Evaluation of errors from neglecting polarization in the forward modeling of O2A band measurements from space, with relevance to CO2 column retrieval from polarization-sensitive instruments

Sensitivity studies have been performed to evaluate the errors resulting from ignoring polarization in analyzing spectroscopic measurements of the O₂A band from space, using the Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) as a test case. An 11-layer atmosphere, with both gas and aerosol loading, and bounded from below by a lambertian reflecting surface, was used for the study. The numerical computations were performed with a plane-parallel vectorized discrete ordinate radiative transfer code. Beam and viewing geometry, surface reflectance and aerosol loading were varied one at a time to evaluate and understand the individual errors. Different behavior was observed in the line cores and the continuum because of the different paths taken by the photons in the two cases. The errors were largest when the solar zenith angle was high, and the aerosol loading and surface reflectance low. To understand the effect of neglecting polarization on CO₂ column retrievals, a linear error analysis study was performed on simulated measurements from the OCO spectral regions, viz. the 1.61 and 2.06 μm CO₂ bands and the O₂A band. It was seen that neglecting polarization could introduce errors as high as 10 ppm, which is substantially larger than the required retrieval precision of ∼2 ppm. A variety of approaches, including orders of scattering, spectral binning and the use of lookup tables are being explored to reduce the errors.     

Line-mixing and collision induced absorption for O2–CO2 mixtures in the oxygen A-band region

The absorption by O₂–CO₂ mixtures in the region of the oxygen A-band near 760 nm has been measured in the laboratory at room temperature and for total pressures up to about 80 atm. As done in our previous studies for O₂–N₂ mixtures the contribution of the “allowed” A-band transitions have been calculated both accounting for line-mixing effects and disregarding this process. The differences between computed spectra and measured values enable extraction of the collision induced absorption (CIA) contribution, which, after removal of the O₂–O₂ contribution, provides, for the first time, the O₂–CO₂ CIA. It is shown that neglecting line-mixing overestimates absorption in the wings and underestimates absorption at the P and R branch peaks, and that the O₂–CO₂ CIA has an integrated intensity, in the A-band region, about 1.5 times larger than that of for pure O₂ and almost 10 times greater than for O₂–N₂.     

Atmospheric modelling using FASCOD to identify CO2 absorption bands and their suitability analysis in variable concentrations for remote sensing applications

Recent climate studies have proven that both temperature and CO₂ content of the earth's atmosphere followed a regular 100,000-year cycle of change and that they are closely correlated. Moreover, the observed increase of CO₂ in the atmosphere exceeds the predicted values extrapolated from historical data. Other than industrialization and rapid urbanization, geo-natural hazards such as leakage from hydrocarbon reservoirs and spontaneous combustion of coal contribute a considerable amount of CO₂ to the atmosphere. Several researchers have studied the possibilities and reliabilities of atmospheric CO₂ retrieval by the point-based method (nearly accurate but much localized) and globally (wider observation but many uncertainties). Radiative transfer codes, such as FASCOD (Fast Atmospheric Signature Code) with the HITRAN (High-Resolution Transmission) spectral database can simulate atmospheric transmission and path radiance with customized gas composition (CO₂, water vapour, CO, etc.) and concentration in order to understand the phenomena in a specific wavelength region. In the present study, a number of atmospheric models were constructed with different CO₂ concentrations (ppmv) with a combination of water vapour and other atmospheric gases such as CO, CH₄, N₂O, SO₂, etc., to find out the interference patterns of these gases over CO₂ absorption bands. The transmission features of these gas combinations were analysed by partial least-squares regression models. These models show that the most suitable CO₂ absorption bands are located around 2 μm, such as 1.998 and 2.001 μm. The spectral information derived from different concentrations of CO₂ can be fitted in multivariate models to predict the CO₂ concentration from spectral information in a controlled environment. Furthermore, the present study explores the sensitivity of some available remote sensing sensors in variable CO₂ concentrations for use in real world.     

Modeling of the power oscillation observed in single mode intracavity absorption of CO2 laser lines

Single mode intracavity absorption is investigated from an analytical point of view in order to explain the periodical modulation of the power observed in intracavity absorption of CO₂ laser lines by CFC gases. Intracavity absorption is incorporated into the laser rate equations in form of an additional broadband loss. Detuning due to changes in the refractive index with increase in absorber pressure is accounted for by considering the impact of the frequency shift of the oscillating mode on the effective pump rate and the population densities of the laser upper and lower levels. The steady state solution of the rate equations leads to an analytical formula, which fits the measured intracavity absorption curves with only two fit parameters being adjusted to the actual values of the absorption cross section and the mean linear polarizability of the absorber molecule. The formula is applied to analyze the intracavity absorption of the CO₂ 10R lines by CFC-11. The obtained results are in reasonable agreement with the values available in the literature.     

