Effects of electric dipole,anapole, and neutral weak magnetic moments of a proton in the polarized electron-proton electroweak scattering

We have derived and investigated analytical expressions for the cross sections and spin asymmetries in the elastic electromagnetic and electroweak scattering of unpolarized/longitudinally polarized electrons on a polarized/unpolarized proton target with allowance for the C-, P-, and T/CP-invariance violating anapole and electric dipole moments, as well as the neutral weak electric, magnetic, and axial form factors of the proton. The dependence of the spin asymmetries on the energy and form-factor parameters is studied.     

To old and new PDF and PFF

A short review of problems with parton distribution functions in nucleons, non-polarized and polarized, is given. The main part is devoted to the T-odd Collins fragmentation function and to the proton transversity distribution its possible measurements and its first experimental probe via spin asymmetries in semi-inclusive DIS. It is argued that the proton transversity distribution is close to the prediction of chiral quark soliton model could be successfully measured in future DIS experiments with longitudinally polarized target and the Collins analyzing power is linearly growing with z.     

Recent STAR Spin Results and Spin Measurements at RHIC

The STAR experiment provides measurements of single and double-spin asymmetries in longitudinally and transversely polarized p + p collisions at \(\sqrt s \) = 200 and 510 GeV to deepen our understanding on the proton spin structure and dynamics of parton interactions over a wide range of collision energy, momentum and rapidity of the various produced probes. Polarized processes with W^± production allow us to study the spin-flavor structure of the proton. Recent results obtained by STAR on the double longitudinal asymmetry, A_LL, of pion and jet production at \(\sqrt s \) = 200 and 510 GeV, the single longitudinal, A_L, and transverse, A_N, asymmetry of W^± production at \(\sqrt s \) = 510 GeV are overviewed. STAR results on azimuthal single transverse asymmetry of pion in p^↑ + (p, Au) and jet + π^± in p^↑ + p collisions are discussed. The proposed Forward Calorimeter System (FCS) and Forward Tracking System (FTS) upgrades at STAR would significantly improve the capabilities of existing detectors for measurements of observables such as asymmetries of pion, jet, Drell-Yan pairs produced at forward rapidities.     

The spin program with CLAS at JLab

We report on the status of an extensive program to study the scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons from longitudinally polarized NH₃ and ND₃ targets using the CLAS detector at JLab. The data span a range inQ ² from 0.05–4.5 (GeV/c)² and a range inW, the γ^* N invariant mass, up to about 3 GeV. With the excellent particle identification available with the CLA, both inclusive and exclusive scattering can be studied. The experimental techniques are reviewed and some preliminary results are presented. This paper focuses on extraction of the spin structure functiongg ₁ for the proton and the deuteron.     

On double polarization asymmetries in the elastic electron-proton scattering

Double polarization asymmetry D_p^(M) for the process of elastic electroweak scattering of the longitudinally polarized electrons by polarized proton target is considered with account of anapole G_1p and electric dipole moment (EDM) G_2p proton form factors. This asymmetry is only due to T-parity violating form factor G_2p, but does not directly depend on it, and having a significant value, allows to confirm the existence of the EDM of the proton.     

Elastic scattering of electrons by nuclei of half-integer spin and discrete symmetries

Analytical expression is obtained for the right-left asymmetry A _RL ^(3/2) for the process of elastic scattering of the longitudinally polarized electrons by nuclei with spin 3/2, described in the framework of Rarita-Schwinger formalism by invariant form factors of electromagnetic and weak vertex functions. It is shown, that this asymmetry directly depends on the nuclear anapole form factors G ₁ ⁽ⁿ⁾, and structurally is equivalent to asymmetry A _RL ^(1/2), which arises in electron scattering by proton.     

Method for taking into account hard-photon emission in four-fermion processes

A method for taking into account hard-photon emission in four-fermion processes proceeding in the s channel is described. The application of this method is exemplified by numerically estimating one-loop electroweak corrections to observables (cross sections and asymmetries) of the reaction e^?e⁺ → μ^?μ⁺(γ) involving longitudinally polarized electrons and proceeding at energies below the Z-resonance energy.     

Physics results from HERMES

The Hermes experiment at the Desy laboratory in Hamburg, Germany, studies the spin structure of the nucleon. Its unique feature is the combination of a polarized internal gas target with the longitudinally polarized 27.5 GeV electron/positron beam of the Hera accelerator. Recent Hermes measurements include the proton spin structure function g ₁ ^p , the flavor decomposition of the polarized quark distributions in the nucleon, the DIS contribution to the generalized GDH sum rule, the first observation of a spin asymmetry in exclusive vector meson production and the first observation of a single-spin azimuthal asymmetry in semi-inclusive pion production. Additionally, the possibility of using various unpolarized gases as target material broadens the spectrum of physics measurements with Hermes.     

