed the photocatalytic efficiency of 73 and 88%, respectively. Superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, and photogenerated electron were identified as the main active species for MB photodegradation based on the reduction of degradation rate following the addition scavenger molecules.     

双金属Ce-Mn/ZSM-5催化剂的制备及NH3-SCR脱硝性能研究

采用浸渍法制备了铈锰复合氧化物分子筛催化剂(Ce-Mn/ZSM-5),在固定床反应器上考察不同Ce/Mn质量比对分子筛催化剂选择催化还原NO的影响,利用XRD、TEM、NH_3-TPD、H_2-TPR、in-situ DRIFTS等手段对催化剂进行了表征分析。结果表明,双金属改性的Ce-Mn/ZSM-5催化剂在NH_3-SCR反应中表现出较为优异的催化活性,具有较宽的活性温度窗口。当Ce/Mn质量比为0.4时,催化剂具有最佳的脱硝效率,在265-465℃脱硝率均可达到80%以上,在370℃时,NO的转化率最高可达97.28%。锰和铈物种高度分散于催化剂表面,未改变ZSM-5的晶体结构,且构成协同作用。0.4Ce-Mn/ZSM-5具备丰富的酸性位、良好的氧化还原性能,该配比有助于催化剂的催化活性和稳定性的提高,在NH_3-SCR反应过程同时遵循E-R机理和L-H机理。     

同晶外延生长法合成MFI型核壳复合分子筛

采用二次热液结晶法,以四丙基氢氧化铵水溶液预处理过的低硅ZSM-5分子筛为晶核,通过调控p H值、水量和晶化时间等二次结晶条件,在晶核上外延生长了高硅ZSM-5壳,制备了MFI/MFI核壳型复合分子筛。通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜、能量色散谱仪、透射电子显微镜、N2吸附-脱附和NH3-程序升温脱附等手段表征了所合成的核壳分子筛的晶体结构、表面形态及核/壳界面,并对它们的结构参数以及酸性进行了初步评估。结果表明,核壳复合分子筛的壳层由多层200 nm的MFI沸石晶粒组成;高硅ZSM-5分子筛壳层的生成,引入了介孔结构,显著增大了外比表面积;同时,核壳结构的形成降低了复合分子筛酸性和外表面的酸密度,但增加了弱酸量。当二次晶化母液p H值为8.5,H2O/SO2物质的量比为30,晶化时间为24 h时,高硅分子筛壳层更易可控生长。     

不同硅铝比ZSM-5的合成及其吸附脱除柴油中苯胺和吡啶的性能

合成了一系列不同硅铝比的ZSM-5分子筛,采用XRD、FT-IR、ICP、SEM、NH_3-TPD和N_2吸附-脱附等方法对其进行了表征,研究了不同硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛对模拟柴油中苯胺和吡啶的吸附脱除性能。结果表明,所合成的ZSM-5分子筛均具有典型MFI结构;与合成原料混合物中的硅铝比相比,实际硅铝比稍有降低。ZSM-5分子筛的酸量随硅铝比的增加而降低,硅铝比较小的ZSM-5(1)和ZSM-5(2)的吸附脱除苯胺或吡啶的效果明显优于其他样品,并且所有样品吸附脱除吡啶的效果均优于苯胺。ZSM-5(2)上苯胺和吡啶的吸附等温线符合Langmuir-Freundlich混合模型。     

Dissolution of high-silica zeolites in alkaline solutions II. Dissolution of ‘activated’ silicalite-1 and ZSM-5 with different aluminum content

Dissolution of organic-free (‘activated’) high-silica pentasils (silicalite-1 and ZSM-5 with different Al-content) in 5 M NaOH solution at 60°C was investigated by different methods such as X-ray diffractometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning-electron microscopy (SEM) and measuring the silicon and aluminum concentration in the liquid phase. Analysis of the experimental results showed that the process of dissolution of the ‘activated’ high-silica pentasils is controlled by two essential reactions; a forward one caused by breaking of the Si-O-Si and/or Si-O-Al bonds owing to the action of OH⁻ ions from solution, and a backward one caused by the reaction between soluble species from the liquid phase or by their reaction on/with the surface of the dissolving solid. The rate of the forward reaction decreased with an increase of the Al-content in the ZSM-5 crystals, whereas the backward reaction resulted in the formation of amorphous SiO₂ (ZSM-5) and/or different crystalline modifications of SiO₂ or even different hydrates of sodium silicate (silicalite-1). A kinetic equation of the dissolution process was derived on the basis of the proposed mechanism of dissolution.     