Al2O3-Y2O3-ZrO2三相复合陶瓷的介电谱研究

采用传统的固相反应法,在1400–1500 ℃下烧结,制备得到Al₂O₃-Y₂O₃-ZrO₂三相复合陶瓷.样品的结构、形貌和电性能分别用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及介电谱表征.XRD表明此三相复合体系无其他杂相,加入Y₂O₃及ZrO₂后使得Al₂O₃成瓷温度降低;SEM表明此体系晶粒直径为200–500 nm,并且样品随烧结温度的升高而变得更加致密,晶界更加清晰;介电损耗谱中出现峰值弛豫现象,根据Cole-Cole复阻抗谱得出其为非德拜弛豫. 关键词： 2O₃-Y₂O₃-ZrO₂三相陶瓷')" href="#">Al₂O₃-Y₂O₃-ZrO₂三相陶瓷 介电弛豫 阻抗谱 热导率     

CO2 laser assisted removal of UO2 and ThO2 particulates from metal surface

Pulsed laser assisted removal of uranium dioxide and thorium dioxide particulates from stainless steel surface have been studied using a TEA CO₂ laser. Decontamination efficiency is measured as a function of laser fluence and number of pulses. Threshold fluence for the removal of UO₂ particulates has been found to be lower than that required for the removal ThO₂ particulates. Usage of a ZnSe substrate, that is transparent to the laser wavelength used here, enabled us to decouple the cleaning effect arising out of absorption in the particulates from that in the substrate and has contributed towards understanding the mechanism responsible for cleaning. The experimental observations are also corroborated by simple theoretical calculations.     

Gain and saturation intensity parameters in a transverse-flow CO2 laser

Details of an experimental investigation of the output characteristics of the 1.2 kW cw transverse-flow, electrically excited CO₂ laser are presented. They were used for estimation of the saturation intensity and the laser cavity loss values, as they follow from the Rigrod-type model of laser operation. The saturation intensity parameter was calculated from measurements of the output power and small signal gain performed with the same experimental conditions. Measurements of the small signal gain were conducted at different points along the gas flow direction for several laser operational parameters described by gas pressure and input electrical power.     

Far infrared stimulated emissions from CO2 laser excited dichloromethane

Six new far-infrared laser frequencies have been obtained in CO₂-laser excited dichloromethane. Competing transitions have enabled assignments to be made to the v₇ band.     

类花状ZnO-CoFe2 O4 复合纳米管束的制备及其电磁波吸收特性

在90 ℃水溶液中采用两步晶体生长法制备出类花状ZnO-CoFe₂O₄复合纳米管束.ZnO纳米管束的管壁厚度大约为60 nm,管的直径大约为350 nm,CoFe₂O₄纳米颗粒连续包覆在ZnO纳米管束的表面,CoFe₂O₄纳米颗粒尺寸小于40 nm, 壳层厚度随着CoFe₂O₄在ZnO-CoFe₂O_{4 关键词： 类花状 2}O₄')" href="#">ZnO-CoFe₂O₄ 纳米管束 微波吸收剂     

Optically pumped submillimeter laser lines from CD2Cl2 using a large tunability CW CO2 laser

Twenty-five new laser lines have been obtained in the wavelength region from 155 to 830 μm by optically pumping the CD₂Cl₂ (deuterated dichloromethane) molecule with a CW CO₂ laser having a tunability range of 300 MHz. The wavelength, polarization relative to that of CO₂ pumping radiation, and offset relative to the CO₂ center frequency were determined for all of the new lines and some other already known laser emissions. For all of them we give also the relative intensity and the optimum pressure of operation. Permanent address: Depto de Física e Química da FEIS — UNESP 15.378-000 Ilha Solteira-SP, Brazil     

Homogeneous ignition of CH4/air and H2O and CO2-diluted CH4/O2 mixtures over Pt; an experimental and numerical investigation at pressures up to 16 bar

