黎开管非线热声效应的研究

基于能量守恒原理对Rijke管热声效应展开了理论分析,采用内外流场耦合法数值模拟了Rijke管自激励起振和饱和过程的声场特性,并开展了相应的实验研究.推导了Rijke管起振、饱和及高次谐波产生过程中的能量变化,分析了Rijke管非线性效应包括高次谐波和波形畸变的影响因素,提出了改变管口声阻抗可弱化非线性效应的方法.结果...     

黎开管振荡的简单理论

根据瑞利定性解释的黎开管振荡的机理,推出了黎开管的波动方程,并取得了严格解。基本要领是把黎开管看做两端开口的均匀管,其中有一点的温度较高。冷空气进入后,通过热点,密度突变,成为声源。据此列出的波动方程可严格求解,并求得黎开管振荡的特性。首先黎开管是反馈系统。热点在其节点或腹点部不发生反馈,也不产生振荡,热点位置决定有无反馈。黎开管振荡必须有气流,所产生的质点速度与气流平均速度成正比。热点温度决定反馈大小.温度低时,反馈基本不影响质点速度的大小,它小于平均速度,并和温度成正比。温度高时,反馈迅速增加。在另一方面,在刚加上温度或气流时,振荡的建立要靠反馈逐渐积累,所以很缓慢。但气流停止后,振荡立刻停止,与室内声场的建立和混响完全不同。如果用阀门或盖板在管的一端控制气流时,发声很有特色。     

Rijke管热声非线性不稳定增长过程的研究

本文分析了Rijke管热声不稳定性的非线性增长过程,通过流体力学中的三个基本守衡方程,得出了管内的声学量之间的关系,并通过采用热声相互作用的非线性关系式和管口声波的非线性反射条件,发展了一种可以计算出管内声波从小扰动增长到大振幅振动直到由于非线性效应的影响而停止增长的全过程的方法,最后实验验证了理论。     

Rijke管自激热声振荡的数值模拟

为了对热声不稳定的发生及控制机理进行研究,对Rijke管内的自激热声振荡现象进行了数值模拟。采用具有低频散低耗散特点的计算气动声学方法,对带有非线性热源项的声波方程进行数值求解,并比较了不同的热源模型及边界条件对非线性效应的影响。结果表明,计算气动声学方法可以成功捕捉到Rijke管内压力的起振过程,而且在速度扰动达到平均流速度的1/3时,振荡会由线性增长转为非线性增长,最终达到有限幅值极限循环。相比热源项,考虑管口辐射耗散的非线性边界条件在振荡幅值和频谱方面对结果的影响都比较小。数值模拟得到的结果与实验符合较好,表明计算气动声学方法适合于热声振荡问题的研究。     

Rijke管自激热声振荡的数值模拟

为了对热声不稳定的发生及控制机理进行研究,对Rijke管内的自激热声振荡现象进行了数值模拟。采用具有低频散低耗散特点的计算气动声学方法,对带有非线性热源项的声波方程进行数值求解,并比较了不同的热源模型及边界条件对非线性效应的影响。结果表明,计算气动声学方法可以成功捕捉到Rijke管内压力的起振过程,而且在速度扰动达到平均流速度的1/3时,振荡会由线性增长转为非线性增长,最终达到有限幅值极限循环。相比热源项,考虑管口辐射耗散的非线性边界条件在振荡幅值和频谱方面对结果的影响都比较小。数值模拟得到的结果与实验符合较好,表明计算气动声学方法适合于热声振荡问题的研究。     

Rijke管热声振荡的稳定性切换行为研究

采用数值方法模拟了强弱两种阻尼条件下传热迟滞时间对一维Rijke管热声系统稳定性的影响,发现Rijke管系统存在稳定性切换现象.在推导了无量纲形式的管内声波动量方程和能量方程之后,利用Galerkin方法对控制方程进行展开并在时间域内数值求解.分析了强阻尼和弱阻尼条件下,给定热源的Rijke管热声振荡的稳定性与传热迟滞时间的关系.结果显示:在两类阻尼条件下,持续增大传热与速度的迟滞时间,系统均呈现出稳定性切换现象,即系统在稳定和不稳定两个状态间持续转变;但弱阻尼系统的不稳定区域宽于强阻尼系统的不稳定区域,系统最大振幅相对增大,且系统热声振荡的主模态在不同模态之间发生转换.最后,通过求解系统各阶模态极限环幅值随传热迟滞时间的变化,发现Rijke管热声振荡稳定性切换现象与迟滞时间存在近似周期性关系.     

