薄膜和半无限大介质间的近场辐射换热研究

研究了硼掺杂硅(记为Si-19)薄膜和半无限大物体(Si-19和SiC)在100 nm真空间距下的近场辐射换热随薄膜厚度的变化。研究结果表明,当半无限大物体和薄膜为相同的Si-19材料时,由于表面波激发并相互耦合,使得近场辐射换热随薄膜的厚度变化比较复杂。当半无限大物体为SiC材料时,由于表面波的耦合遭到破坏以及辐射体的高发射率频率区和吸收体的高吸收率频率区不匹配,导致表面波的激发对不同材料间的近场辐射换热的增强程度降低,因此在相同计算区域内热流密度随厚度的增加单调增加,没有出现极值点。     

石墨烯/AZO/SiC复合结构的近场辐射换热特性

由于倏逝波贡献,近场辐射换热可以远超黑体辐射定律给出的极限换热热流,对近场辐射换热的调控在近场热光伏及热管理方面有重要的应用前景。石墨烯是一种有潜力的可用于近场辐射换热调控的功能材料。本文研究了由石墨烯、铝掺杂氧化锌(aluminum-doped zinc-oxide,AZO)及SiC构成的多层复合薄膜的近场辐射换热特性。研究发现:"AZO薄膜+SiC基底"结构的频谱辐射热流在SiC的SPhP频域出现谷值,而"SiC薄膜+AZO基底"结构同时在两种表面极化激元的共振频率处出现峰值;覆盖单层石墨烯薄膜对"AZO薄膜+SiC基底"结构的近场辐射换热基本没有影响;而"石墨烯/SiC薄膜/AZO基底"结构却可以同时支持三种表面极化激元,并在调控石墨烯化学势到适当值时,可以有效增强近场换热。本研究有助于理解石墨烯对近场辐射换热的调控特性。     

球形粒子的近场辐射换热研究

近场辐射引起的能量交换可以比远场辐射高若干个数量级.本文计算了SiC和Cu两种球形颗粒的近场辐射换热,发现当颗粒间距非常小时,辐射换热会大大强化.颗粒直径、颗粒间距以及颗粒的介电常数是决定近场辐射换热大小的重要因素,而颗粒温度对近场辐射换热的影响较小.     

用于热光伏系统的近场辐射光谱控制表面结构

为提升近场热光伏发电系统的能源转换效率和发电功率,设计了Ⅲ-Ⅴ族半导体表面的矩形光栅结构,以实现从热发射器到热光伏电池的近场辐射热流选择性调制.使用在近红外波段具有表面等离子体激元特性的掺杂氧化锌作为热发射器,在GaSb热光伏电池表面添加亚微米二维光栅结构,在近场间距下形成与表面波耦合的陷光效应,由此有选择性地增强了电池能带内的光谱辐射热流.有别于以往类似研究中常用的等效近似方法,开展了时域有限差分方法模拟,能够严格考虑周期性结构细节,结合以涨落耗散理论为基础的Langevin方法,直接计算了复杂结构参与的近场辐射传热问题,以此揭示表面结构影响近场辐射传热的物理机理.结果显示使用带表面结构的薄膜GaSb电池,可使辐射热流的光谱峰值达到同温度远场黑体辐射源情况下的2.84倍,且热流增益区集中在波长略短于电池能带的窄波段区间,适应高效率、高功率热光伏系统对辐射传热设计的要求.     

Solution of near-field thermal radiation in one-dimensional layered media using dyadic Green's functions and the scattering matrix method

A general algorithm is introduced for the analysis of near-field radiative heat transfer in one-dimensional multi-layered structures. The method is based on the solution of dyadic Green's functions, where the amplitude of the fields in each layer is calculated via a scattering matrix approach. Several tests are presented where cubic boron nitride is used in the simulations. It is shown that a film emitter thicker than 1 μm provides the same spectral distribution of near-field radiative flux as obtained from a bulk emitter. Further simulations have pointed out that the presence of a body in close proximity to an emitter can alter the near-field spectrum emitted. This algorithm can be employed to study thermal one-dimensional layered media and photonic crystals in the near-field in order to design radiators optimizing the performances of nanoscale-gap thermophotovoltaic power generators.     

