FTIR及CLSM对转基因杨木细胞壁木质素含量及微区分布研究

通过木质素基因工程能够有效降低杨木细胞壁木质素含量,从而改善人工林杨树作为木质纤维材料的利用现状。选取C3H基因活性抑制表达的转基因杨树和其对照组杨树为实验材料,利用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)技术快速表征C3H基因表达活性降低后幼龄杨木细胞壁木质素的含量,并结合激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)和组织化学染色技术原位表征木质素含量微区分布变化规律。结果表明转基因杨树与对照组杨树红外谱图的形状和特征峰数目、位置基本一致,表明C3H基因活性降低并未改变杨木细胞壁主要化学成分及结构,但I_{1 508}/I_{1 379},I_{1 508}/I_{1 425}和I_{1 508}/I_{1 740}木质素特征峰高度比值结果表明转基因杨木木质素含量下降了8.2%～9.5%,峰强度的区别说明C3H基因活性抑制表达能够改变杨木细胞壁上木质素等化学组分含量;CLSM观察发现转基因杨木木质素微区分布含量均为纤维细胞角隅>复合胞间层>次生壁,与对照组木质素呈现相同的沉积规律,且转基因杨木细胞壁木质素浓度低于对照组杨木;组织化学染色的结果同样表明杨木S单体木质素均匀分布于纤维细胞壁上,而G单体木质素微区沉积规律为纤维细胞角隅>复合胞间层>次生壁,进一步揭示了C3H基因活性的降低并没有改变转基因杨木G和S木质素单体的沉积规律,但对其纤维和导管壁上木质素单体含量分布有一定影响。     

紫外显微分光光度法测定杉木枝条木质素微区分布

在采用光学显微镜及共聚焦激光显微镜对杉木春季枝条的显微结构及其细胞壁木质素定性测量的基础上,首次在国内应用紫外显微分光光度计对其细胞壁木质素微区含量分布进行了原位测定。结果表明:杉木枝条木材管胞细胞壁木质素在不同微区部位含量分布呈不均一性,其浓度大小依次为细胞角隅胞间层、复合胞间层和次生壁,吸光度均值分别为0.489,0.307和0.278。杉木枝条其木质素定量测定与其定性观察结果是相一致的。为国内测量木材细胞壁木质素微区含量分布提供了新的测量方法。     

结香纤维素与木素分布的显微激光拉曼光谱研究

显微激光拉曼光谱技术可以实现纤维素与木素在木材细胞壁中原位状态分布规律的观察研究。首先采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究了结香细胞壁的超微结构。进而采用显微激光拉曼光谱技术对细胞壁各层中纤维素与木素分布特点进行了原位分析测定,拉曼图像及光谱分析结果表明,纤维素与木素在细胞壁各形态区分布不均一,纤维素的分布情况与木素相反。     

Dynamic visualization of stress distribution on metal by mechanoluminescence images

We have successfully demonstrated that the stress distribution of a metal material can be directly displayed by coating the surface of test objects with an upgraded strong mechanoluminescence (ML) material of SrAl₂O₄:Eu (SAO). In this paper an aluminum plate with the SAO sensing film was applied to experimental analysis of stress concentrations. And the comparison with a numerical analysis showed that the ML intensity of SAO sensing film correlates linearly with stress on metal surface and the observed real-time ML images quantitatively reflect stress concentration. This novel visualisation technique can be applied to view stress concentration in various fields such as modelling, manufacturing and demonstration of industrial products as well as to point out danger areas in structural objects such as pipelines and bridges.     

Microstructural features assessment of different waterlogged wood species by NMR diffusion validated with complementary techniques

Wood is a hygroscopic, multi-scale and anisotropic natural material composed of pores with different size and differently oriented. In particular, archaeologically excavated wood generally is waterlogged wood with very high moisture content (400%–800%) that need to have a rapid investigation at the microstructural level to obtain the best treatment with preservative agents. Time-dependent diffusion coefficient D(t) quantified by Pulse Field Gradient (PFG) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) techniques provides useful information about complex porous media, such as the tortuosity (τ) describing pore connectivity and fluid transport through media, the average-pore size, the anisotropic degree (a_n). However, diffusion NMR is intrinsically limited since it is an indirect measure of medium microstructure and relies on inferences from models and estimation of relevant diffusion parameters. Therefore, it is necessary to validate the information obtained from NMR diffusion parameters through complementary investigations. In this work, the structures of five waterlogged wood species were studied by PFG of absorbed water. D(t) and τ of water diffusing along and perpendicular to vessels/tracheids main axes together with relaxation times and a_n were quantified. From these parameters, the pore sizes distribution and the wood microstructure characterization were obtained. Results among wood species were compared, validated and integrated by micro-imaging NMR (μ-MRI), environmental-scanning electron-microscope (ESEM) images, wood dry density and imbibition times measurement of all woods. The work suggests that a_n vs τ rather than the estimated pore size diversifies and characterize the different wood species. As a consequence diffusion-anisotropy vs tortuosity could be an alternative method to characterize and differentiate wood species of waterlogged wood when high resolution images (μ-MRI and ESEM) are not available. Moreover, the combined use of D(t) and micro-MRI expands the scale of dimensions observable by NMR covering all the interesting length scales of wood.     