Reduced-order modelling of thermoacoustic instabilities in a two-heater Rijke tube

The topic of thermoacoustic instabilities in combustors is well-investigated, as it is important in the field of combustion, primarily in gas-turbine engines. In recent years, much attention has been focused on monitoring, diagnosis, prognosis, and control of high-amplitude pressure oscillations in confined combustion chambers. The Rijke tube is one of the most simple, yet very commonly used, laboratory apparatuses for emulation of thermoacoustic instabilities, which is also capable of capturing the physics of the thermally driven acoustics. A Rijke tube apparatus can be constructed with an electrical heater acting as the heat source, thus making it more flexible to operate and safer to handle than a fuel-burning Rijke tube or a fuel-fired combustor. Augmentation of the heat source of the Rijke tube with a secondary heater at a downstream location facilitates better control of thermoacoustic instabilities. Along this line, much work has been reported on the investigation of thermoacoustics by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling as well as reduced-order modelling for both single-heater and two-heater Rijke tube systems. However, since reduced-order models are often designed and built upon certain empirical relations, they may not account for the dynamic behaviour of the heater itself, which is a critical factor in the analysis and synthesis of real-time robust control systems. This issue is addressed in the current paper, where modifications have been made to existing models by incorporating heater dynamics. The model results are systematically validated with experimental data, generated from an in-house (electrically heated) Rijke tube apparatus.     

Self-oscillations in a Rijke tube with receiver positioning at its entrance

A mathematical model with lumped parameters of self-oscillations, self-excited in a Rijke tube with receiver positioning at its input, was obtained. The influence of electric heater capacity and the size of input volume (the receiver) on the conditions of self-excitation and the form of the considered self-oscillations was considered.     

Generation of harmonics in a Rijke tube by using a single heating element

There exist excitation positions in a Rijke tube in which a heating element may be placed to produce a harmonic of the tube. These positions can be predicted from Rayleigh's criterion. A formula is derived to calculate the positions of these points for the inth harmonic. A heating element, placed in both of the two possible positions of excitation, as predicted by this formula, successfully produced the second harmonic of a Rijke tube.     

行波热声发动机容腔管和反馈管的调相作用研究

带环形圈的热声发动机是一种新型的行波型热声发动机,由于能够在环形圈内回热器附近调制出行波相位,因此具有比驻波发动机更高的效率。环形圈的反馈管和180度弯管分别在系统中起着感和容的作用,在相位的调制过程中它们起着至关重要的作用,尤其是对于感的作用比较强的小型系统,它们的作用更加突出。该文通过计算,分析了小型行波热声系统中感和容对于回热器入口处和回热器中心位置处的压力波动和体积流率相位的调制作用,以及这种调制作用对于效率,压力波动的幅值的影响。     

A study of the transition to instability in a Rijke tube with axial temperature gradient

A horizontal Rijke tube with an electric heat source is a system convenient for studying the fundamental principles of thermoacoustic instabilities both experimentally and theoretically. Given the long history of the device, there is a surprising lack of accurate data defining its behavior. In this work, the main system parameters are varied in a quasi-steady fashion in order to find stability boundaries accurately. The chief purposes of this study are to obtain precise values of the system parameters at the transition to instability with specified uncertainties and to determine how well the experimental results can be explained with existing theory. Measurement errors are reported, and the influence of experimental procedures on the results is discussed. A form of hysteresis effect at stability boundaries has been observed. Mathematical modelling is based on a thermal analysis determining the temperature of the heater and the temperature field in the air inside the tube, which, consequently, affects acoustical mode shapes. Solutions of the linearized wave equation for a non-uniform medium, including losses and a heat source term, determine the stability properties of the eigen modes. Calculated results are compared with experimental data and with results of the modelling based on the common assumption of a constant temperature in the tube. The mathematical model developed here can be applied to designing thermal devices with low Mach number flows, where thermoacoustic issue is a concern.     

内外流场耦合法数值研究Rijke管声学特性

基于流体力学、传热学和声学研究成果,采用内外流场耦合建模的方法研究Rijke管脉动内流场,解决了大振幅驻波热声场管口边界条件的处理和出现数值发散的问题。从能量平衡的角度出发,提出非定常的热流量与声压、质点振速之间关系的假设。依靠自身参量,如气体的脉动压力、脉动流速和温度波动,来激发Rijke管振荡.模拟了Rijke管的声学特性,分析了Rijke管自激励振荡的机理。运用该模拟方法对不同尺寸、不同管口形状的Rijke管进行了数值实验,模拟结果与实验结果较好吻合,能捕捉Rijke管的管口声学特征量。     

Investigation on Rijke pipe＇s acoustic characteristics by numerical simulation： modeling the pulsing flow field coupled the inner of pipe with its outer space

Based on the results of fluid dynamics, heat transfer and acoustics, a Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD） method was utilized to study the acoustic characteristics and self-excited pulsation mechanism inside a Rijke pipe. To avoid settling the irrational boundary conditions of the finite-amplitude standing wave in the Rijke thermo-acoustic system, the simulation modeling in the flow field, which coupled the inner of pipe with its outer space, was carried out to replace the traditional way in form of internal flow field numerical investigations. A hypothesis for heat source in energy equation including the relationship on unsteady heat of air around heat source, oscillation pressure and oscillation velocity was presented. To reflect the essence of Rijke pipe, simulation on self-excited oscillation was conducted by means of its own pulsation of pressure, velocity and temperature. This method can make the convergence process steady and effectively avoid divergence. The physical phenomenon of the self-excited Rijke pipe was analyzed. Moreover, the mechanisms on the Rijke pipe＇s self-excited oscillation were explained. Based on this method, comparative researches on the acoustic characteristic of the Rijke pipe with different size and different shape of nozzle were performed. The simulation results agreed with the experimental data satisfactorily. The results show that this numerical simulation can be used to study the sound pressure of nozzle for the engineering application of Rijke pipes.     