The homogeneous ignition of CH₄/air, CH₄/O₂/H₂O/N₂, and CH₄/O₂/CO₂/N₂ mixtures over platinum was investigated experimentally and numerically at pressures 4 bar p 16 bar, temperatures 1120 K T 1420 K, and fuel-to-oxygen equivalence ratios 0.30 0.40. Experiments have been performed in an optically accessible catalytic channel-flow reactor and included planar laser induced fluorescence (LIF) of the OH radical for the determination of homogeneous (gas-phase) ignition and one-dimensional Raman measurements of major species concentrations across the reactor boundary layer for the assessment of the heterogeneous (catalytic) processes preceding homogeneous ignition. Numerical predictions were carried out with a 2D elliptic CFD code that included elementary heterogeneous and homogeneous chemical reaction schemes and detailed transport. The employed heterogeneous reaction scheme accurately captured the catalytic methane conversion upstream of the gaseous combustion zone. Two well-known gas-phase reaction mechanisms were tested for their capacity to reproduce measured homogeneous ignition characteristics. There were substantial differences in the performance of the two schemes, which were ascribed to their ability to correctly capture the p–T– parameter range of the self-inhibited ignition behavior of methane. Comparisons between measured and predicted homogeneous ignition distances have led to the validation of a gaseous reaction scheme at 6 bar p 16 bar, a pressure range of particular interest to gas-turbine catalytically stabilized combustion (CST) applications. The presence of heterogeneously produced water chemically promoted the onset of homogeneous ignition. Experiments and predictions with CH₄/O₂/H₂O/N₂ mixtures containing 57% per volume H₂O have shown that the validated gaseous scheme was able to capture the chemical impact of water in the induction zone. Experiments with CO₂ addition (30% per volume) were in good agreement with the numerical simulations and have indicated that CO₂ had only a minor chemical impact on homogeneous ignition.     

光沉积Ru和RuO2的锐钛矿TiO2纳米片的光解水产氧

采用水热法以HF作为结构调控剂合成了主要暴露（001）面的锐钛矿TiO₂纳米片,通过光沉积方法分别合成了负载Ru和RuO₂物种的光催化剂。利用X射线衍射、透射电镜和氢气程序升温还原等分析表征了催化剂的结构性质。通过光解水产氧反应来研究催化剂的催化性能,详细考察了Ru含量、负载方式以及氧化和还原处理等因素的影响,光解水产氧速率的差异证明了Ru物种在不同晶面的电荷-空穴分离效应。与负载单一助催化剂的Ru/TiO₂和RuO₂/TiO₂样品相比,活性最优的0.5%Ru-1.0%RuO₂/TiO₂样品由于负载了双助催化剂,其催化活性得到更大的提高,证实了在锐钛矿TiO₂上的晶面电荷-空穴分离效应.     

CO2 laser cutting of slate

Slate is a natural stone which has the characteristic that shows a well-developed defoliation plane, allowing to easily split it in plates parallel to that plane which are particularly used as tiles for roof building. At present, the manufacturing of slate is mostly manual, being noisy, powdery and unsafe for the worker. Thus, there is a need to introduce new processing methods in order to improve both the working conditions and the quality of the products made of slate.Following the previous work focused on the drilling and cutting of slate tiles using a Nd : YAG laser, we present in this paper the results of the work carried out to explore the possibilities to cut slate plates by using a CO₂ laser. A 1.5 kW CO₂ laser was used to perform different experiments in which, the influence of some processing parameters (average power, assist gas pressure) on the geometry and quality of the cut was studied. The results obtained show that the CO₂ laser is a feasible tool for a successful cutting of slate.     

Effects of O2 and N2/H2 plasma treatments on the neuronal cell growth on single-walled carbon nanotube paper scaffolds

The O₂ and N₂/H₂ plasma treatments of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) papers as scaffolds for enhanced neuronal cell growth were conducted to functionalize their surfaces with different functional groups and to roughen their surfaces. To evaluate the effects of the surface roughness and functionalization modifications of the SWCNT papers, we investigated the neuronal morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential, and acetylcholine/acetylcholinesterase levels of human neuroblastoma during SH-SY5Y cell growth on the treated SWCNT papers. Our results demonstrated that the plasma-chemical functionalization caused changes in the surface charge states with functional groups with negative and positive charges and then the increased surface roughness enhanced neuronal cell adhesion, mitochondrial membrane potential, and the level of neurotransmitter in vitro. The cell adhesion and mitochondrial membrane potential on the negatively charged SWCNT papers were improved more than on the positively charged SWCNT papers. Also, measurements of the neurotransmitter level showed an enhanced acetylcholine level on the negatively charged SWCNT papers compared to the positively charged SWCNT papers.     

Spatial-dependent simulation of TEA CO2 lasers

We have developed a 1-D spatially-dependent model and simulation code to study the dynamics of TEA CO₂ lasers. In this paper we will discuss the motivation for developing the model and present the simulation details. We have compared and verified the simulation results with the previous 0-D model, and with the measurements of a TEA CO₂ laser. With spatial resolution, the 1-D simulation is in better agreement with experimental results compared with the existing 0-D model.     

