Study on the numerical schemes for hypersonic flow simulation

Hypersonic flow is full of complex physical and chemical processes, hence its investigation needs careful analysis of existing schemes and choosing a suitable scheme or designing a brand new scheme. The present study deals with two numerical schemes Harten, Lax, and van Leer with Contact (HLLC) and advection upstream splitting method (AUSM) to effectively simulate hypersonic flow fields, and accurately predict shock waves with minimal diffusion. In present computations, hypersonic flows have been modeled as a system of hyperbolic equations with one additional equation for non-equilibrium energy and relaxing source terms. Real gas effects, which appear typically in hypersonic flows, have been simulated through energy relaxation method. HLLC and AUSM methods are modified to incorporate the conservation laws for non-equilibrium energy. Numerical implementation have shown that non-equilibrium energy convect with mass, and hence has no bearing on the basic numerical scheme. The numerical simulation carried out shows good comparison with experimental data available in literature. Both numerical schemes have shown identical results at equilibrium. Present study has demonstrated that real gas effects in hypersonic flows can be modeled through energy relaxation method along with either AUSM or HLLC numerical scheme.     

绕Apollo飞船的高超声速化学非平衡流动的数值模拟

利用混合通量分裂方法，建立了很方便求解的隐式ＮＮＤ格式，求解了完全气体和化学非平衡空气绕Ａｐｏｌｌｏ飞船的流动，计算结果和实验值作了比较，应用拓扑分析方法，研究了背风区和尾迹内的流动结构。     

On the accuracy and efficiency of CFD methods in real gas hypersonics

A study of viscous and inviscid hypersonic flows using generalized upwind methods is presented. A new family of hybrid flux-splitting methods is examined for hypersonic flows. The hybrid method is constructed by the superposition of the flux-vector-splitting (FVS) method and second-order artificial dissipation in the regions of strong shock waves. The conservative variables on the cell faces are calculated by an upwind extrapolation scheme to third-order accuracy. A second-order-accurate scheme is used for the discretization of the viscous terms. The solution of the system of equations is achieved by an implicit unfactored method. In order to reduce the computational time, a local adaptive mesh solution (LAMS) method is proposed. The LAMS method combines the mesh-sequencing technique and local solution of the equations. The local solution of either the Euler or the NAVIER-STOKES equations is applied for the region of the flow field where numerical disturbances die out slowly. Validation of the Euler and NAVIER-STOKES codes is obtained for hypersonic flows around blunt bodies. Real gas effects are introduced via a generalized equation of state.     

A multi-dimensional time-marching method of characteristics for viscous and heat-conducting flows

Summary A numerical scheme is presented which employs the characteristic surfaces in space-time for solving Navier-Stokes equations for compressible fluid flow. We consider the general case of a three-dimensional flow, a simplification of which yields the equations of the two-dimensional case. Emphasis is put on the method itself. We apply it to simulate a laminar hypersonic flow around a circular cylinder of a five-components gas mixture of nitrogen and oxygen with thermally perfect constituents and at chemical nonequilibrium. First, the partial differential equations are transformed into a standard form with directional derivatives, enabling to attain the compatibility conditions, including the viscosity terms. These conditions are discretized by approximating their integrals along the corresponding characteristic surfaces. The result is an explicit time-marching numerical scheme. Using a grid fitted between the shock and the cylinder, and starting from roughly estimated initial conditions, a steady solution is searched. A comparison is made with the solution obtained under the assumption of a perfect gas. Received 6 April 1999; accepted for publication 13 May 1999     

非结构混合网格化学非平衡粘性绕流数值模拟

在非结构混合网格上对化学非平衡粘性绕流进行了数值模拟。控制方程为考虑了化学非平衡效应的二维Navier-Stokes方程,化学动力学模型为7组元、7反应模型。控制方程中的对流项采用VanLeer逆风分裂格式处理,并应用MUSCL方法及Minmod限制器扩展到二阶精度,粘性项用中心差分格式处理。时间推进采用显式5步龙格-库塔方法。为了适应高超声速流场计算,对VanLeer通量分裂方法进行了改进,并引入了化学反应时间步长。对RAMC-II模型的飞行试验流场进行了数值模拟,计算结果与试验测量数据符合较好,并与参考文献中的数值模拟结果吻合。     

