ICP-MS用于北京市PM_(2.5)中铅及其同位素的形态分析

对2005年9月至2006年5月所采集的24份北京市PM2.5样品进行序列连续提取,分别得到水溶态、脂溶态和不溶态3个分量的铅;在最佳仪器工作条件下,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定上述各分量中铅的浓度及同位素比值.采用GBW09133考察铅浓度测定的准确度,并用SRM 981标准铅试剂校正质量歧视效应和仪器漂移.结果表明,采用ICP-MS分析大气PM2.5中不同形态铅浓度及同位素比值的测定数据准确可靠.北京市大气PM2.5样品中水溶态、脂溶态和不溶态3个分量铅的平均百分含量分别为20.69%,0.32%和78.99%;相应的铅同位素比值206Pb/207Pb的均值分别为1.1526,1.1374和1.2193;其中水溶态和不溶态铅的同位素比值具有统计学差异(P＜0.01).同位素比值的比对结果提示,北京市成人血铅可能源于北京市大气PM2.5中水溶态铅而非不溶态铅,故大气细颗粒物中水溶态铅对人体健康的威胁更值得注意.     

模拟全血基体中铅及其同位素的富集与分离研究

利用富集分离方法,克服高浓度基体对铅浓度及铅同位素测定的影响。应用专利方法对模拟全血基体中的铅进行富集分离,用ICP-MS测定富集分离前后的铅浓度、基体浓度及铅同位素比值。富集分离后的铅回收率均在99%以上,对Na和K等主要离子的去除率约为80%;各个铅同位素的浓度值随着基体浓度的增大而减小(p<0.001),但铅各同位素的比值则与基体浓度无关;当基体浓度>62.5μg.mL-1时,各个铅同位素强度会随着测定次数的增加而迅速衰减。富集分离专利方法对复杂基体中痕量铅的回收率高,对杂质离子的去除率较好;明显消除了高浓度基体对ICP-MS进样系统的堵塞现象,操作简便、成本低、引入污染少,可以提高各个铅同位素浓度测定的准确度和精密度,且对铅同位素比值测定准确度无明显影响。     

CAIS法校正ICP-MS测定血铅浓度及同位素比值基体效应的研究

通过模拟全血基体,考察了基体效应对于ICP-MS测定铅浓度及铅同位素比值的影响,并应用CAIS法(common analyte internal standardization)对基体效应进行了校正。实验表明CAIS法适用于多元素复杂基体的校正,校正前及经传统内标法和CAIS法校正后铅浓度测量值与真值之间的相对误差分别为20％,8％,2％,而基体效应对铅同位素比值的影响及其校正作用均不明显;Tl和Dy作为内标的校正结果说明内标元素和被测元素在质量数和性质上的相近与否并不影响CAIS法校正效果;此外,CAIS法对于不同稀释倍数的血液基体都能达到好的校正效果;牛全血标准物质中铅的测定结果证明了CAIS法的可靠性和实用性。     

古代铜鼓矿料来源的铅同位素考证

本文运用铅同位素比值法，对广西三种类型古代铜鼓的矿料来源进行了考证。测试了９５个样品，以充分的实验事实说明北流型和灵山型铜鼓的矿料来自北流铜石岭及其周围一带。广西出土的冷水冲型铜鼓铅同位素分布场大致可分为三个区域，其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ两个区域已找到对应的矿料来源。但Ⅰ区尚未在广西找到矿料来源。可能这些铜鼓是在广西以外的地区铸造，后来再传入广西的，这一问题尚需进一步研究。     

古代铜鼓矿料来源的铅同位素考证

本文运用铅同位素比值法，对广西三种类型古代铜鼓的矿料来源进行了考证。测试了95个样品，以充分的实验事实说明北流型和灵山型铜鼓的矿料来自北流铜石岭及其周围一带。广西出土的冷水冲型铜鼓铅同位素分布场大致可分为三个区域，其中Ⅱ，Ⅲ两个区域已找到对应的矿料来源，但I区尚未在广西找到矿料来源。可能这些铜鼓是在广西以外的地区铸造，后来再传入广西的，这一问题尚需进一步研究。     