Spin correlation in pp elastic scattering and in pion production near threshold

An internal polarized gas target in conjunction with a beam of polarized protons stored in the IUCF Cooler storage ring has been used to measure analyzing power and spin correlation parameters between 200 MeV and 450 MeV over a wide range of angles. A consistent absolute beam and target polarization calibration was established by ramping the stored protons up and down in energy. The analyzing power A _y and the spin correlations A _xx , A _yy and A _xz were measured with transverse beam polarization, while determination of A _zz required the development of a longitudinally polarized beam. First experiments on the spin dependence on π₀-production have recently been carried out.     

χ<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">cJ</Emphasis></Subscript> polarization in polarized proton–proton collisions at RHIC

We study inclusive χ _cJ production with definite polarizations in polarized proton-proton collisions at \(\sqrt s \) = 200 and 500 GeV at RHIC by using non-relativistic QCD (NRQCD) color-octet mechanism. We present results of rapidity distribution of χ _c0, χ _c1 and χ _c2 production with specific polarizations in polarized p–p collisions at RHIC within the PHENIX detector acceptance range. We also present the corresponding results for the spin asymmetries.     

Single and double spin asymmetries in the elastic <Emphasis Type="Italic">e</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">d</Emphasis> scattering and their dependence on the deuteron wave function

Single and double spin asymmetries in the elastic electron-deuteron (e-d ) scattering were investigated. The tensor-deuteron asymmetries T_2i(i = 0, 1, 2) and the beam-vector-deuteron asymmetries T ^e _1i(i = 0, 1) were calculated and compared with the available experimental data. The sensitivity of the results for these spin asymmetries to the deuteron wave function has been investigated. The predicted asymmetries were found to be agree with one another and with experiment. It was found that, the double spin asymmetry T ^e ₁₀ is much smaller than the T ^e ₁₁-asymmetry. Therefore, in addition to the single tensor-deuteron asymmetry T₂₀, the doubly beam-vector-deuteron asymmetry T ^e ₁₁ can be used as an another tool for extracting the deuteron electromagnetic form factors.     

Spin physics at HERMES

The primary goal of the HERMES experiment is the study of the spin structure of the nucleon. Results on the measured inclusive and semi-inclusive hadron asymmetries using a polarized positron beam on polarized ³He, hydrogen and deuterium targets are here presented. In the covered kinematic range, 0.023<x _Bj <0.6 and 1 GeV²<Q ²<10GeV² the polarized quark distribution were determined for all up (u+?u) and down (d+?) quarks, and separately for valence and sea quarks. The up quark polarization is positive, and the down quark polarization is negative. The polarization of the sea is consistent with zero in the measured range. A first indication of a positive gluon polarization is presented, based on the measured spin asymmetry in the photo-production of hadron pairs with high transverse momentum p _T . This asymmetry is negative, which is in contrast to the measured positive asymmetry for inclusive experiments.     

Application of <Emphasis Type="Italic">T</Emphasis>-Invariance Conditions in Selecting Mechanisms of Nuclear Reactions,Decays, and Fission

T-invariance conditions for the differential cross sections of multiparticle multistep nuclear reactions are found with allowance for spin orientations of particles in the initial channels of such reactions. It is shown that the asymmetry coefficients for different T-parities in the differential cross sections for original and time-reversed reactions are expressed in terms of unified scalar (pseudoscalar) functions that depend of the 3-momenta and spins of particles involved in the initial and final channels of the reactions under analysis. It is also shown that knowledge of the aforementioned functions for the asymmetries under analysis in the original reaction makes it possible to reconstruct the respective functions for the analogous asymmetries in the time-reversed reaction without studying it experimentally. By considering the example of T-even and T-odd asymmetries in reactions where oriented nuclei undergo binary and ternary fission induced by cold polarized neutrons, it is demonstrated that the T-invariance conditions in question can be used to select mechanisms behind the appearance of the above asymmetries—in particular, mechanisms associated with the presence of T-noninvariant interactions.     

The spin structure of the nucleon

An introduction to deep inelastic scattering experiments investigating the spin structure of the proton and the neutron is given. Discussed are measurements with longitudinally polarized targets to determine the spin structure functiong ₁ and sum rules and to do pQCD analyses with inclusive data, while a flavour separation and first extractions of the gluon polarization are performed with semi-inclusive data.     