核壳型复合分子筛ZSM-5/Nano-β的合成与表征

以ZSM-5小晶粒为核相材料, 用聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(PDDA)进行表面预处理后, 黏附nano-β晶种并焙烧制得核相晶种, 再在壳层晶化生长体系中通过水热合成得到ZSM-5/nano-β有序的核壳分子筛. 产物的物相和结构通过XRD, SEM, TEM以及N₂吸附/脱附分析表征, 通过对比发现, β壳层的合成以白炭黑为硅源比用正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)更好. 通过NH₃-TPD表征, 以及1,3,5-三甲苯裂化转化反应对分子筛的性能进行了考察, 结果表明, 核壳分子筛通过调变组成分子筛的酸性, 从而大大提高了材料的催化裂化性能, 同时延缓了失活速率.     

Na_2CO_3溶液处理对Ni-Mo/HZSM-5分子筛硫醚化催化性能的影响

采用Na2CO3溶液对ZSM-5分子筛进行碱处理,考察了处理温度和处理时间对ZSM-5分子筛结构特征和物化性能的影响。利用XRD、N2吸附-脱附、XRF、SEM及NH3-TPD表征对处理前后样品进行分析。以正丁硫醇和异戊二烯组成的模型化合物为原料,对碱处理后含微-介孔HZSM-5分子筛制得的Ni-Mo/HZSM-5催化剂进行硫醚化活性评价。结果表明,Na2CO3溶液处理没有破坏原分子筛晶体形貌,保持微孔结构的同时,适当的提高处理温度和延长处理时间有利于ZSM-5分子筛比表面积、外比表面积、介孔孔容和平均孔径的增大,并调节了酸性质。但过长的处理时间并不利于介孔的生成和酸性的调变。经90℃的Na2CO3溶液处理5 h得到催化剂表现较高硫醚化活性,正丁硫醇和异戊二烯转化率分别可达92.36%和97.33%。由此,Na2CO3溶液处理可提高催化剂硫醚化活性,且改性过程温和可控。     

Ti-exchanged ZSM-5 as heterogeneous catalyst for allylation of aldehydes with allyltributylstannane

Titanium exchanged ZSM-5 catalyst has been prepared by treating an aqueous solution of titanium (IV) chloride with ZSM-5. The supported catalyst has been explored as effective and reusable catalyst for allylation reaction of aldehydes with allyltributylstannane. The new catalytic system promotes efficiently the allylation reaction in toluene condition to produce homoallylic alcohols in high yield.     

Ethanol electrooxidation on Pt/ZSM-5 zeolite-C catalyst

The electrooxidation of ethanol on Pt/ZSM-5 zeolite-C catalyst was investigated in sulfuric acid aqueous solution. Because of high stability in general acidic solution, ZSM-5 zeolite particles were selected as the support and the second catalyst. The micrograph and elemental composition of Pt/ZSM-5 zeolite particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy disperse X-ray spectroscopy. The electrocatalytic properties of Pt/ZSM-5 zeolite-C catalyst for ethanol oxidation have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry. Under the same Pt-loading mass and experimental conditions for ethanol oxidation, Pt/ZSM-5 zeolite-C catalyst shows higher activity than Pt/C catalyst. Additionally, Pt/ZSM-5 zeolite-C catalyst possesses good long-term cycle stability. The results indicate that Pt/ZSM-5 zeolite-C catalyst may have good potential application in direct ethanol fuel cell.     