四川会理文管所藏多元风格青铜器矿料来源的MC-ICP-MS分析

青铜器的矿料来源及其体现的地区间文化互动等信息是考古学界关注的重点问题。四川会理位于欧亚草原、中原、南亚和东南亚之间的“十字路口”,且处在著名的“藏彝走廊”之上，自古以来就是多民族聚居地和多元文化交汇区，当地出土的青铜器更是包含多种文化因素。然而，以往对该地青铜文化的研究多集中于墓葬形制和随葬品的器型及纹饰等所体现的文化互动上，而对多元风格青铜器的矿料来源和地区间文化互动的具体模式关注较少。使用便携式X射线荧光光谱仪(pXRF)、多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)对会理文管所藏8件具有多元文化风格的青铜器进行成分分析和铅同位素比值测定。在此基础上，搜集铜、铅矿山和相关青铜器的铅同位素数据并结合考古类型学进行对比分析，以期揭示不同地区和青铜文化之间的互动联系。pXRF分析结果显示，这批样品合金类型多样，包括纯铜、锡青铜、铅锡青铜和锡铅青铜等。MC-ICP-MS分析结果显示，两面石寨山型铜鼓和盐源文化风格树形器应为利用滇中南地区的铅料生产的，且前人对多面石寨山型铜鼓的研究结果显示其矿料均来自滇中南，表明铜鼓这种象征权力与地位的礼器的矿料来源及生产较为独特，很可能为统治阶层所...     

矿物药炉甘石煅制前后锌、铅元素的赋存形态及分布特征研究

采用X射线衍射(XRD)技术和电子探针微区分析(EPMA)技术针对中药炉甘石煅制前后锌、铅元素的赋存形态及分布特征进行了研究,探明了煅制对炉甘石中锌、铅元素赋存状态及分布的改变,为后续水飞减除铅元素的机理研究提供了理论依据。测试结果显示：21批次炉甘石(生品)中的锌元素以主矿物水锌矿[Zn₅(CO₃)₂(OH)₆]和杂质矿物异极矿[Zn₄(OH)₂(H₂O)(Si₂O₇)]为主要赋存形态,偶见菱锌矿(ZnCO₃);炉甘石(生品)的背散射电子图谱及元素分布数据显示：Zn和Pb元素同时分布的区域为水锌矿,Zn和Si元素同时分布的区域为异极矿,Ca和Mg元素同时分布的区域为白云石,Ca元素单独分布区域为方解石。在炉甘石(生品)中,Pb主要分布于水锌矿中且分布相对均匀,Pb元素的分布与水锌矿中的Zn元素密切相关。大量水锌矿的微区点位的电子探针定量分析结果显示：各不同点位中的ZnO/PbO含量的比值趋于定值,Pb在水锌矿中呈统计式均匀分布,说明Pb在水锌矿中主要以类质同象混入物的形式存在。但是炉甘石(生品)中的异极矿、方解石及白云石等杂质矿物中铅元素含量极低甚至检测不到。炉甘石煅烧后水锌矿晶格中的Zn和Pb分别生成了ZnO和PbO。Zn元素在炉甘石煅制品中主要以氧化锌(ZnO)形式存在,少部分以杂质矿物硅酸锌(Zn₂SiO₄)形式存在,呈较连续状态分布。Pb元素在炉甘石煅制品中主要以氧化铅(PbO)的形式存在,呈星点状分布,与Zn元素的分布未呈现相关性,说明Pb在炉甘石煅制品中是以独立矿物形式存在的。煅烧破坏了水锌矿的晶格结构,在改变锌、铅化合物形态的同时,更改变了锌、铅的分布特征,打破了炉甘石中锌、铅的共生状态,使水飞减除铅元素成为可能。     

基于定量遥感反演的内陆水体藻类监测

叶绿素作为衡量湖泊富营养化的重要指标,利用遥感技术对其进行实时动态监测具有重要意义。以太湖为例,通过对水体实测光谱和水质采样数据的分析,建立了光谱反射率比值与叶绿素a浓度的回归模型。结果显示,700 nm附近波段与625 nm附近波段所构建的比值模型R2最高,710 nm以后波段与其他可见光波段所构建的比值模型的R2会随可见光波长的增大而逐渐下降。在高光谱遥感估算模型的基础上,应用同步MODIS卫星遥感数据进行了太湖叶绿素a浓度的空间分布反演,并基于MODIS绿度指数建立了太湖藻华水体信息提取模型,从叶绿素a浓度估算和藻华信息提取两个方面实现了太湖藻类空间分布特征的定量反演,为太湖等大型内陆水体藻类的实时定量遥感监测提供了新的研究思路。     

