数字光弹性相移法中全场等倾角和等差线相位

以径向受压圆盘为例,从弹性力学的角度详细分析了模型全场等倾角相位的情况,分析第一主应力的方向,在六步相移法的基础上提炼出圆盘全场等倾角相位和等差线的真实相位。采用有限元软件MARC与形函数拟合相结合的方法模拟径向受压圆环六步相移图和等差线相位图,可以推广到没有解析解或者解析解复杂的应力模型的光弹性实验模拟。通过径向受压圆盘实验验证了方法的可行性,实现光弹法中自动提取全场等差线的信息。     

Dynamic photoelasticity using TDI imaging

High-speed photographic systems are necessary for recording and visualization of dynamic events in stress analysis, fluid mechanics, etc. Current imaging systems are fairly expensive and generally not simple to use. Furthermore, most are based on photographic film recording systems requiring time consuming and tedious wet processing of the films. Recently, there is lot of interest in developing and modifying CCD architectures and recording arrangements for dynamic scene analysis. Herein we report the use of a CCD camera operating in the time delay and integration mode for digitally recording dynamic photoelastic stress patterns. Applications in strobe and streak photoelastic pattern recording and system limitations will be explained in the paper. In addition, a scheme for dynamic phase shifting using is also explained.     

固体介质中超声应力场的定量测量*

回顾了基于动态光弹技术的超声应力测量方法,分析了各方法的优缺点。优化了现有光弹系统的前端光路,提出了电控旋转偏振和自动判读技术,研制了高稳定性的动态光弹实验系统。利用Senarmont补偿法实现了高精度的应力测量。多次重复测量结果表明,该系统测量结果的相对标准偏差小于1%。光弹测量数据与电测结果相比,其相似系数为99.95%,显著性水平小于0.001,证明了测量结果的可靠性。     

基于斯托克斯参量的光弹性应力分布及成像方法研究

提出了一种基于斯托克斯参量测量的实时光弹性应力测量及其成像的新方法,对该方法的原理及参量测量方法进行了深入研究。根据分振幅斯托克斯参量测量原理设计一个实验系统,利用Equator-Poles(E-P)法定标系统,采用4个性能一致的光电探测器实现光束斯托克斯参量的快速实时测量。用实验系统测量单色平面偏振光通过光弹性样品后的斯托克斯参量,求得出射与入射偏振光的相位延迟量,再求得样品的应力值。运用该方法对有应力分布的平板玻璃和轴向受压有机玻璃进行测量并扫描成像,得到它们的应力分布图像。结果表明,该方法能够准确、快速和无损地测量光弹性样品任意位置的应力,实现对应力的实时测量。     

实时确定光弹性参数的积分相移法

积分相移法可以实时测量光弹性参数,在光弹性实验的某些变载测试中将有一定的发展潜力。推导了积分相移法三种典型算法,通过对径压缩圆盘问题的理论仿真模拟,考察了载荷变化对积分相移法的影响,给出了降低这种影响的具体措施。     

Improved determination of retardation in digital photoelasticity by load stepping

Use of phase shifting has revolutionized the acquisition of photoelastic data. Even since its introduction, various researchers have improved the methodology. In phase shifting the problem of ambiguity exists in the sign of fractional retardation in some zones of the model. This has been overcome with the development of load stepping. However, the conventional approach to data processing in load stepping introduces several noise points in the phase map. In this paper a new methodology for data reduction in load stepping, which removes the noise points in the domain is presented. Results from four- and six-step algorithms are analyzed. A normalization scheme to improve the results has been proposed. A comparative study has also been carried out on the evaluation of phase map by phase shifting, load stepping and the new methodology.     

基于移相法的光学玻璃应力等倾角全场数字化测量

提出了一种用四步移相法实现光学玻璃应力等倾角全场数字化测量的方法。用数码相机拍摄椭圆偏振光场转过不同角度时的四幅出射光强图像,根据移相法的原理计算出在0°～90°范围内的等倾角β。通过对具有典型应力分布的光学玻璃进行实验验证表明,计算结果与实际情况相符。     

残余应力对光弹实验中超声图像的干扰分析

动态光弹成像技术是观测固体内部超声应力场的重要手段,然而样品在制作过程中会产生残余应力,给观测带来一定干扰,特别是缺陷附近的应力集中效应,使得缺陷散射声场的研究更为困难。本文利用线性应力理论分析了超声应力与残余应力的相互关系,并推导出该叠加应力场在光弹系统中的光强表达式,通过实验验证,证明了该理论的可行性。本文结果可为应力集中区域的散射声场分析提供借鉴。     

