超快光谱技术及其在凝聚态物理研究中的应用

近年来备受关注的超快光谱技术拥有诸多特色,例如极高的时间分辨率,丰富的光与物质的非线性相互作用,可以用光子相干地调控物质的量子态,其衍生和嫁接技术带来许多凝聚态物理实验技术的变革等等.文章介绍了超快光谱技术的一般原理、时间分辨的技术实现和典型构型,并通过具体实例来展示该实验手段在凝聚态物理研究中的应用.     

固体介质中光速减慢研究的若干进展

首先介绍了光速减慢的物理理论基础与实现方法以及国内外光速减慢研究的进展概况．主要阐述了均匀加宽介质中的光谱烧孔理论以及借助光谱烧孔技术在红宝石晶体中实现光速减慢的实验．最后，就极慢光速研究的前景及研究意义进行了讨论．     

空间点目标光谱探测与特征识别研究进展

光学观测是空间目标识别的重要手段,由于探测距离远,视场中的空间目标多呈现为非分辨的点目标。相比于传统的定轨测量和光度测量,光谱探测提供了波长维的可分辨信息,极大的提升了目标表面材质判别能力,并为目标状态反演提供了更可靠的依据,极具应用潜力。介绍了近年来国内外学者在空间点目标光谱探测及特征识别方面的典型研究进展,依据主要研究方法,分为多通道测光探测、高光谱探测、实验室光谱特性测量、目标特性建模仿真四个方向。其中,多通道测光获得了低光谱分辨率的测量数据,是常用的广域空间目标分类判别手段;高光谱探测研究反射能量在波长维的精细分布,有助于反演重点目标的材质组成;实验室光谱特性测量可在受控条件下模拟目标探测的物理过程,提供材质光谱特性数据库;目标特性建模仿真则对物理属性抽象特征化,研究目标光谱变化过程。通过分析国内外研究成果,总结当前研究的能力与不足,提出几点研究思路,为后续研究开展提供参考。     

食品中三聚氰胺的光谱检测与分析技术研究进展

三聚氰胺是豆、乳类制品中的非法食品添加剂,曾作为蛋白质的廉价代替物被非法添加进奶粉等食品中,造成了严重的社会危害,极大地威胁人民生命财产安全。目前光谱技术已成为识别和定量检测非法食品添加剂的有效手段,为质量监管部门提供了可靠的研究方法和鉴定依据。光谱检测技术的时效性、无损性和准确性提高了食品中三聚氰胺的检测效率,促进了精准化、自动化食品质量检测的发展。近年来有大量研究围绕着三聚氰胺的光谱检测新技术,如开发新型增强底物或传感器,降低三聚氰胺的检测限,提高检测精度;开发更加便携的自动化光谱快检设备,降低检测成本,提高检测效率。这些光谱技术各具优势,但很难形成标准化、统一化的检测规范,使得各种光谱检测技术仅仅停留在试验阶段,无法应用于实战。另一方面,随着人工智能与模式识别技术的发展,光谱数据分析方法在近年来也有着长足的进步,各种光谱预处理和数据建模方法被不断提出,大大提高了光谱检测技术的灵敏性和稳定性。综述了近十年光谱技术（拉曼光谱、近红外光谱、荧光光谱、光谱成像等）在三聚氰胺检测中的应用现状,总结了不同仪器检测限、定量范围和样品前处理方法;分析了各种光谱预处理和光谱数据建模方法在不同光谱数据中的适用性,归纳出这些方法的优劣与适配的仪器,并对其应用前景和研究趋势进行了展望。     

软 X射线共振非弹性光散射及其应用

软 X射线共振非弹性光散射是近年来随着高亮度第三代同步辐射出现而发展起来的光散射光谱技术 ,可以用于对多原子构成的分子、凝聚态物质进行位置选择的价电子态结构的研究。与 X射线光电子能谱 ( XPS)或紫外光电子能谱 ( UPS)相比 ,这一光谱方法由于测量样品激发后产生的散射 X射线 ,因而不仅可以获得表面的原子分子信息 ,而且可以用于研究样品体内或掩埋薄层的原子分子。同时这一方法的共振特性使得其可以进行灵敏的元素选择测量。本文将介绍这一光散射光谱技术及其在原子分子物理、表面物理及凝聚态物理中的应用     

