Microanalysis Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has inherent features of high sensitivity, great dynamic range, and capability to provide spatially resolved chemical information making it well suited for trace and microanalysis of diverse materials. The various SIMS methods used to derive the boron distribution in hepatoma cells, to investigate the intcr-iayer reactions in multi-layer ceramic structural materials, and to evaluate the effects of fabrication on microstructural and functional properties in semiconductor devices, are presented to illustrate possible roles of SIMS in microanalysis.     

The depth distribution of organic additives in mortar measured with plasma-based Secondary Neutral Mass Spectrometry

Amino alcohols (AMA) have been found to be successful in corrosion prevention of steel-reinforced concrete [1]. However, to work effectively the amino alcohol has to be located at the interface between the concrete and the steel rods reinforcing the stability of the building material [2]. Corrosion prevention for new buildings is easy because the corrosion inhibitor has already been added to the liquid concrete mixture and thus can easily reach the steel rods. With subsequent corrosion prevention measures for existing buildings, however, the problem of transport of the corrosion inhibitor through the solid concrete to the steel surface has to be solved first. In order to determine penetration, transport behavior, and transport rate, an AMA was applied to one face of rectangular mortar blocks used as model samples. A certain period of time for dwelling was given to allow the AMA to penetrate into the mortar. Moreover, the influence of the ambient humidity during the application was investigated. The analysis of the mortar was made by Secondary Neutral Mass Spectrometry, a technique used for the first time for this type of material because of the easy sample preparation, short analysis time, and high sensitivity.     

二次离子质谱生物成像

二次离子质谱作为目前空间分辨率最高的质谱成像技术,以其免标记、高灵敏、多组分检测优势和亚微米级高空间分辨成像优势为诸多生命科学问题的研究提供了全新的分析手段,在基础细胞生物学、组织生理病理学、生物医药与临床医学等领域的研究中得到了广泛应用.本文综述了二次离子质谱在生物组织、细胞、仿生生物膜等体系中的质谱成像研究进展.     

用飞行时间二次离子质谱法分析模塑料成分

用飞行时间二次离子质谱（ＴＯＦ－ＳＩＭＳ）结合银离化的方法研究了集成电路封装中常用的环氧模塑料的两种主要成分：邻甲酚环氧树脂和线型酚醛树脂。测得ｎ＝０～４的环氧树脂分子及相应的水解成分和ｎ＝１～７的酚醛树脂分子。碎片离子中除了芳香化合物的特征碎片外,还有反映树脂结构的碎片。通过对环氧树脂银离化碎片离子的分析,推断中间苯环上的侧链是最可能断裂的     

环氧树脂的飞行时间次级离子质谱

用飞行时间次级离子质谱结合银离化方法了集成电路封装用环氧模塑料的主要成分－－领甲酚环氧树脂。实验中测得ｎ＝０－４的树脂分子及相应的水解成分。碎片离子中除了芳香化合物通常具有的碎片外,还有反映树脂结构的碎片,通过对银离化了子的分析,推断中间不上的侧链是最可能断裂的     

Neutral and charged polymer brushes at solid surfaces

Neutral and charged polymer brushes covalently attached to planar solid surfaces were generated by using self-assembled monolayers of an azo initiator and radical chain polymerization in situ. The brushes were characterized by FTIR-spectroscopy, optical waveguide-spectroscopy and Ellipsometry. Especially the film thicknesses of surface bound polyelectrolyte (PEL) monolayers were measured by optical waveguide spectroscopy (OWS) as a function of the humidity of the environment. The PEL brushes show strong increases in thickness as well as strong decrease of the refractive index of the surface attached layer due to water incorporation caused by the exposure to the humid environment. Additionally the behavior of neutral as well as charged brushes in contact with solvent was investigated by using multiple-angular-scans of ellipsometry in a total internal reflectance setup. The scaling behavior of the brush height as a function of the graft density of the attached polymer molecules was investigated for the neutral brush as well as for the PEL brush system.     

Determination of Nitrogen in Silicon Carbide by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

The emission of atomic and complex nitrogen ions, which are the main impurity determining the n type conduction of silicon carbide, is investigated. It is shown that, among all the secondary ions of the C _x N and Si _x N kind (x = 0, 1, 2, 3), the ²⁶(CN)^– fragment exhibits the highest ion yield. The use of an ion peak with a specified mass as an analytical signal provides a detection limit for nitrogen in SiC at a level of 10¹⁶ cm^–3. This result is attained in measurements at high mass resolution (M/M = 7500, interference peak ²⁶(¹³C₂)^–).     

Direct Determination of Chlorpyrifos in Honey by Neutral Desorption-Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Neutral desorption-extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used for the direct, rapid, and quantitative determination of chlorpyrifos in honey without pretreatment. Under the optimized conditions, the limit of detection was 1.64?ng/mL with a linear dynamic range from 10 to 1,000?ng/mL and relative standard deviations from 1.97 to 6.14%. The recoveries of fortified honey samples at 50 and 500?ng/mL were 82.02 and 109.28% with relative standard deviations of 4.02 and 4.34%, respectively. This protocol offers high sensitivity, good precision, rapid analysis, and high specificity in a complex matrix.     