高温真实气体底部流动的NS方程数值计算

本文数值模拟了高超音速飞行时钝锥的底部流动。采用轴对称NS方程并考虑真实气体效应。湍流模型采用修正的Baldwin-Lomax涡粘性代数模型,数值方法空间离散对流项采用显式NND格式,粘性项采用中心差。时间离散采用三阶的龙格-库塔法。真实气体模型采用考虑七种组分四种反应的汉森模型。给出了底部流场的压力和温度分布及各组分的浓度分布。可以看出在近底部区域高速流-绕过拐角就产生一回流旋涡区。由于温度变化很大,气体的热力学特性受气体离解、复合和振动能激发的影响。所以整个流动过程变得十分复杂。     

Computation of non-equilibrium hypersonic flow with artificially upstream flux vector splitting (AUFS) schemes

The AUFS scheme has been presented for solving the Euler equations [Sun, M., Takayama, K., 2003. An artificially upstream flux vector splitting scheme for the Euler equations. Journal of Computational Physics, 189, 305–329]. An extension of this high resolution scheme-based on upwind numerical methods has been developed to calculate a two-dimensional hypersonic viscous flowfield in thermochemical non-equilibrium. The time-dependent Navier–Stokes governing equations are computed by using a multi-block finite volume technique on a structured mesh. The convective fluxes at the interfaces are evaluated using a flux vector splitting (FVS) method with a second-order reconstruction of the interface values and the viscous terms are discretised by second-order central differences. A better evaluation of aerodynamic parameters are obtained with this AUFS scheme and they are also compared to those obtained by previous works. The freestream flow conditions of these computations correspond to high-enthalpy flows with a Mach number range between 6.4 and 25.9. The obtained numerical results indicate that the AUFS scheme is accurate, robust, and efficient for the calculation of hypersonic flow.     

A COMPUTATIONAL METHOD FOR THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS AT ALL SPEEDS

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多维迎风方法在非结构/混合网格热流计算中的应用研究

非结构/混合网格具有极强的几何灵活性,在复杂外形飞行器的气动力特性数值模拟中已得到广泛应用,但目前还难以准确地预测气动热环境。本文从非结构/混合网格热流计算的三个需求出发,选取了多维迎风方法,并与其他方法进行了对比研究。以二维圆柱高超声速绕流这一Benchmark典型问题为例,对比研究了多维迎风方法和几种广泛使用的无粘通量格式(Roe格式、Van Leer格式和AUSMDV格式)对混合网格热流计算精度的影响。结果表明,多维迎风方法在热流计算精度、鲁棒性以及收敛性方面表现良好。最后,将多维迎风方法应用于常规混合网格上的圆柱和钝双锥绕流问题,均得到了较好的热流计算结果,为非结构/混合网格热流计算在复杂高超飞行器中的应用奠定了基础。     

Simulation of unsteady hypersonic combustion around projectiles in an expansion tube

The temporal evolution of combustion flowfields established by the interaction between wedge-shaped bodies and explosive hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen mixtures accelerated to hypersonic speeds in an expansion tube is investigated. The analysis is carried out using a fully implicit, time-accurate, computational fluid dynamics code that we recently developed to solve the Navier-Stokes equations for a chemically reacting gas mixture. The numerical results are compared with experimental data from the Stanford University expansion tube for two different gas mixtures at Mach numbers of 4.2 and 5.2. The experimental work showed that flow unstart occurred for both the Mach 4.2 cases. These results are reproduced by our numerical simulations and, more significantly, the causes for unstart are explained. For the Mach 5.2 mixtures, the experiments and numerical simulations both produced stable combustion. However, the computations indicate that in one case the experimental data were obtained during the transient phase of the flow; that is, before steady state had been attained. Received 7 February 2000/ Accepted 20 February 2001     

基于分子平均自由程的热流计算壁面网格准则

面向壁面热流Navier-Stokes方程数值计算的应用, 研究了壁面法向网格尺度问题.从气体分子物理学角度, 对壁面热流进行了微观统计分析,指出壁面热流与气体分子平均自由程之间的内在联系是壁面法向网格尺度存在最优下限的原因. 据此建立了一个新的壁面法向网格尺度准则, 即MFP准则.该准则简单、实用, 具有清晰的热力学物理意义, 且只依赖于壁面局部参数. 并以多种对比算例验证了MFP准则的准确性和适用性.      

Aeroheating CFD analysis of missile slots

This paper develops a hypersonic aerothermal simulation method for missile slot flow. The finite volume method of structure grid solver is developed for solving Euler and Navier-Stokes equations. The solver includes Park's two temperature model and the air multi-species reaction model. The second-order accuracy TVD numerical method was deduced to compute the hypersonic aeroheating which improves the computational efficiency. Computational results are given to show the high accuracy comparing to the existing experimental data.     

