改性ZrO2负载钌氨合成催化剂的制备及其构效关系研究

由ZrO(NO₃)₂水解得到的ZrO(OH)₂水凝胶经碱液回流老化、焙烧后制备了改性ZrO₂载体材料,直接浸渍K₂RuO₄溶液,经还原后用于催化氨合成反应。并运用X射线衍射(XRD)、CO₂ 程序升温脱附(CO₂-TPD)、X射线荧光光谱 (XRF)、N₂物理吸附、H₂程序升温还原技术(H₂-TPR)和CO化学吸附对其进行了表征,重点考察了催化剂性能与载体性能间的构效关系。结果表明,KOH和NH₄OH溶液回流均可提高载体的比表面积,但是KOH回流制备的载体同时还具有较强的碱性,因此,负载钌以后表现出最佳活性。在425 ℃、5 MPa、空速为10 000 h^-1条件下,出口氨浓度为5.96%,分别较催化剂K-Ru/ZrO₂-NH₄OH、K-Ru/ZrO₂-CP和Ru/ZrO₂-NH₄OH提高了11%、143%和103%。与活性组分分散度相比,载体碱性强度对活性的促进作用更为明显。     

SAPO分子筛的二甲苯异构化反应性能研究——酸性和孔结构对其催化性能的影响

采用水热法合成了SAPO-5、SAPO1-1、SAPO-41分子筛,并以间二甲苯异构化反应为模型反应,考察了SAPO-5、SAPO-11、SAPO-41的催化性能;运用XRD、BET、吸附吡啶的FT IR等手段表征了SAPO的结构和酸性。结果表明,在合成投料比相同的情况下,SAPO-11具有最大的较强B酸量,表现出了最好的间二甲苯异构催化活性。SAPO-5因为较强B酸中心数目少,异构催化活性最差。三种分子筛的间二甲苯异构化催化活性和较强B酸中心的分布均呈SAPO-5＜SAPO-41≈SAPO-11顺序排列。较强B酸中心的分布是决定催化剂异构化活性的主要因素。中孔分子筛SAPO-11、SAPO-41孔道直径与对位产物的直径接近,对位选择性比大孔分子筛SAPO-5好。     

Correlations between acidity, surface structure, and catalytic activity of niobium oxide supported on zirconia

The development of the acidity and the relationship between acidity, catalytic activity, and the surface structure for niobium oxide supported on zirconia were investigated for a series of solids. The catalysts were active for 2-propanol dehydration only above a threshold in Nb loading. The acidity was studied by infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed 2,6-dimethylpyridine as a probe molecule, and the onset of activity was correlated with that of the formation of relatively strong Br?nsted acid sites. The variation in the abundance of these sites also correlated with the catalytic activity. Raman, IR, and UV spectroscopy results indicated that the active sites were related to polymeric Nb surface species. These results were compared to those previously reported for the WO(x)/ZrO(2) catalysts.     

Influence of preparation method on the structure and catalytic activity of supported solid sulfuric acid

Summary FT-IR and ²⁹Si-NMR studies suggested the interaction of H₂SO₄ with the SiO₂ support in the material synthesized by the sol-gel method. ¹H-NMR results showed that the acid strength of solid sulfuric acid was almost the same as that of liquid sulfuric acid. The catalyst showed higher catalytic activity and stability than that prepared by impregnation method.     

聚苯胺-改性木质素磺酸钠复合材料基活性炭负载Pd催化剂对甲酸氧化的催化性能

将聚苯胺/改性木质素磺酸钠复合材料在不同炭化温度下进行处理得到活性炭材料,利用红外光谱、拉曼光谱、比表面积分析和扫描电镜等手段对其结构和表面性质进行了表征。通过液相还原方法将Pd纳米颗粒负载在所制备的活性炭材料上,获得Pd/C催化剂用于甲酸氧化,并采用X射线衍射、透射电镜和电化学测试等方法对该Pd/C催化剂进行表征。结果表明,以800℃下炭化得到的活性炭材料为载体所制备的Pd-AC800催化剂其催化性能最优;Pd粒径为5.4 nm,电化学活性面积为53.78 m²/g。由于在该催化剂上甲酸氧化通过直接途径进行,Pd-AC800可用作直接甲酸燃料电池的催化剂。     

分子筛孔结构和酸性对二甲苯异构化反应性能影响

我们成功合成了几种具有典型结构的分子筛,并考察了这些分子筛的孔结构、酸性以及在碳八芳烃异构化反应中的反应性能.结果表明,对于碳八芳烃异构化反应,孔结构和酸性起着重要作用,孔结构决定了反应的类型或方式,而酸性质与反应的活性和选择性密切相关,一个好的碳八芳烃异构化催化剂要同时具备适宜的孔道结构和酸性.     