中性解吸电喷雾萃取电离质谱法直接检测蜂蜜中的敌敌畏

采用中性解吸电喷雾萃取电离质谱( ND-EESI-MS)技术,在无需样品预处理的条件下,建立了对蜂蜜中敌敌畏直接快速检测的方法。在正离子模式下,敌敌畏质子化离子峰位于 m/z 223,二级特征离子为m/z 109和127。在优化的条件下,以m/z 127的信号强度为定量指标,建立了蜂蜜中敌敌畏残留的定量检测方法。结果表明,在蜂蜜基质中,敌敌畏在5~1000 ng/mL浓度范围内与m/z 127的信号强度线性关系良好,相关系数为0.998,检出限为1.0 ng/mL(S/N=3);蜂蜜中3个加标水平(10,30和400 ng/mL)的敌敌畏的回收率为93.0％~103.0％,精密度(RSDs)小于4.4％。同时采用气相色谱(火焰光度检测器)方法作为对照方法,检测敌敌畏加标蜂蜜样品,结果表明,加标蜂蜜在5~1000 ng/mL浓度范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,相关系数为0.999,检出限为1.6 ng/mL;10,30和400 ng/mL 3个水平加标蜂蜜的回收率为94.9％~110.3％,精密度小于7.6％。     

Surface Study of Polymers by Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Using a Magnetic-Sector Mass Spectrometer

Results from static SIMS analysis of six thermoplastic polymers — polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene (PE), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS) and polycarbonate (PC) — using a magnetic-sector SIMS instrument and O₂⁺ primary beam are presented. For PTFE as a representative sample, the charging effect is reduced only with a metal grid when analyzing positive secondary ions. When negative secondary ions are analyzed, excessive charges are self-compensated with a normal-incidence electron gun. Positive-ion spectra collected agree with spectra obtained using either a quadrupole or time-of-flight SIMS instrument and noble-gas ion beams. The agreement is objectively demonstrated by means of the capability to compare spectra in the NIST/EPA/MSDC mass spectral database. The merits of the use of high-mass resolution, of which magnetic-sector SIMS is inherently capable, to provide analytical information about the molecular species native to the sample are demonstrated in distinguishing three ambiguous peaks with nominal mass ratios m/z = 27, 39 and 59 from PMMA.     

Mass transfer between solid surfaces and drag-reducing fluids

The effect of drag-reducing agents on the rate of mass transfer from rotating cylinders was investigated. Significant reductions in the rate of mass transfer were obtained using aqueous solutions of Polyox WSR 301, Separan AP-30 and carboxymethylcellulose.A phenomenological interpretation of the data obtained, as well as of those reported for rotating disc and pipe flows, suggests that, in contrast with the case of drag reduction, large scale eddies play an important role in the process of mass transfer between solid surfaces and drag-reducing fluids.     

Dynamic Reactive Ionization with Cluster Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

Gas cluster ion beams (GCIB) have been tuned to enhance secondary ion yields by doping small gas molecules such as CH₄, CO₂, and O₂ into an Ar cluster projectile, Ar_n? ⁺ (n = 1000–10,000) to form a mixed cluster. The ‘tailored beam’ has the potential to expand the application of secondary ion mass spectrometry for two- and three-dimensional molecular specific imaging. Here, we examine the possibility of further enhancing the ionization by doping HCl into the Ar cluster. Water deposited on the target surface facilitates the dissociation of HCl. This concerted effect, occurring only at the impact site of the cluster, arises since the HCl is chemically induced to ionize to H⁺ and Cl^–?, allowing improved protonation of neutral molecular species. This hypothesis is confirmed by depth profiling through a trehalose thin film exposed to D₂O vapor, resulting in ~20-fold increase in protonated molecules. The results show that it is possible to dynamically maintain optimum ionization conditions during depth profiling by proper adjustment of the water vapor pressure. H–D exchange in the trehalose molecule M was monitored upon deposition of D₂O on the target surface, leading to the observation of [M_n* + H]⁺?or [M_n* + D]⁺?ions, where n = 1–8 hydrogen atoms in the trehalose molecule M have been replaced by deuterium. In general, we discuss the role of surface chemistry and dynamic reactive ionization of organic molecules in increasing the secondary ion yield.

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Microanalysis of corrosion films on metal surfaces by Raman spectroscopy

Summary The chemical composition of corrosion films on the surface of metals used in electrical microrelays has been studied by Raman spectroscopy. On the surface of a zinc coated armature one formate species could be detected whereas on the surface of a spring composed of a copper-nickel-zinc alloy the formation of two different formate species was observed. The above formate formation resulted from contamination of the used lubricant by formic acid.