论粘性激波层理论的理论基础及其进一步发展

本文将Davis的量级分析方法改用匹配渐近展开方法,作为一级近似推导出了高超音速化学反应粘性激波层方程。证明了粘性激波层方程是NS方程在匹配渐近意义上的一级近似方程。进一步讨论了这一方程的基本假设条件。本文首次推导出的二级近似方程,是对Davis粘性激波层方程的修正。这种修正可以提高数值解的精度,有助于对问题获得更全面的了解,对进一步发展与完善高超音速钝头体绕流问题的数值求解方法起一定的作用。     

Compact finite difference schemes on non‐uniform meshes. Application to direct numerical simulations of compressible flows

In this paper, the development of a fourth‐ (respectively third‐) order compact scheme for the approximation of first (respectively second) derivatives on non‐uniform meshes is studied. A full inclusion of metrics in the coefficients of the compact scheme is proposed, instead of methods using Jacobian transformation. In the second part, an analysis of the numerical scheme is presented. A numerical analysis of truncation errors, a Fourier analysis completed by stability calculations in terms of both semi‐ and fully discrete eigenvalue problems are presented. In those eigenvalue problems, the pure convection equation for the first derivative, and the pure diffusion equation for the second derivative are considered. The last part of this paper is dedicated to an application of the numerical method to the simulation of a compressible flow requiring variable mesh size: the direct numerical simulation of compressible turbulent channel flow. Present results are compared with both experimental and other numerical (DNS) data in the literature. The effects of compressibility and acoustic waves on the turbulent flow structure are discussed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非结构混合网格高超声速绕流与磁场干扰数值模拟

对均匀磁场干扰下的二维钝头体无粘高超声速流场进行了基于非结构混合网格的数值模拟.受磁流体力学方程组高度非线性的影响及考虑到数值模拟格式的精度,目前在此类流场的数值模拟中大多使用结构网格及有限差分方法,因而在三维复杂外形及复杂流场方面的研究受到限制.本文主要探索使用非结构网格(含混合网格)技术时的数值模拟方法.控制方程为耦合了Maxwell方程及无粘流体力学方程的磁流体力学方程组,数值离散格式采用Jameson有限体积格心格式,5步Runge-Kutta显式时间推进.计算模型为二维钝头体,初始磁场均匀分布.对不同磁感应强度影响下的高超声速流场进行了数值模拟,并与有限的资料进行了对比,得到了较符合的结果.     

转动非平衡玻尔兹曼模型方程统一算法与全流域绕流计算应用

基于过去开展稀薄自由分子流到连续流气体运动论统一算法框架,采用转动惯量描述气体分子自旋运动,确立含转动非平衡效应各流域统一玻尔兹曼模型方程.基于转动能量对分布函数守恒积分,得到计及转动非平衡效应气体分子速度分布函数方程组,使用离散速度坐标法对分布函数方程所依赖速度空间离散降维;应用拓展计算流体力学有限差分方法,构造直接求解分子速度分布函数的气体动理论数值格式;基于物面质量流量通量守恒与能量平衡关系,发展计及转动非平衡气体动理论边界条件数学模型及数值处理方法,提出模拟各流域转动非平衡效应玻尔兹曼模型方程统一算法.通过高、低不同马赫数1:5～25氮气激波结构与自由分子流到连续流全飞行流域不同克努森数（9×10-4～10）Ramp制动器、圆球、尖双锥飞行器、飞船返回舱外形体再入跨流域绕流模拟研究,将计算结果与有关实验数据、稀薄流DSMC模拟值等结果对比分析,验证统一算法模拟自由分子流到连续流再入过程高超声速绕流问题的可靠性与精度.      

GAS-KINETIC UNIFIED ALGORITHM FOR BOLTZMANN MODEL EQUATION IN ROTATIONAL NONEQUILIBRIUM AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE WHOLE RANGE FLOW REGIMES

基于过去开展稀薄自由分子流到连续流气体运动论统一算法框架,采用转动惯量描述气体分子自旋运动,确立含转动非平衡效应各流域统一玻尔兹曼模型方程.基于转动能量对分布函数守恒积分,得到计及转动非平衡效应气体分子速度分布函数方程组,使用离散速度坐标法对分布函数方程所依赖速度空间离散降维;应用拓展计算流体力学有限差分方法,构造直接求解分子速度分布函数的气体动理论数值格式;基于物面质量流量通量守恒与能量平衡关系,发展计及转动非平衡气体动理论边界条件数学模型及数值处理方法,提出模拟各流域转动非平衡效应玻尔兹曼模型方程统一算法.通过高、低不同马赫数1：5～25氮气激波结构与自由分子流到连续流全飞行流域不同克努森数（9×10^-4～10）Ramp制动器、圆球、尖双锥飞行器、飞船返回舱外形体再入跨流域绕流模拟研究,将计算结果与有关实验数据、稀薄流DSMC模拟值等结果对比分析,验证统一算法模拟自由分子流到连续流再入过程高超声速绕流问题的可靠性与精度.     