ZSM-5/ZSM-57复合分子筛催化剂上混合C4烃的催化转化反应

以ZSM-5/ZSM-57复合分子筛为催化剂, 考察了其对混合C4烃催化转化的反应性能. 采用氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)和吡啶吸附傅立叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱技术表征复合分子筛的酸性质. 结果表明, 当复合分子筛中ZSM-5的含量较低时, 比ZSM-5具有更高的催化活性及乙烯和丙烯选择性, 这是因为此时复合分子筛酸强度较高、酸量较多, 且小孔ZSM-57有利于乙烯和丙烯的择形反应. 而当复合分子筛中ZSM-5的含量较高时, 具有较高的苯和甲苯选择性, 其原因可能是其孔结构及共晶生长时的结构匹配性对芳构化反应有利.     

干粉合成中氟离子对ZSM—5沸石的结构定向作用

考察了Ｎａ２Ｏ－ＳｉＯ２－Ａｌ２Ｏ３－ＥＤＡ干粉体系中是否加入ＮａＦ以及加入量对产品物相及结晶度的影响。结果表明,当反应体系不加ＮａＦ时,产物为结晶度高的单一晶相的ＺＳＭ－３５沸石,而体系中加入ＮａＦ时,产品中有ＺＳＭ－５沸石物相出现,而且随着ＮａＦ加入量的增加,产品物相完全转化为具有很高结晶度的单一相ＺＳＭ－５沸石。说明氟离子对干粉体系中ＺＳＭ－５沸石的生成具有明显的结构定向作用     

MMM分子筛的制备与表征

 以碱溶液处理ZSM－5分子筛，得到了含微孔及介孔的MFI结构分子筛（简称MMM），并采用XRD，XRF，SEM，XPS和低温氮吸附等技术对分子筛进行了表征．结果表明，通过改变处理碱的浓度可以得到具有不同物化性能的MMM分子筛，其化学组成、介孔及微孔的大小和多少，及分子筛晶体上n（Al）／n（Si）均随碱浓度的变化而变化，随着碱浓度的增加，分子筛部分微孔结构遭到破坏，介孔的数量增加，孔径增大，n（Al）／n（Si）增大．碱处理脱硅的过程包括脱除晶粒间的无定形物质，脱除分子筛表面的硅及脱除分子筛体相硅等步骤，硅脱除以后形成了介孔．     

Electrochemical study of the thionine dye incorporated into ZSM-5 and HZSM-5 zeolites

The electrochemical properties of thionine dye adsorbed into ZSM-5 and HZSM-5 zeolites (TH/ZSM-5, TH/HZSM-5) are studied in 0.5 M KCl solution. The dye is strongly retained and not easily leached from the zeolites matrix. The samples are incorporated into the carbon paste electrode (TH/ZSM-5/P, TH/HZSM-5/P) for cyclic voltammetric measurements. The redox reactions of thionine incorporated into ZSM-5 zeolite contain a quasi-reversible, two-electron one proton in the pH range 1 to 10, but thionine-loaded HZSM-5 zeolite undergoes a quasi-reversible two-electron two-protons redox reaction under acidic conditions and a one proton two-electron redox reaction takes place under basic conditions. The separation of the anodic and cathodic potentials (E _p) is high in thionine-loaded zeolites (>100) with respect to the solution of thionine (E _p = 34 for ZSM-5/P and 36 mV for HZSM-5/P), indicating that there are strong interaction between thionine molecules and the zeolites. The midpoint potentials (E _m) for TH/ZSM-5/P and TH/HZSM-5/P are −0.203 and −0.381 V, respectively. However, the midpoint potentials for the solution of thionine for the electrode system of ZSM-5/P and HZSM-5/P are −0.335 and −0.407 V, respectively. Thus, thionine dye molecules incorporated into the zeolites can be reduced more easily with respect to solution of thionine. In various electrolyte solutions, the midpoint potentials remains constant, but the midpoint potential of the thionine-zeolite electrodes depends on the solution pH. Influence of the pH of the solution on the midpoint potential of an immobilized dye reveals that thionine molecules are accessible to protons. This property is ascribed to the formation of mesopores in the structure of our zeolites suffering from a calcination step. Published in Russian in Elektrokhimiya, 2007, Vol. 43, No. 7, pp. 794–800. The text was submitted by the authors in English     