飞秒激光剥蚀-多接收电感耦合等离子质谱原位微区分析青铜中铅同位素组成-以古铜钱币为例

建立了飞秒激光剥蚀-多接收电感耦合等离子质谱(fLA-MC-ICPMS)铅同位素原位微区分析方法,分别利用溶液法(SN-MC-ICPMS)和激光剥蚀法(fLA-MC-ICPMS)对15个铜(黄铜,青铜)国家标准物质进行了实验分析,测试的结果表明CuPb12(GBW02137)中Pb同位素组成非常均一,可作为以铜为基体的青铜、黄铜及铜矿中Pb同位素原位微区分析的外部参考物质。对CuPb12进行了112次fLA-MC-ICPMS Pb同位素分析测试,其加权平均值与溶液法测定的Pb同位素比值在2σ误差范围内完全一致,208 Pb/204 Pb和207Pb/206Pb比值的内部精度RSE分别小于90和40ppm,外部精度RSD分别小于60和30ppm。利用本实验室建立的fLA-MC-ICPMS分析方法对13个古铜钱币中Pb同位素进行了原位微区无损伤分析,测试结果表明,不同朝代古钱币中Pb同位素组成差异较大,即使同一朝代的古钱币其Pb同位素组成也不尽相同。     

基于光谱特征的北京城区植被滞尘分布反演

植被叶片的滞尘量可以表征空气污染的程度, 分析城市植被滞尘的空间特征对于制定更为有效的空气污染控制政策具有重要的现实意义。基于北京市主城区采集的大叶黄杨、国槐、毛白杨和山桃等四种典型绿化植被叶片的滞尘量、光谱反射率和叶面积等数据,比较四种植被叶片滞尘前后的光谱曲线,进行窄波段与卫星波段滞尘前后叶片光谱反射率比值与滞尘量的相关分析。然后,分别建立相关性最大的卫星波段反射率和NDVI与滞尘量之间的回归模型, 选取拟合较好的模型反演北京城区植被的滞尘量分布,进而插值得到整个北京城区的尘埃分布。最后,根据高滞尘区域周围的土地覆盖和土地利用以及滞尘期间PM₁₀浓度的空间分布对反演的的合理性进行检验。结果表明：在780~1 300 nm波段,大叶黄杨、国槐、毛白杨和山桃四种植被的滞尘叶片反射率均明显低于干净叶片;窄波段反射率与滞尘量在520~650 nm波段和1 390~1 600 nm波段具有较高的相关性,相关系数的绝对值最高达到0.626;利用Landsat8的green波段和NDVI构建的滞尘反演模型,决定系数(R2)分别为0.446和0.465。NDVI模型反演的北京城区植被的滞尘量分布结果表明,北京城区滞尘含量呈现出北高南低,东高西低,中心城区高于郊区的空间分布格局。该研究通过高光谱和遥感影像数据反演滞尘量,可以为快速全面监测城市地区尘埃分布提供参考。     

激光共振电离过程中铅同位素歧视效应研究

以速率方程为基础,通过数值模拟方法,对Pb的激光共振电离通道：“6s26p2 3P0—6s26p7s 3P0₁—电离”的激光诱导同位素歧视效应进行了研究,以探讨减小激光诱导歧视效应,准确测定Pb同位素比值的有效途径。通过考虑激光线型、原子吸收谱线线型、同位素位移及同位素超精细结构等因素的影响,对速率方程进行近似。在近似的速率方程基础上,以“1+1”激光共振电离过程为例,进而探讨激光峰值功率密度、带宽和中心波长对Pb的同位素歧视效应的影响。研究结果表明,利用最佳波长法,可基本消除同位素歧视效应的影响;提高激发光光强可使Pb同位素饱和电离,从而消除同位素歧视效应的影响;采用宽带激光激发,可减小同位素歧视效应的影响。     

Wild Rabbit Host and Some Parasites Show Trophic-Level Relationships for δ(13)C and δ(15)N: A First Report