近空间高超声速飞行器气动特性研究的若干关键问题

在30$\sim$70km空域机动飞行的高超声速飞行器的优点是可以耦合利用所处空域的空气产生的升力和高速飞行的离心力进行远距离机动滑翔飞行,具有重要的实用价值.尽管过去数十年在高超声速流动研究方面取得显著进展,但在设计研究近空间远程滑翔的高超声速飞行器方面仍然存在许多挑战,特别是对特定飞行条件下的流动机理了解不清楚.本文介绍了作者研究团队在开展近空间高超声速飞行器有关的关键气动问题方面的研究进展,主要包括:建立了近空间高超声速飞行的流动模型,发展了系统的相关计算空气动力学方法,针对高空高速飞行条件下稀薄气体效应和真实气体效应的耦合作用影响研究了合适的滑移边界条件,考虑了不同组分存在条件下的温度、速度和压力的滑移效应影响;提出了飞行器气动外形的动态优化方法,获得了可工程实用化的高升阻比飞行器气动外形;建立了高速飞行器动稳定性理论,在实现高超声速飞行器动态稳定飞行方面取得重大进展;最后讨论了高超声速飞行器设计中进一步需要关注的若干关键技术和科学问题、可能解决的途径及其所涉及的学科发展方向.      

热喷干扰气体模型对飞行器气动特性影响分析

针对不同气体模型对高超声速飞行器喷流反作用控制系统(RCS)热喷干扰流场模拟的计算效率和准确性问题, 基于喷流燃气物理化学模型, 通过数值求解含化学反应源项的三维N-S方程, 建立了飞行器RCS热喷干扰流场数值模拟方法, 分别采用化学反应流、反应冻结流、二元异质流以及空气喷流四种气体模型开展了典型外形热喷干扰流场的数值模拟, 研究了不同气体模型对热喷干扰流场结构、飞行器气动力热特性的影响, 分析了不同马赫数、飞行高度下的变化规律. 研究表明: 化学反应流模型计算精度较高, 计算与风洞试验数据的吻合程度优于其他三种简化模型; 在本文的低空条件下, 采用简化模型进行热喷干扰流场数值模拟, 会低估分离区大小, 使飞行器气动力特性预测出现偏差, 同时也会低估表面热环境, 对防热系统设计不利, 随着马赫数增加, 简化模型对气动力热特性预估的误差进一步增大, 同时不同简化模型之间的差异也进一步增大; 飞行高度较高时, 模型之间的差异减小, 此时可采用简化模型进行计算以提高计算效率. 本文的研究结果可为飞行器热喷干扰流场数值模拟及喷流反作用控制系统设计提供参考.      

基于数据驱动的流场控制方程的稀疏识别

利用有限数据建立系统的非线性动力学模型是具有挑战性的重要课题. 数据驱动的稀疏识别方法是近年来发展的从数据识别动力系统控制方程的有效方法. 本文基于数据驱动稀疏识别方法对不同流场的控制方程进行了识别. 采用非线性动力学偏微分方程函数识别(partial differential equations functional identification of nonlinear dynamics, PDE-FIND)方法和最小绝对收缩和选择算子(least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, LASSO)方法对二维圆柱绕流、顶盖驱动方腔流、Rayleigh-Bénard (RB)对流和三维槽道湍流的控制方程进行了识别. 在稀疏识别过程中, 采用直接数值模拟得到的流场数据来计算过完备候选库中的每一项, 候选库中变量最高保留到二次, 变量导数最高保留到二阶, 非线性项最高保留到四阶. 结果发现PDE-FIND方法和LASSO方法对于不含有非线性项的控制方程, 如涡量输运方程、热输运方程和连续性方程, 都能准确识别. 对于含有强非线性项的控制方程, 如Navier-Stokes方程的识别, PDE-FIND方法正确地识别出了控制方程及流场的Rayleigh数和Reynolds数, 而LASSO方法识别结果不正确, 这是因为候选库中的项之间存在分组效应, LASSO方法通常只取分组中的一项. 本文还发现选择流动结构丰富的区域的数据进行控制方程的稀疏识别可以提高识别的准确性.