Investigation on the optimal configuration design and discharge characteristics of the helicon plasma tube

Helicon discharge is characterized by its high ionization efficiency. In order to obtain the desired density, the configuration design of the helicon discharge tube is carried out, and the discharge characteristics are then studied to explore the correlation between the plasma parameters and the input discharge parameters. Finite‐length helicon discharge theory is employed to calculate the plasma resistance R _p, and then the optimal tube length L _s, the radius r _p, and the tube–antenna gap d are confirmed. The partial and energy loss mechanisms of the tube are investigated based on low‐pressure discharge particle collision theory. The results show that, for a 10‐cm‐long Nagoya III type antenna, with a tube radius of 4 cm and length of 20 cm, the R _p versus n _e curves have peak values at n _e higher than 10¹² cm⁻³ when the magnetic field intensity B ₀ ≥ 200 G. We find that a local minimum of P _loss exists when p ₀ is ∼1.5–3.0 mTorr; meanwhile, the radial confinement reduces T _e and P _loss at constant p ₀.     

Investigation of nonlinear characteristics of intensity limiters of high-power laser radiation

The problem of determining nonlinear-optical characteristics of working substances of limiters of high-power laser radiation is analyzed. A new method of simultaneous calculation of the beam-waist radius and nonlinear absorption coefficient from the Z-scan data is proposed. The value of nonlinear optical characteristics of ZnSe, porphyrin-graphene (Graphene-TPP), fullerene-graphene (Graphene-60), polyethylene oxide containing multilayer carbon nanotubes (PEO/MWNT), along with polymethine dyes PD-792 and PD-7098 and dicyanomethylene-pyran dyes DCM-627 and DCM-684, are obtained. Different working substances are compared for the first time under the same conditions by plotting output characteristics of laser-radiation limiters. The change of the laser-pulse shape after propagation through the limiters with different working substances is demonstrated.     

飞秒激光Z扫描技术研究CS_2的非线性特性

利用波长为800 nm的飞秒激光脉冲,通过Z扫描技术研究了CS2在不同光强下的非线性折射和非线性吸收特性发现,随着光强的增加,闭孔Z扫描透过率曲线发生了较大的轴向移位。分析结果表明:在低光强下,这种轴向移位源于双光子吸收的影响;而在高光强下,是双光子吸收和五阶非线性共同作用的结果。给出了决定五阶非线性存在与否的临界光强,以及非线性参量与轴向位移的关系。     

Rijke热声振荡的非线性效应

本文研究了Rjike管热声振荡的非线性效应,指出了引起非线性效应的两个因素,即热声相互作用的非线性和声波在管子末端的非线性辐射声阻,并通过计算声波振幅的增长率和实验分析声波的频谱,发现非线性效应限制了管内声波振幅的增长,并且导致了二次及高阶谐波的产生。     

Rijke热声不稳定性的有源控制

从理论上推导出一个确定带有控制系统的Rijke管的稳定性的条件,并研究了管中声模式的复本征频率与放大倍数和相移的关系。然后通过分析管末端声波反射条件的变化,阐述了有源控制热声不稳定性的机理。最后对有源控制进行了实验研究.该研究说明了起源于线性扰动(声学量级)的非线性的不稳定增长过程,可以用一个线性的小扰动去控制,使系统达到稳定.我们的理论与实验结果再一次证明了有源控制流体动力不稳定性的可能性。     

浮升力对管内水过冷流动沸腾传热特性的影响研究

基于已知的2087组水的过冷流动沸腾传热实验数据,通过努塞尔数(Nu)和格拉晓夫数(Gr)的关系探讨了不同流动方向和加热方式下浮升力对过冷流动沸腾传热性能的影响。对上壁面单边加热水平矩形管内过冷流动沸腾传热进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,向上的浮升力阻碍了气泡向流体中的扩散,使得传热恶化。在增加流速、增大压力和减小过冷度的条件下,Nu均随Gr增加,使过冷流动沸腾传热得到强化。     

二阶非线性热声理论模型研究

基于流体力学基本原理建立了热声系统的二维二阶理论模型,分析了由于系统中二阶物理量的存在所引发的非线性效应,讨论了热声系统中几个物理量由于非线性效应所带来的变化。最后,通过对该理论模型中流场方程的封闭性研究,简单分析了进行数值模拟计算的可行性。