Control of near-field radiative heat transfer via surface phonon–polariton coupling in thin films

The possibility of controlling near-field radiative heat transfer with the use of silicon carbide thin films supporting surface phonon–polaritons in the infrared spectrum is explored. For this purpose, the local density of electromagnetic states is calculated and analyzed within the nanometric gap formed between two SiC films as well as the radiative heat flux exchanged between the thin layers.     

Role of fluctuational electrodynamics in near-field radiative heat transfer

The objective of this paper is to discuss the role of fluctuational electrodynamics in the context of a generalized radiative heat transfer problem. Near-field effects, including the interference phenomenon and radiation tunneling, are important for applications to nanostructures. The classical theory of radiative transfer cannot be readily applied as the feature size approaches the dominant wavelength of radiative emission. At all length scales, however, propagation of radiative energy is properly represented by the electromagnetic wave approach, which requires the solution of the Maxwell equations. Fluctuational electrodynamics provides a model for thermal emission when solving a near-field radiation heat transfer problem, and the fluctuation-dissipation theorem provides the bridge between the strength of the fluctuations of the charges inside a body and its local temperature. This paper provides a complete and systematic derivation of the near-field radiative heat flux starting from the Maxwell equations. An illustrative example of near-field versus far-field radiation heat transfer is presented, and the length scale for transition from near- to far-field regime is discussed; the results show that this length scale can be as large as three times than predicted from Wien's law.     

Influence of remaining C on hardness and emissivity of SiC/SiO2 nanocomposite coating

SiC/SiO₂ nanocomposite coating was deposited by electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) through depositing SiC target on pre-oxidized 316 stainless steel (SS) substrate. High melting point component C remained and covered on the surface of ingot after evaporation. When SiC ingot was reused, remaining C had an effect on the composition, hardness and emissivity of SiC/SiO₂ nanocomposite coating. The composition of ingot and coating was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The influence of remaining C on hardness and spectral normal emissivity of SiC/SiO₂ nanocomposite coating was investigated by nanoindentation and Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), respectively. The results show that remaining C has a large effect on hardness and a minor effect on spectral normal emissivity of SiC/SiO₂ nanocomposite coating.     

Transient radiation and conduction heat transfer inside a plane-parallel participating gray medium with boundaries having different reflecting characteristics

A hybrid ray-tracing method is developed for the solution to the radiative transfer in a plane-parallel participating medium having one specular surface and another diffuse surface. By this method, radiative transfer coefficients (RTCs) for specular–diffuse (S–D) surfaces are deduced. The medium surfaces are considered to be semitransparent. The effects of convection–radiation parameter, conduction–radiation parameter and refractive index on transient coupled heat transfer are investigated. Results show that the temperature curves of the medium having S–D surfaces is higher than those of the medium having S–S surfaces (two specular surfaces); the total heat flux at steady state for the S–D surfaces is lower than that for the S–S surfaces.     

Non-gray radiative transfer in plane-parallel media with reflecting boundaries

A generalized equation of radiative transfer in the two-group picket-fence model is analyzed for a plane parallel, emitting, absorbing and isotropically scattering medium containing uniform heat sources and having boundary surfaces which are diffuse emitters and diffuse reflectors and are maintained at uniform but arbitrary temperatures. The solution of the general problem is expressed by the superposition of simpler problems which are solved by the application of the normal-mode-expansion technique. Highly accurate numerical results are presented for the temperature distribution and the radiative heat flux in the medium.     

Thermal heat radiation,near-field energy density and near-field radiative heat transfer of coated materials

We investigate the thermal radiation and thermal near-field energy density of a metal-coated semi-infinite body for different substrates. We show that the surface polariton coupling within the metal coating leads to an enhancement of the TM-mode part of the thermal near-field energy density when a polar substrate is used. In this case the result obtained for a free standing metal film is retrieved. In contrast, in the case of a metal substrate there is no enhancement in the TM-mode part, as can also be explained within the framework of surface plasmon coupling within the coating. Finally, we discuss the influence of the enhanced thermal energy density on the near-field radiative heat transfer between a simple semi-infinite and a coated semi-infinite body for different material combinations.     