Abstract We report the first isotopic study of an animal host-parasite system. Parasitic, intestinal nematodes, Graphidium strigosum and Passalurus ambiguus, were (15)N-enriched relative to their host, the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus, while parasitic cestodes, Cittataenia denticulata and Mosgovoyia pectinata, were (15)N-depleted, suggesting different trophic relationships. Host embryos were more similar in their δ(13)C and δ(15)N values to maternal muscle than were any of the parasites. Coprophagy, the direct recycling of food by the rabbit eating its own faeces, did not lead to isotopic differences between stomach contents and faeces, suggesting that the major point for isotopic discrimination in lagomorph nitrogen metabolism is in the animal rather than in the gut. We conclude that bulk δ(13)C and δ(15)N can reveal valuable new information about host-parasite relationships, and these could be explored further at the biochemical level using compound-specific isotopic analyses.     

Plant protein-based feeds and commercial feed enable isotopic tracking of aquaculture emissions into marine macrozoobenthic bioindicator species

Brittle stars (Ophiura spp.) and other benthic macrofauna were collected in a prospective mariculture area in the North Sea to determine if these taxa could be used as indicator species to track nutrients released from future offshore aquaculture sites. We analysed natural carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic signatures in tissues from macrofauna and compared these to six feed ingredients and four experimental diets made thereof, as well as to a commercial feed with and without lipid and carbonate removal. Our data suggest practicability of using isotopic signatures of Ophiura spp. to track aquaculture-derived organic material if plant-based fish diet ingredients and commercial feed were used for fish farming in the German Exclusive Economic Zone. Diets with high fish meal content would not be detected in Ophiura spp. using isotopic measures due to the similarity with the marine background. Our data provide valuable baseline information for studies on the impact of offshore aquaculture on the marine environment.     

Wild Rabbit Host and Some Parasites Show Trophic-Level Relationships for δ13C and δ15N: A First Report

Abstract

We report the first isotopic study of an animal host-parasite system. Parasitic, intestinal nematodes, Graphidium strigosum and Passalurus ambiguus, were ¹⁵N-enriched relative to their host, the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus, while parasitic cestodes, Cittataenia denticulata and Mosgovoyia pectinata, were ¹⁵N-depleted, suggesting different trophic relationships. Host embryos were more similar in their δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values to maternal muscle than were any of the parasites. Coprophagy, the direct recycling of food by the rabbit eating its own faeces, did not lead to isotopic differences between stomach contents and faeces, suggesting that the major point for isotopic discrimination in lagomorph nitrogen metabolism is in the animal rather than in the gut. We conclude that bulk δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N can reveal valuable new information about host-parasite relationships, and these could be explored further at the biochemical level using compound-specific isotopic analyses.     

Expression of maternal isotopes in offspring: implications for interpreting ontogenetic shifts in isotopic composition of consumer tissues

When evaluating ontogenetic shifts in isotopic composition of consumer tissues within the context of a dietary analysis, the isotopic starting point of consumers in the population should not be ignored. Neonate isotopic composition may be different from that of juveniles and adults; in general, neonate tissues are built from maternal resources rather than food resources. Thus, the range of isotope values observed within a population of consumers may be significantly impacted by consumer isotope ratios at birth. Long-term goals of my research involve the use of stable isotopes to assess the role diet plays in driving population level differences in life history and demography observed among three pigmy rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius; family Viperidae) populations. For meaningful interpretation of field-collected data, it was important to determine starting (i.e., at birth) isotopic compositions of rattlesnakes from the study populations. We quantified isotopic composition of pregnant pigmy rattlesnake scale tissue, isotopic composition of neonate scale tissue and the degree that neonate scale tissue isotopic composition reflected the isotopic composition of maternal scale tissue. Collectively, neonate isotopic composition was highly variable among-litters; average litter delta(13)C values spanned 7 per thousand and average litter delta(15)N values spanned 2.8 per thousand. Over 95 % of the variation in offspring isotopic composition was expressed among litters. Thus, high levels of among-litter isotopic variation were largely due to the retention of a maternal signal. Results of the enclosure study suggest that highly variable isotopic signatures in young animals within field populations could easily reflect the retention of a maternal signal rather than differences in resource utilisation among younger snakes.     