Mathematical modeling of hybrid CO2 laser

A Teller–Landau six-temperature model describing the dynamic emission of single-mode TEA CO₂ laser has been adapted. This model has been also used to describe the mechanism of obtaining relatively high-power output pulses from hybrid TE-TEA or CW-TEA CO₂ laser consisting of high- and low-pressure sections. The suggested mathematical model allows to investigate the mechanism which limits the TEA oscillation to single longitudinal mode (SLM) due to the narrow gain bandwidth of low-pressure section, and also to study the effect of the laser input parameters on the smooth output laser pulse parameters. In addition, numerical solutions of non-linear rate equation system of the suggested model are quantitatively discussed. The solutions describe the radiation field intensity, the population inversion, and the energy transfer processes. The calculated values of maximum peak power, total energy in pulse, pulse width, etc. are in a very good agreement with the observed experimental values.     

Synthesis and CO2 capture property of high aspect-ratio Li2ZrO3 nanotubes arrays

High aspect-ratio Li₂ZrO₃ nanotubes were prepared by hydrothermal method using ZrO₂ nanotubes layers as templates. Characterizations of SEM, XRD, TEM and CO₂ adsorption were performed. The results showed that tetragonal Li₂ZrO₃ nanotubes arrays containing a little monoclinic ZrO₂ can be obtained using this simple method. The mean diameter of the nanotubes is approximately 150 nm and the corresponding specific surface area is 57.9 m² g⁻¹. Moreover, the obtained Li₂ZrO₃ nanotubes were thermally analyzed under a CO₂ flow to evaluate their CO₂ capture property. It was found that the as-prepared Li₂ZrO₃ nanotubes arrays would be an effective acceptor for CO₂ at high temperature.     

Intracavity absorption of CO2 laser radiation by chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gases

Intracavity absorption method was applied to determine the absorption coefficients of trichlorofluorocarbon CCl₃F (CFC-11), dichlorodifluorocarbon CF₂Cl₂ (CFC-12) and chlorodifluorocarbon CHClF₂ (CFC-22) vs. the pressure in the cell inside the cavity of a tunable CO₂ laser at different spectral lines on branches 9R and 10P.The laser output power was measured vs. the gas pressure at different spectral lines on branches 9R, 9P, 10R and 10P of CO₂ molecule transitions. A strong absorption was observed for lines of 9R and 10P branches, whereas a weak absorption was noticed for lines of 9P and 10R branches.The calculation of absorption coefficients was restricted for 9R and 10P due to the oscillating variation of the output power of CO₂ laser vs. the CFC pressure, which was occurred for the lines of 9P and 10R.On the basis of absorption coefficients, the absorption cross-sections for CFC-12 were calculated and compared with the absorption cross-sections found from the previous experiment (where the cell was located outside the cavity), NIST and HITRAN databases, respectively.The obtained data could be useful for CFC gases detection as pollutants in the atmosphere.     

基于Mie散射的CO_2激光大气传输特性测量

为了更准确地计算大气透过率,在Mie散射理论基础上,分析了雷达系统设计中需考虑的大气透过率的经验计算公式,指出了该经验公式的不足。考虑大气分析软件MODTRAN自身的优点,采用经验公式和软件计算相结合的方式计算大气透过率,给出了MODTRAN计算结果的修正表达式。在该理论指导下,进行了CO2激光大气传输实验。由于没有考虑大气湍流,理论计算和实验结果存在一定偏差,但不影响本文方法的实用性。实验测量显示,激光器出口处光斑能量抖动比为6.18%,而在50m和1km处能量抖动比分别为8.3%和50.2%,表明随着传输距离增加,能量抖动比增大。除掉激光器本身输出能量抖动外,在50m和1km处由大气传输造成的能量抖动比分别为2.12%和44.02%。实验结果提示,水平传输1km时能量抖动已相当剧烈,所以对更远距离的激光传输,自适应光学补偿显得尤为重要。     

Self-, N2- and O2-broadening coefficients for the CO2 transitions near-IR measured by a diode laser photoacoustic spectrometer

Using a high-resolution tunable diode laser photoacoustic spectrometer, self-, N₂ and O₂ pressure broadening coefficients for the first 11 transitions of ¹²C¹⁶O₂ in the R branch of the (30012) ← (00001) overtone band at the 6348 cm⁻¹ have been revisited at room temperature (∼298 K). Air-broadening parameters have also been calculated from the N₂ and O₂ measurements. The dependence of the broadening on rotational quantum number m is discussed. The recorded lineshapes are fitted with standard Voigt line profiles in order to determine the collisional broadening coefficients of carbon dioxide transitions. The results are compared to our previous measurements and to the values reported in the HITRAN04 database and by other research group with a different spectroscopic technique.