高温、高压、高应变速率动态过程晶体塑性有限元理论模型及其应用

对于高温、高压、高应变速率加载条件下的材料冲击变形行为,动态晶体塑性模型能够直接反映晶体中塑性滑移的各向异性及其对温度、压力和微观组织结构的依赖性,因而广泛应用于材料的动态冲击力学响应、微观结构演化以及动态损伤破坏的模拟。本文综述了高压冲击下动态晶体塑性有限元的理论模型,主要包括变形运动学、包含状态方程的超弹性本构模型和晶体塑性本构模型,涉及位错滑移、相变、孪生等塑性变形机制,以及层裂、绝热剪切带等动态破坏方式。     

孪晶对Be材料冲击加-卸载动力学影响的数值模拟研究

在高压、高应变率加载条件下,孪晶变形对材料的塑性变形具有重要的贡献,而目前孪晶对金属材料的动态屈服强度、冲击响应等的影响还没有被充分揭示.为此,本文考虑孪晶变形和晶粒碎化,针对铍(Be)材料在高应变率加载下的动态力学响应发展了含孪晶的热弹-黏塑性晶体塑性模型.经过和实验结果的对比,发现该模型可以更准确地预测Be材料在动态加载下,尤其是高压动态加载下的屈服强度.进一步,基于该塑性模型研究了Be材料在冲击加载下的准弹性卸载行为,结果表明剪切波速随着压力和剪应变的变化而发生变化是材料产生准弹性卸载现象的主要原因.此外,研究了冲击波卸载过程中Be材料孪晶的演化过程,发现Be材料卸载过程中也伴随着孪晶的产生.     

高压、高应变率与低压、高应变率实验的本构关联性

 指出Johnson-Cook（J-C）、Zerilli-Armstrong（Z-A）、Bodner-Parton（B-P）本构方程在一定条件下的适用性,表明对于低压、高应变率实验,单一曲线假定似乎可以采用。通过等效应力、等效应变,可以将不同应力状态下的流动应力函数采用统一的方程描述。然而,这些本构方程的确立,并不包括平面冲击波实验。对适合于平面冲击波实验的Steinberg-Cochran-Guinan（SCG）本构方程,讨论了其方程中所包含的高压与高应变率耦合效应。指出,以剪切模量度量的流动应力具有应变率相关性。基于温度效应的新发现以及直接测量平面冲击波流动应力的新进展,分别用J-C本构及SCG本构方程估算了钨材料在高压、高应变率加载下的流动应力。结果表明,采用J-C本构估算的流动应力仅在压力为10 GPa以下才能与实验数据相近,当压力高于10 GPa时,流动应力只能采用SCG本构估算。也指出了高压、高应变率本构方程与低压、高应变率本构方程所对应的不同物理背景。     

金属材料再加载“准弹性”响应的实验验证

 用波反射法设计了一维应变冲击实验，由时间分辨VISAR系统（Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflection）测量了镁铝合金的冲击-再加载速度波剖面。结果显示，在排除窗口反射稀疏波的情况下，从24 GPa冲击态开始的再加载存在明显的“准弹性”响应，证实了Asay等报道的二次压缩“准弹性”响应是材料本征特性。并对金属材料高压本构参量实验测量的关键技术进行了探讨。     

基于大型激光装置的材料塑性变形行为微介观研究进展

微介观尺度下材料结构的实时演化行为是决定其动态力学性能的关键因素。大型激光装置作为集加载和诊断能力为一体的综合实验平台,为高温、高压、高应变率等极端条件下材料动态力学性能的微介观尺度研究提供了重要支撑。随着激光功率密度和脉冲整形能力的不断提升,实验所能探索的压力（101～103 GPa）及应变率（106～1010 s?1）范围不断突破;而利用激光打靶产生的高亮X射线脉冲作为探测源,建立动态衍射和成像技术,可以实现高空间和时间分辨率下材料塑性变形机制的实时原位研究。简要介绍了基于大型激光装置的原位微介观实验技术及其在材料塑性变形行为研究中的应用,系统梳理了近二十年来具有代表性的研究成果,阐明了相关研究对推动材料动态响应多尺度物理建模的重要价值。     

Forced response of FRP sandwich panels with viscoelastic materials

In this paper a new analytical model is presented that accurately predicts the forced response of fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) sandwich plates subjected to transverse applied loads. It is based on Reddy's refined high order shear deformation theory and offers the feasibility of accounting for the viscoelastic properties of the constitutive materials without restriction to the steady state motion. This is achieved by modelling the viscoelastic behaviour of the constitutive materials using the Golla Hughes McTavish mathematical tool. Validation of the new approach is achieved by comparing results under harmonic loading conditions against data obtained using the proposed new analytical model. Subsequently, predicted responses for a given FRP sandwich plate under various transverse applied loads are presented. The results outline the importance of being able to account for the viscoelastic properties of the constitutive materials when modelling the dynamic behaviour of sandwich structures.     