漫反射各向异性散射介质内的温度热流场

本文采用射线踪迹结合节点分析法和谱带模型,研究了漫反射不透明边界下吸收、发射、各向异性散射介质内的热辐射传递过程。考虑介质辐射能的入射和散射方向,导出漫反射、不透明边界、各向异性散射介质的辐射传递系数。在辐射平衡的情况下,考察了表面发射率和散射反照率对介质内辐射热流和温度场的影响。研究表明,介质不透明边界处存在温度跃迁现象,而且,内界面发射率越大,相应界面温度跃迁越小。     

An experimental investigation on pool boiling heat transfer enhancement using Cu-Al2O3 nano-composite coating

Pool boiling heat transfer performances of Cu-Al₂O₃-coated copper surfaces have been studied experimentally for its potential use in heat transfer applications. In the present study, a two-step electrochemical deposition method is examined. This method provides an easy control on surface properties such as porosity and coating thickness. The deposition method is studied carefully and responsible surface morphology parameters are reported. After performing the pool boiling experiments on coated surfaces with DI water, the maximum critical heat flux of 1800 kW/m² and heat transfer coefficient of 193 kW/m² K, which are 68% and 260% higher than that of bare surface, respectively.     

SiC/SiO2 coating for improving the oxidation resistive property of carbon nanofiber

The SiC/SiO₂ deposition was performed to improve the oxidation resistive properties of carbon nanofiber (CNF) from electrospinning at elevated temperatures through sol-gel process. The stabilized polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers were coated with SiO₂ followed by heat treatment up to 1000 and 1400 °C in an inert argon atmosphere. The chemical compositions of the CNFs surface heat-treated were characterized as C, Si and O existing as SiC and SiO₂ compounds on the surface. The uniform and continuous coating improved the oxidation resistance of the carbon nanofibers. The residual weight of the composite was 70-80% and mixture of SiC, SiO₂ and some residual carbon after exposure to air at 1000 °C.     

Breakdown of the Planck blackbody radiation law at nanoscale gaps

The Planck theory of blackbody radiation imposes a limit on the maximum radiative transfer between two objects at given temperatures. When the two objects are close enough, near-field effects due to tunneling of evanescent waves lead to enhancement of radiative transfer above the Planck limit. When the objects can support electromagnetic surface polaritons, the enhancement can be a few orders-of-magnitude larger than the blackbody limit. In this paper, we summarize our recent measurements of radiative transfer between two parallel silica surfaces and between a silica microsphere and a flat silica surface that show unambiguous evidence of enhancement of radiative transfer due to near-field effects above the Planck limit.     

A numerical technique for solving the coupled radiative transfer and heat equations in a random medium with plane geometry

A Monte Carlo based numerical method is presented which generates statistical information equivalent to the unknown flux density solution of the radiative transfer equation within a plane geometry, for a useful class of problems. This method scores all vectorial intersections of randomly generated light paths with a set of internal data surfaces spanning the random medium. This approach has not been previously considered, but can be implemented on a simple and compact computer code that is straightforward to utilize and adapt. The method is presented as an alternative or complement to standard numerical methods and is tested with diffusion theory. Many useful computations can be performed within several minutes. It is particularly well suited to modelling laser-generated heat sources within finite, artificial or biological random media. A numerical solution of the heat equation is then possible on the same set of data surfaces used in the optical model. Illustrative calculations are presented.     

Near-field heat transfer: A radiative interpretation of thermal conduction

It is shown in this article that the near-field radiative heat transfer can be interpreted as a conduction heat transfer due to the propagation of polaritons. We consider two situations. In the first one, two heated bodies at different temperatures are separated by a gap and in the second one a temperature gradient is imposed to a bulk material. In both situations, the radiative heat transfer is calculated by means of fluctuational electrodynamics. Asymptotic expressions of a thermal conductivity are obtained from the radiative heat transfer calculation. We interpret this conductivity as a consequence of the heat transfer by propagation and collisions of polaritons.     

Extension of Planck’s law to steady heat flux across nanoscale gaps

Recent experiments report that the radiative heat conductance through a narrow vacuum gap between two flat surfaces increases as the inverse square of the width of the gap. Such a significant increase of thermal conductivity has attracted much interest because of numerous promising applications in nanoscale heat transfer and because of the lack of its theoretical explanation. It is shown here that the radiative heat transport across narrow layers can be described in terms of conventional theory adjusted to non-equilibrium structures with a steady heat flux.     

The use of the itFN method for radiative transfer problems with reflective boundary conditions

The F_N method is used to compute the net radiative heat flux relevant to radiative transfer in an anisotropically scattering, plane-parallel medium with specularly and diffusely reflecting boundaries.