拉曼光谱中荧光抑制技术的研究新进展综述

拉曼光谱技术反映了物质的结构特征,可用于分析有机或者无机样品的化学组分。但由于某些被测物的荧光背景远远强于拉曼信号,这些物质的拉曼光谱测量有时十分困难,这限制了拉曼光谱的广泛应用。因此有必要在拉曼检测中对荧光采取抑制措施以准确获取高信噪比的拉曼光谱指纹信息。近些年来,很多的相关研究探讨及发展了多种荧光抑制的新方法。在目前的科研活动中,常用的技术有表面增强拉曼光谱技术、傅里叶变换拉曼光谱技术、共焦显微拉曼光谱技术和高温拉曼光谱技术等。这些技术解决了拉曼光谱早期存在的一些问题,如荧光干扰、灵敏度低等,极大地扩展了拉曼光谱技术在各个领域的应用。而这些新方法可大致归类为物理/化学方法,基于光学性质不同衍生的方法,计算处理方法和其他方法。文章概括性的介绍了上述方法的理论、实现方式,并分析比较了各自的特点。     

铁电材料的同步辐射研究

电子学及超导体等领域的发展,推动了铁电研究的进一步深入和发展。同步辐射的多种优异特性使之在凝聚态物理中得到了广泛应用,也为铁电研究提供了强有力的研究手段。本文结合几种具体实验手段,简要介绍同步辐射在铁电研究中的一些应用,包括Ｘ射线吸收、Ｘ射线驻波、Ｘ射线散射、光学光谱、光电子能谱及形貌术,对光声光热也作了简单介绍。     

化学计量学方法在三维荧光光谱分析中的应用

随着分析数据日益复杂,传统的用于光谱分析中的数据处理方法已不能满足分析需要,而化学计量学应用数学、统计学以及计算机等科学的方法与手段,设计和选择最优的量测方法,并通过对数据的解析,可最大限度的获取光谱数据中的有用信息.本文首先介绍了几类常用化学计量学方法分析的三维荧光光谱,其次介绍了常用于光谱分析的化学计量学方法,如统...     

铁电材料的同步辐射研究

电子学及超导体等领域的发展，推动了铁电研究的进一步深入和发展。同步辐射的多种优异的特性使之在凝聚态物理中得到了广泛应用，也为铁电研究提供了强有务的研究手段。本语文结合几处具体实验手段，简要介绍同步辐射在铁电研究中的一些应用，包括Ｘ射线吸收、Ｘ射线驻波、Ｘ射线散射、光学光谱、光电子能谱及形貌术，对光声光热也作子简单介绍。     

拉曼光谱技术研究男性生殖生育

拉曼光谱通过记录光与物质作用时频率的改变,进而获得物质分子振动、转动信息,从而实现物质分子结构及其变化的检测。相比于常规生化检测分析方法,拉曼光谱技术具有无损、非标记检测及对检测样品要求低等优点。 拉曼光谱技术已广泛应用于生物医学领域的研究,如人体组织、器官、细胞以及人体体液的各种疾病诊断、检测研究。本文主要综述了拉曼光谱技术在人体精液的研究进展,首先介绍了拉曼光谱技术(包含表面增强拉曼光谱)在法医学领域针对精液整体开展的研究及相关的数据处理方法,然后重点介绍拉曼光谱在男性生殖生育方面的研究,即分别介绍了可客观反映精液质量及男性生殖生育能力的基于精液(精浆)拉曼光谱的定性和定量检测分析;另外,介绍了基于显微拉曼光谱技术开展的单精子水平的精子质量的刻画和评估,以及目前研究初步获得的有望用于优质精子判别的拉曼光谱标记指标,最后展望了拉曼光谱技术在生殖生育领域的应用发展前景。     