Laser cleaning of gilded wood: A comparative study of colour variations induced by irradiation at different wavelengths

There is a growing interest by art conservators for laser cleaning of wood artworks, since traditional cleaning with chemical solvents can be a source of decay, due to the prolonged action of chemicals after the restoration. In this experiment we used excimer and Nd:YAG lasers, emitting radiation in the ultraviolet (248 nm), visible (532 nm) and near infrared (1064 nm), to investigate the effect of laser interaction on gilded wood samples at different wavelengths. Increasing fluence levels were tested to assess threshold values both for surface damage and colour changes. Detailed colorimetric analyses of the irradiated samples show that cleaning effectiveness is related to the emission wavelength, the fluence and the number of pulses.     

Comparative study on diameter distribution of single-walled carbon nanotubes using growth templates with different pore sizes: Zeolite-L,ZSM-5, and MCM-41

We report a comparative study on diameter distribution of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) grown using nanoporous templates having different pore sizes, namely, zeolite-L, ZSM-5, and MCM-41. The change in the tube diameter based on catalytic film thickness and growth temperature was systematically investigated. We prepared very thin Fe catalyst films with nominal thicknesses of 0.5, 0.7, 1, and 2 Å, and the growth temperature was varied from 850 to 925 °C. We found that the SWNT mean diameter and size distribution width decreased with decreasing catalyst film thickness, growth temperature, and pore sizes of the templates. In addition, all SWNTs grown from the nanoporous templates have narrower diameter distribution compared to the SWNTs grown from SiO₂ planar surface. The obtained results are straightforward and suggest that the template growth has potential for SWNT growth with very narrow diameter distribution.     

Thermal stress study of two different artery cryopreservation methods

Two methods used in artery deep cryopreservation, "Cryopreservation in Medium" and "Cryopreservation in Air", were studied. For the former method, samples were frozen together with a certain amount of cryoprotectants (CPA) in the cryovial or cryobag, while for the other method the arteries were first exposed to CPA and then frozen without the CPA medium surrounding in the cryovial. Study of the cryopreserved arteries using these two methods found that "cryopreservation in air" could substantially reduce the fracture rate of the arteries. To explain the difference theoretically, a two-compartment model is presented to study the thermal stresses generated during the freezing and thawing processes. The properties were measured as inputs to the model. Numerical results showed that the thermal stresses occurring in the "cryopreservation in air" process were much smaller than in the other method. The maximum thermal stress during cryopreservation occurs in the thawing process. The theoretical results could well explain published experimental results.     

可见光显微分光光度法测定毛竹发育过程中木素微区分布

运用光学显微镜和可见光显微分光光度计以及组织化学染色对毛竹发育过程中的木质素微区分布进行了研究。木质素在各组织中均有分布,其含量因竹龄,组织及细胞壁微区不同而有差异。细胞壁各微区中存在愈创木基(G)和紫丁香基(S)两种木质素组成单元。纤维次生壁,细胞角隅区和复合胞间层的木质素含量12个月内逐渐增加,而后变化较小,但是各微区的木质化速率因竹龄变化而变化。同一竹龄竹壁径向和纤维帽不同位置的木质素含量未有明显的规律性变化。薄壁组织次生壁,胞间层以及导管次生壁在12个月内木质化程度不断加强,而后变化较小。     

不同晶格基底上薄膜生长的Monte Carlo模拟研究

利用Monte Carlo（MC）方法模拟研究了四方和六方晶格基底上薄膜生长的初始阶段岛的形貌和岛的尺寸与基底温度和入射粒子剩余能量之间的关系. 模型中考虑了粒子的沉积、吸附粒子的扩散和蒸发等过程. 结果表明,基底晶格结构对薄膜生长具有明显影响. 当基底温度为300K、入射粒子剩余能量为0时,四方晶格基底上薄膜的生长已经呈现明显的凝聚生长,随着基底温度或入射粒子剩余能量的增加,岛的数目变少、岛的平均尺寸变大. 对于六方晶格基底,当入射粒子剩余能量为0、温度从300K升高到350K时,岛的形貌从分散生长向分形生长转变;当基底温度为300K、入射粒子剩余射能量从0上升到0.05eV时,岛由分散生长向分形生长转变.     

不同晶格基底上薄膜生长的Monte Carlo模拟研究

利用Monte Carlo(MC)方法模拟研究了四方和六方晶格基底上薄膜生长的初始阶段岛的形貌和岛的尺寸与基底温度和入射粒子剩余能量之间的关系.模型中考虑了粒子的沉积、吸附粒子的扩散和蒸发等过程.结果表明,基底晶格结构对薄膜生长具有明显影响.当基底温度为300K、入射粒子剩余能量为0时,四方晶格基底上薄膜的生长已经呈现明显的凝聚生长,随着基底温度或入射粒子剩余能量的增加,岛的数目变少、岛的平均尺寸变大.对于六方晶格基底,当入射粒子剩余能量为0、温度从300 K升高到350 K时,岛的形貌从分散生长向分形生长转变;当基底温度为300 K、入射粒子剩余射能量从0上升到0.05 eV时,岛由分散生长向分形生长转变.