Nonequilibrium processes in condensed media: Part 1. Experimental studies in light of nonlocal transport theory

Based on experimental research in shock loading of solid-state materials it is shown that among the important dynamic characteristics of the process, like spatial-temporal mass velocity profiles of shock waves, are the mass velocity variation, velocity defect, and structural instability threshold recorded in real time. Analysis of these characteristics depending on the strain rate, target thickness, and structural state of material demonstrates that conventional approaches of continuum mechanics fail to provide their adequate interpretation and simulation of shock wave processes. A new concept of shock wave processes in condensed media is proposed. The concept, being based on nonlocal nonequilibrium transport theory, allows describing the transition from elastic to hydrodynamic response of a medium depending on the loading rate and time. A nonstationary elastoplastic wave model is proposed for describing the relaxation of an elastic precursor and formation of a retarded plastic front during the wave propagation in a medium with regard to structural evolution. Analysis of the experimental data shows that the division of stresses and strains into elastic and plastic components is incorrect for shock loading.     

冲击载荷下混凝土本构模型构建研究

 在对混凝土动态力学性能和现有本构模型综合分析的基础上,构建了一个新的适用于冲击响应问题数值分析的混凝土本构模型。该本构模型全面考虑了压力、应力第三不变量、变形的硬化和软化、应变率强化以及拉伸损伤等各个影响因素。将其加入LTZ-2D程序,确定了本构模型参数,对混凝土靶板的穿透问题进行了数值验证分析。计算得到的弹体剩余速度同实验结果基本一致,同时得到了混凝土靶板破裂的计算图像。计算结果及其分析表明,所构建的本构模型能够较好地反映冲击载荷作用下混凝土动态响应的主要特性。     

平面冲击波压缩下氧化铝陶瓷的动态强度

 简述了一维应变压缩条件下的材料动态强度表征,指出了静水压力和高应变率效应的强度影响。基于Drucker-Prager屈服准则,提出了Hugoniot弹性极限表征的修正形式。进行了氧化铝陶瓷平板撞击实验,采用VISAR测试了氧化铝陶瓷样品的自由面质点速度历程,讨论了氧化铝陶瓷动态压缩强度的测定和存在的问题,对实验现象进行了一定的探讨。结果表明,材料动态强度的表征与实验测定之间存在相当大的差距。     

Dynamic Tensile Behavior and Fracture Mechanism of Polymer Composites Embedded with Tetraneedle-Shaped ZnO Nanowhiskers

Dynamic tensile properties of glass-fiber polymer composites embedded with ZnO nanowhiskers are investigated by a split Hopkinson tensile bar. The stress-strain curves, ultimate strength, failure strain and elastic modulus are obtained and the failure mechanism of the composites is investigated by the macroscopic and microscopic observation of fractured specimens. The strain rate effect on the mechanical behavior is discussed and a constitutive model is derived by simulating the experimental data. The experimental results show that the materials have an obvious non-linear constitutive relation and strain rate strengthening effect. The composites with ZnO nanowhiskers under dynamic loading have various failure modes and better mechanical properties.     

含微孔洞脆性材料的冲击响应特性与介观演化机制

微孔洞显著地影响着脆性材料的冲击响应,理解其介观演化机制和宏观响应规律将使微孔洞有利于而无害于脆性材料的工程应用.通过建立能够准确表现材料弹性性质和断裂演化的格点-弹簧模型,本文揭示了孔洞的演化对于脆性材料的影响.冲击下孔洞导致的塌缩变形和从孔洞发射的剪切裂纹所导致的滑移变形产生了显著的应力松弛,并调制了冲击波的传播.在多孔脆性材料中,冲击波逐渐展宽为弹性波和变形波.变形波在宏观上类似于延性金属材料的塑性波,在介观上对应于塌缩变形和滑移变形过程.样品中的气孔率决定了脆性材料的弹性极限,气孔率和冲击应力共同影响着变形波的传播速度和冲击终态的应力幅值.含微孔洞脆性材料在冲击波复杂加载实验、功能材料失效的预防、建筑物防护等方面具有潜在的应用价值.所获得的冲击响应规律有助于针对特定应用优化设计脆性材料的冲击响应和动态力学性能.     

无氧铜动态卸载行为的数值模拟

 分别利用Johnson-Cook（JC）本构模型和Steinberg-Cochran-Guinan（SCG）本构模型对无氧铜在10~20 GPa冲击压力下的卸载过程进行了数值模拟,与冲击-卸载实验结果比较表明,在这样的冲击压力下无氧铜的应变率效应仍然明显,JC模型对无氧铜的动态卸载行为有较好的描述。     

钢纤维混凝土板在冲击与爆炸荷载下的K&C模型

钢纤维混凝土(Steel fiber reinforced concrete,SFRC)具有优异的延性、韧性及能量吸收能力,被广泛应用于各类防护结构。K&C模型已成为研究普通混凝土构件动力响应的常用材料模型,但仍无法准确表征SFRC的动力特性。为了提高K&C模型在冲击及爆炸荷载作用下预测SFRC板动力响应的能力,对K&C模型进行了改进:基于大量三轴压缩实验数据,建立了新的失效强度面参数模型;采用反复试验法,建立了新的损伤演化模型,并校准了拉、压损伤参数;基于大量高应变率下SFRC的单轴压缩实验数据,建立了新的受压动力增强因子模型。通过LS-DYNA显式有限元动力分析软件模拟了SFRC板的动力响应,模拟结果验证了上述改进的有效性与可靠性。     