Full field automated evaluation of the quarter wave plate retardation by phase stepping technique

Quarter wave plates are optical elements commonly used in photoelasticity to obtain circularly polarized light. They divide the incident light field into two linearly polarized orthogonal components with a phase difference of a quarter of the light wavelength. Due to the tolerance in manufacturing, however, the actual phase shifting produced by the plates is affected by an error, which noticeably influences the photoelastic measurements performed by means of various automated methods. This paper presents a technique, based on the phase stepping method, for the full field automatic evaluation of the quarter wave plate error.     

用图像运算技术对光弹性条纹进行倍增

在光弹应力分析中,利用分数级条纹可以提高分析精度,于是,产生分数级条纹的方法研究就变得非常重要。利用图像处理技术,首先采集一幅图像,然后通过对这幅图像的算术运算就可以产生分数级条纹。给出了详细的理论分析,并进行实验。利用本文方法,在两条整数级条纹之间,可以相继产生７条分数级条纹。     

A temporal phase unwrapping algorithm for photoelastic stress analysis

Photoelastic stress analysis is a full-field optical technique for experimental stress analysis whose automation has received considerable research attention over the last 15 years. The latest developments have been made possible largely due to the availability of powerful calculators with large memory capacity and colour, high resolution, cameras. A further stimulus is provided by the photoelastic resins now used for rapid prototyping. However, one critical aspect which still deserves attention is phase unwrapping. The algorithms most commonly used for this purpose have been developed in other scientific areas (classical interferometry, profilometry, moiré, etc.) for solving different problems. In this article a new algorithm is proposed for temporal phase unwrapping, which offers several advantages over those used today.     

Sensitivity of isoclinic data using various phase shifting techniques in digital photoelasticity towards generalized error sources

Photoelasticity is a whole field experimental technique to obtain stress fields in both 2-D and 3-D elasticity problems. The accuracy of parameter evaluation by digital photoelastic techniques depends on the choice of the optical arrangements for parameter estimation, the inherent error in optical elements and any misalignments introduced during experimentation. A generic approach to simulation of error in digital photoelasticity by Jones calculus is presented in this paper. Of late it has been shown that the quarter-wave plate mismatch error is varying and is not a constant value. The present simulation accounts for inherent variable error in quarter-wave plates and also accommodates the error arising due to the optical misalignment of the various optical elements. The applicability of the new methodology is shown for different phase shifting techniques. A comparative study among various techniques is done regarding sensitivity to general error sources and it is found that the ten-step method is the least sensitive among them all. Therefore usage of the ten-step method is thus recommended while using manual polariscope for digital photoelastic applications.     

Relaxation of piezobirefringence in triglycine sulfate crystals

The effect of photoelastic relaxation is investigated using triglycine sulfate ferroelectric crystals as an example. The optical and deformation contributions to the photoelastic relaxation are described, and their percentage in the combined effect is determined. Consideration is given to the temperature dependences of the relaxation amplitudes of the path difference and birefringence, which are induced by mechanical stress.     

Review of RGB photoelasticity

Automatic methods of photoelasticity have had a significant progress with the development of automatic acquisition and image processing methods. This article concerns RGB photoelasticity, which allows the determination of the photoelastic retardation using, usually, a single acquisition of the isochromatic fringes in white light by a colour camera. In particular, the article presents an overview of the main characteristics of RGB photoelasticity that is influence of the quarter-wave plate error, number of acquisitions, type of light source, determination of low and high fringe orders, methods for searching the retardation, scanning procedures, calibration on a material different from that under test, combined use of the RGB and phase shifting methods. A short section on the applications of RGB photoelasticity completes the article.     

Real-time phase-shift ing techniques for determining the photoelastic parameters: a theoretical comparison

Among data acquisition techniques in digital photoelasticity, the integrated phase shifting technique (IPST) can real-time analyze the photoelastic parameters at a video rate of the high speed CCD camera. In this paper, fourteen algorithms are described by different configurations of the rotating an analyzer at a constant rate and an output quarter-wave plate at another constant rate. The theoretical comparisons of the algorithms are given by the simulated phase distributions of the isochromatic and isoclinic parameters of the disk under two cases that the load keeps unchangeable or linearly increasing in exposure time of the camera. Then a guideline is given to alleviate the influence of the load changing with time on the IPST.     