Use of the optogalvanic effect (OGE) for isotope ratio spectrometry of 13CO2 and 14CO2

The use of isotopic carbon dioxide lasers for determination of carbon (and oxygen) isotope ratios was first demonstrated in 1994. Since then a commercial device called LARA, has been manufactured and used for Helicobacter pylori breath tests using (13)C-labelled urea. The major advantages of the optogalvanic effect compared with other infrared absorption isotope ratio measurement techniques are its lack of optical background and its high sensitivity resulting from a signal gain proportional to laser power. Continuous normalisation using two cells, a standard and sample, lead to high accuracy as well as precision. Recent advances in continuous flow measurement of (13)C/(12)C ratios of CO(2) in air and extensions of the technique to (14)C, which can be analysed as a stable isotope, are described.     

Contribution of collagen stable isotope biogeochemistry to the paleobiology of extinct endemic vertebrates from Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain)

The paleodiet and paleoenvironmental context of two extinct species from Tenerife island, one giant rat Canariomys bravoi and one giant lizard Gallotia goliath, have been investigated using carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of fossil bone collagen. Preliminary to this study, a calibration of the isotopic variations of bone collagen from modern Rat Rattus rattus, Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus and Lizard Gallotia galotti relative to environmental conditions on Tenerife Islands has been attempted. No clear relationship could be found between collagen delta13C and delta15N values and aridity; the only relevant factors seem to be seashore proximity for rat, and the relative amount of C3 and CAM plants. It seems that anthropic activities have interfered with the expected relationships between collagen isotopic compositions and environmental conditions. Most fossil specimens yielded well preserved collagen. The isotopic composition of giant rat and giant lizard collagen suggest a purely C3 environment, possibly more humid than today on Tenerife. Large ranges of nitrogen isotopic compositions, especially within giant rats, may be due to local environmental conditions. Further work is needed in order to provide more valuable paleobiological information in order to better understand the role of environmental factors in the evolution and extinction of insular endemic species on Tenerife.     

Beta spectroscopy of some neutron-rich cerium isotopes in252Cf fission products

The method of cyclic-time optimization has been used, in conjunction with a beta-Kx-ray coincidence technique, to obtain the beta spectrum of some decaying cerium isotopes in the fission products of²⁵²Cf. A Kurie plot of the beta spectrum revealed at least four beta groups. From the relative isotopic yields of Kx-ray the isotopic origin of each group has been determined. The coincidence method used in this study allows the measurement of beta groups feeding excited levels of daughter products with high internal conversion coefficients. The end-point energies and isotopic origin of the measured beta groups were as follows: 2.349(±0.100)MeV,¹⁴⁵Ce; 1.715(±0.103)MeV,¹⁴⁵Ce and¹⁴⁸Ce; 1.267 (±0.103)MeV,¹⁴⁵Ce; 0.748(±0.109) MeV,¹⁴⁶Ce and¹⁴⁸Ce.     

Sulphur isotope compositions of components of coal and S-isotope fractionation during its combustion and flue gas desulphurization

Sulphur isotope compositions were determined in two different Polish coals (hard coal and lignite) and by-products originating from their combustion. The desulphurization process was also investigated. It was demonstrated that desulphurization changes the isotopic composition of sulphur emitted in the form of SO(2) to the atmosphere even if the process is conducted in a different way (wet lime technology and electron beam method). This fact has to be considered in the studies regarding anthropogenic sulphur genesis and its fate in the environment.     

Multiplexed concentration quantification using isotopic surface‐enhanced resonance Raman scattering

The recently developed isotopically edited internal standard approach for surface‐enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) based chemical quantification is extended to demonstrate multiplexed detection of four different isotopic variants of a single chromophore. More specifically, it is shown that rhodamine‐6G (R6G) with 0, 2, 4, or 6 deuterium substitutions may be reliably quantified in either two‐ or three‐component mixtures. Thus, one isotopic species of known concentration may be used as an internal standard to determine the concentrations of two other isotopic components in a mixture. The concentrations of isotopic R6G SERRS chromophores are determined using partial least squares calibration and shown to yield a predictive accuracy of about ± 10% of the total R6G concentration (over 1–50 nM concentration range). These results set the stage for the use of such isotopic variants as tags for the SERRS/SERS quantitation of mixtures containing proteins, peptides, and other compounds. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.