铁磁共振磁交换力显微镜

原子间的自旋相互作用力对原子级别磁性纳米构造体的表面磁性质的理解是极为重要的. 磁交换力显微镜是测量表面自旋作用力的重要手段, 但它的缺点一是需要加外部强磁场, 二是不能分离表面形貌和自旋信息, 这就导致材料表面受外部磁场的影响, 而且表面形貌和自旋信息之间相互影响, 使自旋间的相互作用力的检测和成像研究受到限制.为了解决上述问题, 利用原子力显微镜, 并采用微波照射的方法, 根据铁磁共振原理, 分别独立提取磁性材料表面形貌和自旋信息, 称之为铁磁共振磁交换力显微镜, 理论和实验结果表明此方法可以有效地分离两种信息. 铁磁共振磁交换力显微镜可以促进对原子级磁性材料机能的理解以及磁性相关科学领域的进步, 特别是对自旋电子元件的发展有很大的促进作用, 是新世纪高度信息化社会不可缺少的测量技术. 关键词： 原子力显微镜 磁交换力显微镜 自旋 铁磁共振     

测量和减小纳米凹凸面摩擦力的分子新技术

报道了美国用原子力显微镜可直接检测超微型设备内发动机转子与外表表面上凸点之间摩擦力的大小的研究成果，介绍了降低了时机的摩擦力的方法。     

Probing How Counterion Structure and Dynamics Determine Polyelectrolyte Solutions Using EPR Spectroscopy

In this review article, we describe how methods of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy were used to investigate polyion–counterion interactions in polyelectrolyte solutions. This subject is usually treated experimentally by light, X-ray, or neutron scattering techniques. It is shown that a large arsenal of EPR spectroscopic methods–from various sophisticated methods of line shape analysis of continuous-wave EPR, via electron spin echo envelope modulation, nanoscale distance measurements through double electron–electron resonance to high-field pulse EPR–can be used to characterize the intrinsically complicated structures formed in polyelectrolyte solutions. We show that even polymer physical models such as scaling relations can be tested in this way. The distinguishing feature with respect to the numerous scattering studies in this area is that EPR techniques are local methods, and by employing spin-carrying (i.e., EPR-active) probe ions, it is possible to examine polyelectrolytes from the counterions’ point of view.     

On the contribution of circumferential resonance modes in acoustic radiation force experienced by cylindrical shells

A body insonified by a constant (time-varying) intensity sound field is known to experience a steady (oscillatory) force that is called the steady-state (dynamic) acoustic radiation force. Using the classical resonance scattering theorem (RST) which suggests the scattered field as a superposition of a resonance field and a background (non-resonance) component, we show that the radiation force acting on a cylindrical shell may be synthesized as a composition of three components: background part, resonance part and their interaction. The background component reveals the pure geometrical reflection effects and illustrates a regular behavior with respect to frequency, while the others demonstrate a singular behavior near the resonance frequencies. The results illustrate that the resonance effects associated to partial waves can be isolated by the subtraction of the background component from the total (steady-state or dynamic) radiation force function (i.e., residue component). In the case of steady-state radiation force, the components are exerted on the body as static forces. For the case of oscillatory amplitude excitation, the components are exerted at the modulation frequency with frequency-dependant phase shifts. The results demonstrate the dominant contribution of the non-resonance component of dynamic radiation force at high frequencies with respect to the residue component, which offers the potential application of ultrasound stimulated vibro-acoustic spectroscopy technique in low frequency resonance spectroscopy purposes. Furthermore, the proposed formulation may be useful essentially due to its intrinsic value in physical acoustics. In addition, it may unveil the contribution of resonance modes in the dynamic radiation force experienced by the cylindrical objects and its underlying physics.     

Serial sectioning methods for 3D investigations in materials science

A variety of methods for the investigation and 3D representation of the inner structure of materials has been developed. In this paper, techniques based on slice and view using scanning microscopy for imaging are presented and compared. Three different methods of serial sectioning combined with either scanning electron or scanning ion microscopy or atomic force microscopy (AFM) were placed under scrutiny: serial block-face scanning electron microscopy, which facilitates an ultramicrotome built into the chamber of a variable pressure scanning electron microscope; three-dimensional (3D) AFM, which combines an (cryo-) ultramicrotome with an atomic force microscope, and 3D FIB, which delivers results by slicing with a focused ion beam. These three methods complement one another in many respects, e.g., in the type of materials that can be investigated, the resolution that can be obtained and the information that can be extracted from 3D reconstructions. A detailed review is given about preparation, the slice and view process itself, and the limitations of the methods and possible artifacts. Applications for each technique are also provided.     