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Mikroanalyse von Korrosionsfilmen auf Metalloberflächen mit Hilfe der Raman-Spektroskopie

Zusammenfassung Die chemische Zusammensetzung von Korrosionsfilmen auf der Oberfläche von Metallen aus elektrischen Mikrorelais wurde mit Hilfe der Ramanspektroskopie untersucht. Auf der Oberfläche eines verzinkten Ankers wurde Formiat festgestellt und auf der Oberfläche einer Feder aus einer Kupfer-Nickel-Zink-Legierung wurden zwei verschiedene Arten Formiat nachgewiesen. Die Bildung dieser Formiate ergab sich aus der Verunreinigung eines Schmiermittels mit Ameisensäure.

     

Improving Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Image Quality with Image Fusion

The spatial resolution of chemical images acquired with cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is limited not only by the size of the probe utilized to create the images but also by detection sensitivity. As the probe size is reduced to below 1 μm, for example, a low signal in each pixel limits lateral resolution because of counting statistics considerations. Although it can be useful to implement numerical methods to mitigate this problem, here we investigate the use of image fusion to combine information from scanning electron microscope (SEM) data with chemically resolved SIMS images. The advantage of this approach is that the higher intensity and, hence, spatial resolution of the electron images can help to improve the quality of the SIMS images without sacrificing chemical specificity. Using a pan-sharpening algorithm, the method is illustrated using synthetic data, experimental data acquired from a metallic grid sample, and experimental data acquired from a lawn of algae cells. The results show that up to an order of magnitude increase in spatial resolution is possible to achieve. A cross-correlation metric is utilized for evaluating the reliability of the procedure. Figure

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气相色谱-质谱联用法分析粪便中碱性和中性挥发性代谢产物

建立了一种快速分析人和大鼠粪便中碱性和中性挥发性代谢产物的气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS).粪便样品采用75%甲醇溶液提取,加入氨水,使溶液中氨水的终浓度为1%(pH=10)后,GC-MS检测分析.采用CP-Sil 5毛细管柱(25 m × 0.25 mm × 0.12 μ);载气: 高纯氦气,流速1 mL/min;程序升温;使用电子轰击(EI)离子源,电子能量:-70 eV;进样口温度: 220℃,离子源温度: 230℃,传输线温度: 280℃;电子倍增器电压: 0.95 kV,全扫描模式,扫描范围: m/z 10~600;溶剂延迟: 3 min.通过检索NIST标准谱库,采用对照品比对及质谱数据解析的方法,在人的粪便样品中检测到11种碱性和中性挥发性代谢产物,在大鼠的粪便样品中检测到7种碱性和中性挥发性代谢产物.本方法处理过程简单,灵敏度高,适用于人和大鼠粪便中碱性和中性挥发性代谢产物的快速分析.     

Classical Cascade Calculations on the Analysis of Surface Bonding Structures by Secondary Particle Mass Spectrometry

The application of secondary particle mass spectrometry to analyze the atomic bonding configuration on a surface was investigated with computer calculations of particle sputtering from an Ar-bombarded surface of Ag{111}. In contrast to the prediction from the present sputtering theory, better resolved structure in the angular distribution was not observed for particles of high energy sputtered from the surface. These particles ejected to a wide angle and their angular distribution may not reflect well the atomic bonding geometry on the surface. The analytical capability of secondary particle mass spectrometry to determine surface structures can be significantly improved by selecting for detection only those particles that have prolonged collisions. The preferred directions of ejection and the relative sputtering intensity in the distribution of azimuthal angle between major open channels on the surface vary insignificantly with the duration of collision in the regime of long collisions. The results provide the first evidence that at small energies of sputtering the particles emitted from the surface may contain information about only the top two surface layers. Secondary particle mass spectrometry can thus be extremely surface sensitive for analysis of properties of solid surfaces.     

Composition and Structure of Anodic Oxide Films on Titanium–Aluminum Alloys by Fast Electron Reflection Diffraction, Rutherford Backscattering, and Secondary Neutral Particle Mass Spectrometry

Anodic oxide films on some Ti–Al alloys are studied using fast-electron reflection diffraction, Rutherford backscattering, and secondary neutral-particle mass spectrometry. The films are amorphous, with a small amount of crystalline phases, and comprise a mixture of TiO₂ and Al₂O₃. The Ti/Al ratio in an anodic film corresponds to that in the alloy matrix. Constants of anodic oxidation of the alloys are determined.     

同位素质谱和无机质谱

本文是《分析试验室》定期评述中“同位素质谱和无机质谱”的第四篇评述，评述的范围是１９９４年１１月至１９９６年１０月我国气体同位素质谱，热电离同位素质谱，加速器质谱，火花源质谱，电感耦合等离子体质谱，辉光放电质谱，同位素稀释质谱，二次离子质谱，激光共振电离子飞行时间质谱，电子探针，质子探针，激光探针和它们在地学，核科学，环境科学，材料学，计理学，医学和生命科学中的应用，引用文献１４９篇。