Cosmic microwave background radiation anisotropies and data analysis

The theory of generation of CMBR temperature and polarization fluctuations is briefly reviewed. Also discussed is the present status of observations and the nature of future surveys.     

微波射频场在微波管中产生爆炸电子发射特性初步分析

对微波射频场在微波管内引起的场致发射和爆炸电子发射及等离子体的产生进行了分析,推导了等离子体产生强度与微波振幅、材料的电阻率、热传导系数、质量密度和比热容之间的关系,得到了晶须温度分布的表达式,通过数值解析的方式总结出在远大于微波周期的时间尺度上晶须温度提高随时间线性上升。在模型所述材料特性下,温度的上升率达到了3.22×1010 ℃/s,在100 ns量级就可以使晶须发生气化形成等离子体。     

Accuracy and robustness of three-way decomposition applied to NMR data

Three-way decomposition is a very versatile analysis tool with applications in a variety of protein NMR fields. It has been used to extract structural data from 3D NOESYs, to determine relaxation rates in large proteins, to identify ligand binding in screening for lead compounds, and to complement non-uniformly recorded (sparse) spectra. All applications so far concerned experimental data sets; it thus remains to address questions of accuracy and robustness of the method using simulated data where the correct answer is known. Systematic tests are presented for relaxation and NOESY data sets. Mixtures of real and synthetic data are used to allow control of various parameters and comparisons with correct reference data, while working with input that is as realistic as possible. The influence of the following parameters is evaluated: signal-to-noise, overlap of signals and the use of a regularization procedure within the algorithm. The main criteria used for the evaluation are accuracy and precision. It is shown that deterioration of accuracy is indicated by internal checks such as decrease of precision. Both with relaxation data and when interpreting NOESY spectra, three-way decomposition exhibits a robust behavior in situations with severe signal overlap and/or poor signal-to-noise, e.g., by avoiding false positives in the NOE shapes of NOESY decompositions. As a complement to this study, three-way decomposition is compared to other methods that achieve the same type of results.     

Chemiluminescence in the thermal decomposition of dicumyl peroxide

Chemiluminescence accompanying the dicumyl peroxide decomposition in cumene and tetraline with different content of tetralyl hydroperoxide has been studied under nitrogen at 140°C. Simultaneously, the main reaction products of dicumyl peroxide decomposition have been determined chromatographically. Chemiluminescence intensity is proportional to the square root of dicumyl peroxide concentration in the system. Chemiluminescence intensity increases with increasing concentration of tetraline in cumene and also with increasing concentration of tetralyl hydroperoxide. The amount of acetophenone formed decreases. The various elementary processes responsible for the chemiluminescence are suggested.     

Non-linear photoconductive response of room temperature InSb to high intensity 5.3 μm radiation

The photoconductive response of an ORP10 InSb detector has been found to be dependent on the cube root of illuminating intensity for high levels of irradiation at 5.3 m. The limiting power for a linear response (1 W) is consistent with the predictions of a theory developed by Moss for a high mobility semiconductor.     

Ultrasonic radiation to enable improvement of direct methanol fuel cell

To improve DMFC (direct methanol fuel cell) performance, a new method using ultrasonic radiation is proposed and a novel DMFC structure is designed and fabricated in the present paper. Three ultrasonic transducers (piezoelectric transducer, PZT) are integrated in the flow field plate to form the ultrasonic field in the liquid fuel. Ultrasonic frequency, acoustic power, and methanol concentration have been considered as variables in the experiments. With the help of ultrasonic radiation, the maximum output power and limiting current of cell can be independently increased by 30.73% and 40.54%, respectively. The best performance of DMFC is obtained at the condition of ultrasonic radiation (30 kHz and 4 W) fed with 2 M methanol solution, because both its limiting current and output power reach their maximum value simultaneously (222 mA and 33.6 mW, respectively) under this condition. These results conclude that ultrasonic can be an alternative choice for improving the cell performance, and can facilitate a guideline for the optimization of DMFC.     