用FTIR方法表征一氧化氮在Co／ZSM-5和[Co+Mg(Sr)]／ZSM-5上的吸附

用傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）方法表征了一氧化氮在Co/ZSM-5上的吸附,在 Co/ZSM-5上主要的吸附物种为Co^2+-(NO)2,它们的红外吸附峰位在1813和 1896cm^-1,Co^2+-NO吸附峰在1939-1941cm^-1区域。并且由这些吸附锋的强度得 NO的吸附量经验关系式：CNO=INO/（εNO·m/3.14）。由此式计算出NO在Co/ZSM- 5和[Co+Mg(Sr)]/ZSM-5上的吸附NO的吸附浓度,另用FTIR方法表征了Co/ZSM-5和 [Co+Mg(Sr)]／ZSM-5的差劲基峰。这些表征为氮氧化物选择性催化还原（SCR）反 应催化剂的研制提供了有用的信息。     

Synthesis and Characterization of ZSM-5/β Co-Crystalline Zeolite

ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolites with different content of ZSM-5 have been synthesized by adding different amount of ZSM-5 to the synthetic system of β zeolite with NaAlO2, silica sol as the source of aluminum and silica, respectively, and TEA as the template under controlled condition of the synthesis. The ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolite was studied by XRD, SEM, BET and NH3-TPD. The reaction activity of toluene alkylation was investigated with a mixture of toluene-methanol as the feedstock in a pulse micro-reactor over the ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolite. It is found that ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolite has two kinds of zeolite structure including ZSM-5 and β zeolite, not in the form of a physical mixture. The pore structure of ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolites is different from that for β zeolite, ZSM-5 and their physical mixture. In addition, the peaks of both high and low temperature desorption of ammonia over the ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolite shift 23 ℃ to lower temperatures and the acid amount of its strong acid is 3% more than the physical mixture. So the ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolite produces the highest content of xylene, which is 10.4% higher than the physical mixture. And the ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolite has better selectivity for toluene alkylation and weaker de-methylation than β zeolite, ZSM-5 and their physical mixture.     

Guest-host encapsulation of microporous zeolites in ordered mesoporous materials by molecular simulations

The present work provides the first study of ordered mesoporous materials SBA-15 coated with microporous zeolites ZSM-5 using molecular simulations. Several model structures with characteristics such as periodic arrangement of mesopores, randomly arranged micropores, surface hydroxyls and bulk deformations of SBA-15 were used. Cartesian coordinates of ZSM-5 unit lattice were obtained from the literature and the 100 face of H-ZSM-5 unit cell was then placed on the surface of SBA-15 and the entire structure was equilibrated to obtain final configuration. The resulting structure was characterized using simulated small angle and wide angle X-ray diffraction, Connolly surface area (to compare BET area), accessible pore volume for nitrogen molecules (to compare with t-plot volume of micro and mesopores) and methane adsorption at 303 K. The orientation of ZSM-5 on the SBA-15 had no effect on the surface area, pore volume or adsorption capacity. In order to find out if the addition of microporous ZSM-5 should increase the total methane adsorption capacity due to addition of micropores, we studied adsorption on bare and coated SBA-15. However, total adsorption capacity was found to decrease, while the number of methane molecules adsorbed per unit cell of the SBA-15 structure increased. An existing experimental method (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 14324) of the synthesizing hybrid ZSM-5/SBA-15 structure was studied using accessible micropore volume (by t-plot). It was found that the procedure made all the micropores inaccessible. A modification of the method or use of other host materials is suggested to use the benefits of narrow micropore distribution in ZSM-5.     

C4/C5烃催化裂解制低碳烯烃的研究进展

从催化剂类型、裂解工艺、催化裂解的影响因素和裂解机理4个方面对国内外C4／C5烃催化裂解制低碳烯烃的研究进行了综述。催化裂解制低碳烯烃催化剂主要采用ZSM-5分子筛系列催化剂，在此基础上发展了酸改性或水热改性高硅ZSM系列分子筛及介孔MCM41分子筛。总结了国内外C4／C5烃的裂解工艺，认为影响催化裂解的主要因素是裂解原料、催化剂类型及工艺条件。目前，裂解机理主要是自由基与碳正离子机理相结合的机理。并简述了本课题组目前有关C4烷烃催化裂解的主要研究进展。