Effect of catalyst confinement and pore size on Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over cobalt supported on carbon nanotubes

This paper studies the impact of structure of cobalt catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes(CNT) on the activity and product selectivity of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis(FTS) reaction.Three types of CNT with average pore sizes of 5,11,and 17 nm were used as the supports.The catalysts were prepared by selectively impregnating cobalt nanoparticles either inside or outside CNT.The TPR results indicated that the catalyst with Co particles inside CNT was easier to be reduced than those outside CNT,and the reducibility of cobalt oxide particles inside the CNT decreased with the cobalt oxide particle size increasing.The activity of the catalyst with Co inside CNT was higher than that of catalysts with Co particles outside CNT.Smaller CNT pore size also appears to enhance the catalyst reduction and FTS activity due to the little interaction between cobalt oxide with carbon and the enhanced electron shift on the non-planar carbon tube surface.     

Metallic nickel supported on mesoporous silica as catalyst for hydrodeoxygenation: effect of pore size and structure

Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of anisole, a methoxy-rich lignin-derived bio-oil model compound, was carried out over a series of Ni-containing (5, 10, 20, and 30 wt%) catalysts with commercial silica and ordered mesoporous silica SBA-15 as support. Both supports and catalysts were characterized by N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms, X-ray diffraction, CO chemisorption, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Catalytic reaction was performed at 250 °C and 10 bar H₂ pressure. Depending on the catalyst support used and the content of active metal, the catalytic activity and product distribution changed drastically. Increase of the nickel loading resulted in increased anisole conversion and C₆ hydrocarbon (benzene and cyclohexane) yield. However, loading more Ni than 20 wt% resulted in a decrease of both conversion and C₆ yield due to agglomeration of Ni particles. In addition, Ni/SBA-15 samples exhibited much stronger catalytic activity and selectivity toward C₆ hydrocarbon products compared with Ni/silica catalysts. The differences in catalytic activity among these catalysts can be attributed to the effect of the pore size and pore structure of mesoporous SBA-15. SBA-15 can accommodate more Ni species inside channels than conventional silica due to its high pore volume with uniform pore structure, leading to high HDO catalytic activity.     

Alkylation of p-cresol with tert-butanol catalyzed by heteropoly acid supported on zirconia catalyst

Butylation of p-cresol by tert-butanol was catalyzed by 12-tungstophosphoric acid supported on zirconia (TPA/ZrO₂) under flow conditions. Catalysts prepared with different TPA loading (5–30 wt.%) were calcined at 1023 K and acidity was estimated by temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of NH₃. Fifteen percent TPA/ZrO₂ showed the highest acidity and found to be the most active catalyst in butylation of p-cresol. The effects of temperature, space velocity (LHSV) and molar ratio of the reactants on the conversion of p-cresol and products selectivities were optimized and the optimum reaction conditions evaluated were 403 K, tert-butanol/p-cresol (Bu/Cr) molar ratio 3 and LHSV 4 h⁻¹. Under the optimized conditions, conversion of p-cresol was found to be 61 mol% with product selectivity for 2-tert-butyl-p-cresol (TBC) 81.4%, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (DTBC) 18.1% and tert-butyl-p-tolyl ether (ether) 0.5%. Study of time on stream (TOS) performed as a function of time for 100 h showed that the loss in activity in terms of conversion of p-cresol was 6%.     

Investigation of n-hexane dehydrocyclization over supported Pt catalyst modified by adsorbed Pd

A -Al₂O₃ supported Pd–Pt bimetallic catalyst prepared by electrochemical metal adsorption has been tested in n-hexane dehydrocyclization. The Pd–Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst, after calcination in oxygen followed by hydrogen treatment, showed higher activities and better selectivities for benzene and iso-hexane formation. The Pd–Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst appeared to be less sensitive to the changes in the temperature of hydrogen treatment than the base Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst.