A new adaptive subband decomposition approach for automatic analysis of NMR data

This paper presents a non-iterative, fast, and almost automated time-data analysis method for NMR spectroscopy, based on a new adaptive implementation of high resolution methods used in spectral subbands. It is intended to avoid the choice of the decimation factor (or the width of the spectral windows) which, in the case of a uniform decomposition, strongly conditions the estimation results, and to diminish the computational burden. It is achieved through successive decimation/estimation stages each followed by a test procedure in order to decide whether or not the process should continue. The proposed test is based on a local spectral flatness measure of the estimation residuals. This stop-criterion involves an a posteriori validation of the estimation, thus the method proposed allows one to obtain a better detection rate at a lower complexity comparatively to other stopping rules, while preserving a reasonable estimation variance. Moreover, the reliability of the fitting algorithms considered is improved, by decreasing the influence of the model order and the number of false detections. Finally, the method is more efficient than Fourier transform (FT) at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by analyzing a simulation signal and raw carbon-13 experimental data.     

Elastic response to temperature variations in granular media: A phenomenological analysis

The purpose of this work is to discuss a methodology for the interpretation of experimental data and its application, in the context of thermo-elasto-dynamics, to the investigation of the time dependence of variables, such as the resonance frequency of a consolidated granular sample, subjected to various protocols of varying temperature. An analytical equation is deduced, which fits extremely well the experimental curves and has the expected asymptotic behavior of the dependent variable. It also predicts the observed asymmetry in the response to the sign of the temperature variation.     

The adsorption and decomposition of methanol on tungsten. II

A clean tungsten filament adsorbs methanol rapidly at room temperature, the initial sticking probability being 0.8. At saturation, the composition of the adsorbed layer is roughly CO:H = 1:1 and it is suggested that the hydrogen may be in the form of a surface complex. The continuous decomposition of methanol by the hot filament under steady-state conditions, or when the filament had been previously oxygenated, followed a different course from that previously reported for the newly-cleaned filament. Rather than a rapid rise in the rate of decomposition (to CO + H₂) for 600 < T_fil < 1300 K to a high plateau above 1300 K, decompositon to formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and methane was observed. The rates at which these products appeared passed through low maxima between 900 and 1100 K. The change in the relative importance of formaldehyde and carbon monoxide production with filament temperature within this range is attributed to a temperature-dependent life-time of formaldehyde molecules on the oxygenated surface. At the highest temperature (> 1500 K) the reactivity increased rapidly to join that of the clean surface, probably due to the desorption of surface oxygen.     

建筑物对微波脉冲响应仿真与实验

建立了微波脉冲在建筑物内传播、反射及透射过程的3维仿真模型,提取了空间电场时域最大值进行统计分析。分析表明：不同入射角窄带调制方波脉冲激励下,场增强区域大小与微波通过窗户和门能直接照射到的区域大小呈正比,窗户的大小对建筑物内空间场强增强区域的大小有显著影响;同时在微波脉冲的传播方向上,窗沿后的区域场强幅值明显减小;脉冲宽度对建筑物内空间场强增强区域的大小及空间场强最大值影响很小;无上升下降沿的窄带调制方波脉冲激励下,空间电场叠加增强效应更强。测量了微波脉冲辐照下,建筑物内空间功率密度分布,验证了仿真结果。     

NMR investigation of water and methanol mobility in nanocomposite fuel cell membranes

Water and methanol transport behavior, morphology, and solvent adsorption of filler-free Nafion membrane, Nafion–SiO₂, Nafion–TiO₂, and two Nafion–Zr(HPO₄)₂ composites were investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance methods, including spin-lattice relaxation and pulsed-field-gradient spin-echo diffusion conducted under both variable temperature and variable hydrostatic pressure conditions and scanning electron microscopy analysis. A comparison between water and methanol self-diffusion coefficients reveals that the water mobility is higher than the methanol mobility in all the membranes. Additionally, the inclusion of inorganic fillers improves both the solvent uptakes and the transport properties of the composite membranes relative to filler-free Nafion, with the exception of one of the Nafion–Zr(HPO₄)₂ composite. Nafion–Zr(HPO₄)₂ composites were prepared by two different procedures, in situ and ex situ. Although phosphorus-31 magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra show the same structures of the particles in both kinds of membranes, the morphology, solvent absorption properties, and solvent mobilities are very different. Paper presented at the 11th EuroConference on the Science and Technology of Ionics, Batz-sur Mer, Sept. 9–15, 2007.     