层错四面体对单晶铜层裂行为影响的分子动力学研究

层错四面体是一种典型的三维空位型缺陷,广泛存在于受辐照后的面心立方金属材料中,对材料的力学性能有显著的影响.目前,关于层错四面体对辐照材料层裂行为的影响还缺乏深入系统的研究.本文使用分子动力学方法模拟了含有层错四面体的单晶铜在不同冲击速度下的层裂行为,对整个冲击过程中的自由表面速度及微结构演化等进行了深入的分析.研究发现,层错四面体在冲击波作用下会发生坍塌,并进一步诱导材料产生位错、层错等缺陷.在中低速度加载下,层错四面体坍塌引起的缺陷快速向周围扩展,为孔洞提供了更宽的形核区域,促进了孔洞的异质成核,造成材料层裂强度大幅度减小.当冲击速度较高时,层错四面体坍塌导致的局部缺陷对材料的层裂强度不再有明显影响.     

高导无氧铜的高压与高应变率本构模型研究

基于Y/G及G/B为常数的假设,构建了高导无氧铜的七种高压与高应变率本构模型.对于高导无氧铜进行了平面冲击波试验,采用纵向与横向锰铜应力计记录了试件中的纵向与横向应力,从而得到了屈服应力历史.用所构建的七种本构模型进行了数值模拟,并与高导无氧铜的平面冲击波试验结果进行比较.结果表明,平面冲击波载荷下高导无氧铜的屈服强度对于压力、密度、温度以及塑性应变的依赖性是本构描述的关键.而由Hopkinson试验取得的高导无氧铜高应变率本构模型,并不适合描述平面冲击波载荷下的本构特性. 关键词： 本构模型 高导无氧铜 平面冲击波试验 锰铜应力计     

Computer simulation of the relation between mechanical behavior and structural evolution of oxide ceramics under dynamic loading

Computer simulation is used to investigate the deformation and damage processes taking place in brittle porous oxide ceramics under intense dynamic loading. The pore structure is shown to substantially affect the size of the fragments and the strength of the materials. In porous ceramics subjected to shock loading, deformation is localized in mesoscopic bands having characteristic orientations along, across, and at ∼45° to the direction of propagation of the shock wave front. The localized-deformation bands may be transformed into macroscopic cracks. A method is proposed for a theoretical estimation of the effective elastic moduli of ceramics with pore structure without resorting to well-known hypotheses for the relation between elastic moduli and porosity of the materials.     

Modeling the strain rate-dependent constitutive behavior in nanotwinned polycrystalline metals

Experimental studies have demonstrated that both strain rate and temperature influence the mechanical behavior of nanostructured metals significantly. In this work, a theoretical model is developed to describe the strain-rate-dependent constitutive behavior of nanotwinned polycrystalline metals. The athermal flow stress and thermal-activated flow stress are both considered in modeling the plastic deformation of a nanotwinned metal. Numerical results are consistent with the experimental results, showing that the present model can well describe the strain rate-dependent deformation behavior of nanotwinned polycrystalline copper. Henceforth, the constitutive behaviors of nanotwinned copper at different strain rates and temperatures can be predicted, which will be useful for optimizing the dynamic mechanical properties at various temperatures for nanotwinned metals.     

Role of interfaces in shock-induced plasticity in Cu/Nb nanolaminates

We investigate deformation of pure Cu, pure Nb and 30?nm Cu/30?nm Nb nanolaminates induced by high strain rate shock loading. Abundant dislocation activities are observed in shocked pure Cu and Nb. In addition, a few deformation twins are found in the shocked pure Cu. In contrast, in shocked Cu/Nb nanolaminates, abundant deformation twins are found in the Cu layers, but only dislocations in the Nb layers. High resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals that the deformation twins in the Cu layers preferentially nucleate from the Cu(112)//Nb(112) interface habit planes rather than the predominant Cu(111)//Nb(110) interface planes. Our comparative study on the shock-induced plastic deformation of the pure metals (Cu and Nb) and the Cu/Nb nanolaminates underscores the critical role of heterogeneous phase interfaces in the dynamic deformation of multilayer materials.     

Determining the tensile response of materials at high temperature using DIC and the Virtual Fields Method

An experimental approach based on Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is successfully applied to predict the uniaxial stress-strain response of 304 stainless steel specimens subjected to nominally uniform temperatures ranging from room temperature to 900 °C. A portable induction heating device equipped with custom made water-cooled copper coils is used to heat the specimen. The induction heater is used in conjunction with a conventional tensile frame to enable high temperature tension experiments. A stereovision camera system equipped with appropriate band pass filters is employed to facilitate the study of full-field deformation response of the material at elevated temperatures. Using the temperature and load histories along with the full-field strain data, a Virtual Fields Method (VFM) based approach is implemented to identify constitutive parameters governing the plastic deformation of the material at high temperature conditions. Results from these experiments confirm that the proposed method can be used to measure the full field deformation of materials subjected to thermo-mechanical loading.