Towards the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) scanning near-field optical microscopy: Investigation of nanolocal FRET processes and FRET probe microscope

The fluorescence resonance energy-transfer (FRET) process is investigated between donor dye molecules deposited on the sample surface and acceptor dye molecules deposited on the tips of scanning near-field and atomic force microscopes. The FRET process was observed only when the tip acquired contact with the sample and took place in regions of sizes of only a few tens of nanometers with only a few thousands (or even hundreds) of molecules involved. The dependence of the FRET intensity on the tip-sample acting force is recorded and interpreted. In relation to the obtained results, the construction of a previously proposed one-atom FRET SNOM is described.     

基于共振激发的激光诱导击穿光谱技术研究进展

激光诱导击穿光谱技术是一种新型的原子光谱分析技术,具有实时快速、 多元素同时分析和样品预处理简单等特点,从一出现便受到研究人员的广泛关注,但分析灵敏度差一直是限制该技术发展的重要因素。基于共振激发的激光诱导击穿光谱技术将原子荧光光谱技术和激光诱导击穿光谱技术结合,对目标元素进行选择性激发,可以大幅提高激光诱导击穿光谱技术的分析灵敏度,极大地拓展了LIBS技术在痕量元素检测领域的应用。本文综述了基于共振激发的激光诱导击穿光谱技术的研究进展,介绍了激光诱导等离子体中荧光光谱的产生过程以及基于共振激发的激光诱导击穿光谱技术的基本类型和基础原理,详细分析了烧蚀激光能量、 共振激发激光能量和波长、 烧蚀激光和共振激发激光之间的延时以及光谱采集门宽对光谱增强效果的影响,阐述了其在冶金、 环境监测、 同位素检测等领域的应用现状和存在的问题,并对其未来发展前景进行了展望。     

原子力显微镜探针悬臂几何结构变化对高次谐波信息增强的研究

轻敲模式原子力显微镜高次谐波信号包含待测样品表面纳米力学特性等方面的信息, 但是传统原子力显微镜的高次谐波信号非常微弱. 里兹法证明在探针悬臂的特定位置打孔可以实现探针的内共振从而增强高次谐波信号强度. 本文通过有限元仿真计算获得探针第一共振频、第二共振频及其比值随着孔的尺寸和位置变化的规律. 在实验上通过聚焦离子束在探针悬臂上打孔使其第二共振频约为第一共振频的6倍, 提高了第6次谐波信号的信噪比, 并在实验室研制的高次谐波成像实验装置上获得了6次谐波图像. 关键词： 轻敲模式原子力显微镜 探针悬臂几何结构 高次谐波 聚焦离子束加工     

Investigation of aminotrimethoxysilanes and organic acids functionalized surface interactions: Theoretical and atomic force microscopy studies

Silane compounds provide many applications in biotechnology field. Chemically adsorbed silanes with reactive terminal groups are used for fabrication of functional material, which can serve as a model substrate for fundamental studies of different surface interactions or as a platform for further chemical reactions.In this work, silane compounds with amine groups were the area of interest. The studies were focused on investigation of amine group interaction with different acid groups. The interactions were probed using atomic force microscope operating in force spectroscopy mode. An atomic force microscope gold tip, functionalized with thiol compounds, served as acid-terminated surface. Interactions at interfaces between the silane self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and the thiol SAM were measured in liquid environment. The results of the measurements were set against the theoretical studies performed by AM1d and PM5 semi-empirical methods. Moreover, prior to chemical force spectroscopy measurements the silane films coverage quality was studied as well. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and atomic force microscope served as control equipment.     

原子力显微镜用于软X射线接触成像的研究

论述了在接触显微成像技术中，后续放大设备对分辨率的影响，并用实验方法比较了采用光学显微镜和原子力显微镜阅读并放大显微图的结果，表明采用原子力显微镜放大显微图是一种较为理想的方法。