Proton NMR in CeNiInH0.53 down to liquid helium temperature

The NMR probe and the matching network has been designed for the¹H NMR study in CeNiInH_0.53 down to liquid helium temperature using Bruker MSL 100 spectrometer. NMR line-shape measurement shows the absence of any signature of proton pairing in CeNiInH_0.53 down to 3.86 K, as it was observed for high hydrogen concentration. The measurement of the spin-lattice relaxation time in the temperature range 300–20K reveals that the relaxation rate is mainly governed by the Korringa-type relaxation mechanism.     

蒙特卡罗采样法辐射温度测量不确定度分析

确定了影响辐射温度测量的软X光能谱仪各种光学元件、电子器件的不确定度及还原算法等不确定度来源。建立了基于蒙特卡罗随机采样的不确定度分析方法,获得了各种不确定度综合影响下的辐射温度不确定度。通过单独对谱仪各个探测通道时间对齐进行的分析,显示这一因素对辐射温度不确定度有较大影响。     

遗迹引力波对宇宙微波背景辐射极化的影响

根据宇宙大爆炸理论的预言,宇宙经历了由暴涨阶段到辐射阶段到物质阶段再到如今的加速膨胀阶段.在辐射阶段所残留的退耦的自由光子便形成了现在人们所观测到的宇宙微波背景辐射.如果没有扰动,微波背景辐射将是各向同性的,但是在宇宙形成的初期存在各种各样的扰动,因此宇宙微波背景辐射呈现各向异性.针对由遗迹引力波对微波背景辐射极化所产生的各向异性的影响,重点讨论电场型极化和磁场型极化. 关键词： 遗迹引力波 微波背景辐射 极化各向异性     

Low temperature solid-state NMR experiments of half-integer quadrupolar nuclides: caveats and data analysis

Solid-state NMR spectroscopy of half-integer quadrupolar nuclides has received a lot of interest recently with the advent of new methodologies and higher magnetic fields. We present here the extension of our previous low temperature method to an 18.8T system. This new probe entailed a total redesign including a cross coil and variable capacitors that are operational at cryogenic temperatures. The limitations to sensitivity are also discussed; including a new diode network, the utilization of a cryogenic band pass filter, and the consequences of the RF profiles of the coil. Further, details of the spectroscopy of quadrupolar nuclei in a protein are discussed, such as the observation of the outer transitions and how to distinguish them from the desired +/-1/2 transition.     

辐射换热对冷冻靶温度影响的数值分析

为了研究辐射换热对惯性约束聚变间接驱动靶系统的温度场影响,建立了带有辐射屏蔽罩的冷冻靶系统数值计算模型,利用FLUENT软件的离散坐标辐射模型分析了系统的辐射换热,并对影响辐射换热的相关结构和参数进行了模拟优化。结果表明：采用双层屏蔽罩、减小屏蔽罩的发射率、增大屏蔽罩的散射分数和金腔的吸收率、增设暴风窗,均可有效减小靶丸与外界的辐射换热,从而改善靶丸表面的温度均匀性。     

辐射换热对冷冻靶温度影响的数值分析

为了研究辐射换热对惯性约束聚变间接驱动靶系统的温度场影响,建立了带有辐射屏蔽罩的冷冻靶系统数值计算模型,利用FLUENT软件的离散坐标辐射模型分析了系统的辐射换热,并对影响辐射换热的相关结构和参数进行了模拟优化。结果表明:采用双层屏蔽罩、减小屏蔽罩的发射率、增大屏蔽罩的散射分数和金腔的吸收率、增设暴风窗,均可有效减小靶丸与外界的辐射换热,从而改善靶丸表面的温度均匀性。     

基于Verilog-A模型的同轴电缆X射线响应电路仿真

针对核爆炸对电子系统中同轴电缆产生的系统电磁脉冲效应数值计算效率低的问题,分析了同轴电缆的在核爆脉冲X射线辐照下的电学行为,建立了同轴电缆的Verilog-A等效模型,并以SPICE模型为基础构建了核爆环境下同轴电缆系统电磁脉冲效应的电路计算模型,该电路模型与传统数值模型相比,计算速率显著提高,同时该模型还可扩展用于同轴电缆两端连接半导体器件及功能电路的电子系统仿真。