Test of <Emphasis Type="Italic">T</Emphasis>-invariance in <Emphasis Type="Italic">pd</Emphasis> scattering with double polarization

A formalism of the invariant spin amplitudes of the pd-scattering process in the Madison frame of reference is developed. The condition for T invariance with conservation of P-parity is formulated in terms of these amplitudes, and the relationships between differential spin observables that follow from this condition, are derived. The relative efficiency of the method for testing T-invariance on the basis of these relationships is compared to the method based on recording a null-test signal in an experiment with a polarized proton beam and the deuteron target.     

Polarimetry of the polarized proton and deuteron beams at intermediate energies

Method and results of the beam polarization measurements are presented. The measurements were carried out at the proton polarized beam of Saturne-II accelerator as well as at the JINR (Dubna) synchrophasotron vector polarized deuteron beam. The analysis of the elastic (quasi-elastic) pp-scattering polarization is used as a method of the polarization measurements. The energy range of the measurement is 1.0≤T _p ≤2.8 GeV for polarized proton and 1.66≤T _d ≤7.3 GeV for polarized deuteron beams.     

Spin observables in <Emphasis Type="Italic">np</Emphasis> elastic scattering in the energy range 200–600 MeV. Complete experiment

A survey of available experimental data on the measurement of spin observables in neutron-proton (np) elastic scattering in the neutron energy range 200–600 MeV is presented. Sixteen spin observables (the polarization of recoil particles P _0n00, the analyzing power A _00n0, the spin correlation parameters A _00nn , A _00ss , A _00sk , and A _00kk , the spin transfer parameters K _0nn0, K _0ss0, and K _0sk0, the depolarization parameters D _0n0n , D _0s0s , and D _0s0k , and the three-spin parameters N _0nkk , N _0skn , N _0ssn , and N _0sns for energies of 200–590 MeV and scattering angles in the center of mass system of 60°–164°) were studied in experiments using polarized neutron beams and polarized proton targets at the Paul Scherrer Institute. The results of these investigations present a complete set of precision data on np elastic scattering which, along with the complete set of data for proton-proton (pp) elastic scattering obtained earlier, provides a basis for unambiguous determination of the amplitudes of the scattering matrix for nucleon-nucleon (NN) elastic scattering for the channel with the isotopic spin I = 0 and makes it possible to describe NN interaction in a model-independent way.     

Viscosity Correlations with Nuclear (Proton) Magnetic Resonance Relaxation in Oil Disperse Systems

Using nuclear (proton) magnetic resonance relaxometry (NMRR) was studied oil disperse systems. Dependences of NMR–relaxation parameters—spin–lattice T_1i, spin–spin T_2i relaxation times, proton populations P_1i and P_2i, and petrophysical correlations were received for light and heavy oils. Experimental results are interpreted on the base of structure-dynamical ordering of oil molecules with structure unit formation.     

PHENIX spin program,recent results

Acceleration of polarized protons in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) provides unique tool to study the spin structure of the nucleon. We give a brief overview of the PHENIX program to investigate poorly known gluon and flavor decomposed see quark polarization in the proton, utilizing polarized proton collisions at RHIC. We report PHENIX first results on transverse single-spin asymmetry inπ ⁰ and charged hadron production and longitudinal double-spin asymmetry inπ ⁰ production at mid-rapidity.     

Spin excitations in granular structures with ferromagnetic nanoparticles

Spin excitations and relaxation in a granular structure which contains metallic ferromagnetic nanoparticles in an insulating amorphous matrix are studied in the framework of the s-d exchange model. As the d system, we consider the granule spins, and the s system is represented by localized electrons in the amorphous matrix. In the one-loop approximation with respect to the s-d exchange interaction for a diagram expansion of the spin Green’s function, the spin excitation spectrum is found, which consists of spin-wave excitations in the granules and of polarized spin excitations. In polarized spin excitations, a change in the granule spin direction is accompanied by an electron transition with a spin flip between two sublevels of a split localized state in the matrix. We considered polarized spin relaxation (relaxation of the granule spins occurring by means of polarized spin excitations) determined by localized deep energy states in the matrix and the thermally activated electronic cloud of the granule. It is found that polarized spin relaxation is efficient over a wide frequency range. Estimates made for structures with cobalt granules showed that this relaxation could be observed in centimetric, millimetric, and submillimetric wavelength ranges.