A numerical comparison of real-time phase-shifting algorithms

Among data acquisition techniques in digital photoelasticity, the integrated phase shifting technique (IPST) can real-time analyze the photoelastic parameters at a video rate of the high speed CCD camera. In this paper, fourteen algorithms are described by different configurations of the rotating an analyzer at a constant rate and an output quarter-wave plate at another constant rate. The theoretical comparisons of the algorithms are given by the simulated phase distributions of the isochromatic and isoclinic parameters of the disk under two cases that the load keeps unchangeable or linear increasing in exposure time of the camera. Then a guideline is given to alleviate the influence of the load changing with time on the IPST.     

Whole field evaluation of stress components in digital photoelasticity—Issues, implementation and application

In photoelasticity, the method of obtaining the individual values of principal stresses/normal stresses separately is referred to as stress separation. Shear difference is one of the widely used techniques for stress separation in photoelasticity and one needs the value of fringe order and the isoclinic angle free of noise at every pixel over the domain. For accurate parameter determination, a ten-step phase shifting approach which uses a plane polariscope for isoclinic determination and a circular polariscope for isochromatic determination is proposed. A new quality guided approach for isoclinic unwrapping is developed. Isochromatic phasemap free of ambiguous zones is obtained by a new methodology and is unwrapped by a quality-guided approach. Whole field evaluation of stress components and its representation is then presented. The models used in this study are intentionally subjected to moderate loads showing a high level of isochromatic–isoclinic interaction. In view of this, the isoclinic data has several kinks which is found to cause streak formation in the whole field representation of separated stress components. An outlier smoothing algorithm is proposed for getting a smooth variation of the digital photoelastic parameters over the domain. Use of such smoothed data for stress separation has removed the streaks and has also greatly improved the accuracy of the separated stress components.     

相移法获取三维光弹特征相位差的方法

对于三维光弹模型,次主应力及其方向沿入射光连续变化,根据光学等效的原理,可以将三维光弹模型等效为一个包含线性相位延迟器和旋光器的光学模型。在集成光弹法中,对于每一个测量点,研究者必需通过实验获取三个特征参数。提出了一种用于确定集成光弹中全场特征相位差的五步相移法,给出了偏振光场中元器件的设置方法,并运用Jones算子推导出相移法得出的光强公式。最后使用斜射法对径向受压圆盘进行实验,验证了方法的有效性。     

Linear least squares approach for evaluating crack tip fracture parameters using isochromatic and isoclinic data from digital photoelasticity

In this work, digital photoelasticity technique is used to estimate the crack tip fracture parameters for different crack configurations. Conventionally, only isochromatic data surrounding the crack tip is used for SIF estimation, but with the advent of digital photoelasticity, pixel-wise availability of both isoclinic and isochromatic data could be exploited for SIF estimation in a novel way. A linear least square approach is proposed to estimate the mixed-mode crack tip fracture parameters by solving the multi-parameter stress field equation. The stress intensity factor (SIF) is extracted from those estimated fracture parameters. The isochromatic and isoclinic data around the crack tip is estimated using the ten‐step phase shifting technique. To get the unwrapped data, the adaptive quality guided phase unwrapping algorithm (AQGPU) has been used. The mixed mode fracture parameters, especially SIF are estimated for specimen configurations like single edge notch (SEN), center crack and straight crack ahead of inclusion using the proposed algorithm. The experimental SIF values estimated using the proposed method are compared with analytical/finite element analysis (FEA) results, and are found to be in good agreement.     

Determination of residual stresses using hole drilling and digital speckle pattern interferometry with automated data analysis

A digital speckle pattern interferometry and hole drilling combined system is developed to determine the magnitude of the residual stress in a aluminum thin plate subjected to an uniform uniaxial tensile load. Performing automated fringe analysis, the optical data contained in the speckle interferograms are quickly converted into values of residual stress. The evaluation is carried out through the measurement of the in-plane displacement field generated by the introduction of the small hole. The displacement field is determined from the calculation of the optical phase distribution by means of a phase shifting method. The magnitude of the residual stress is finally evaluated through a least-squares calculation and compared with the stress value applied to the specimen.