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Re–Pt, -Al₂O₃, . -. , Re–Pt/Al₂O₃, , , , . , Pt/Al₂O₃.

     

Investigation of n-hexane dehydrocyclization over supported Pt catalyst modified by adsorbed rhenium

A -Al₂O₃ supported Re–Pt bimetallic catalyst prepared by electrochemical adsorption has been studied in n-hexane dehydrocyclization, using the slug-pulse method. The activity of the Re–Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst treated only in hydrogen was low, but markedly increased by a calcination step before hydrogen treatment. The modified catalyst showed higher activity and increased selectivities for benzene and iso-hexanes than the base Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst.

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Pd/Pt, -Al₂O₃, -. Pd–Pt/Al₂O₃, , , . Pd–Pt/Al₂O₃ , Pt/Al₂O₃.

     

Photocatalysts based on aluminum and zinc phthalocyanines supported on modified montmorillonite

The efficiency of the sensitizing action of photocatalysts prepared from montmorillonite modified by a cationic surfactant and treated with aluminum and zinc phthalocyanines was studied. The rates and quantum yields of acceptor (9,10-diphenylanthracene) consumption upon irradiation with the visible light of poly(methyl methacrylate) films and dispersions in toluene containing the photocatalysts were determined. The quantum yields of singlet oxygen generation were estimated on the basis of these data. The influence of the medium and concentration of phthalocyanines on the spectral characteristics of the photocatalysts was considered.     

酸性质对磷钨酸改性CeO_2上NH_3选择性催化还原NO性能影响

分别制备了磷钨酸、磷酸、偏钨酸铵及磷酸+偏钨酸铵改性的CeO_2催化剂,用于NO的NH3选择性催化还原反应(NH3-SCR),对酸改性的作用进行了研究。结果表明,不同酸改性后的CeO_2催化剂均含有弱酸和中强酸位,但酸量差别明显,依次为:磷钨酸/CeO_2偏钨酸铵/CeO_2磷酸+偏钨酸铵/CeO_2磷酸/CeO_2。由于磷钨酸改性的CeO_2催化剂中P与W之间相互作用,导致磷钨酸/CeO_2催化剂表面弱酸及中强酸含量较多,Ce物种和O物种相对活跃,有利于NH3的吸附、活化和NH3-SCR反应的进行;因此,磷钨酸改性的CeO_2催化剂活性最佳,在225-450℃下NO转化率高于90%。     

Spectral and photochemical properties of tetraphenylporphyrin tetrasulfonate supported on modified montmorillonite nanoparticles

A photocatalyst that effectively sensitizes the oxidation of 9,10-diphenylanthracene in toluene under irradiation with visible light has been prepared by the treatment of cationic surfactant-modified montmorillonite nanoparticles with a solution of meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin. Reaction quantum yields and singlet oxygen generation probability have been determined. The shifts and intensity changes observed for the absorption bands of meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin in the catalyst as compared with aqueous solutions are associated with solvation effects. The meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin triplet state has been detected using the laser photolysis technique, and the rate constant of its quenching by oxygen on the surface of nanoparticles has been measured.     

An appropriate one-pot synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones catalyzed by heteropoly acid supported on zeolite: An efficient and reusable catalyst for the Biginelli reaction

A mild and efficient catalytic method has been developed for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2 (1H)-ones (DHPM) by a one-pot three-component cyclocondensation reaction using molybdophosphoric acid (MPA) supported on Y zeolite in high to excellent yields. The reaction investigated in the presence of molybdophosphoric acid encapsulated in the supercage of zeolite for comparison. In the second method, no appreciable progress was observed due to large size of dihydropyrimidinone compounds towards the supercage dimension of Y zeolite. In addition, the catalyst was recovered and reused for several times without efficient loss in catalytic activity.     

Correlation between acidity and catalytic activity for the methanol dehydration over various aluminum oxides

Dehydration of methanol into dimethyl ether (DME) was carried out over aluminum oxides with different crystalline phases, viz. η-Al₂O₃, γ-Al₂O₃, θ-Al₂O₃, (χ + γ)-Al₂O₃, δ-Al₂O₃, α-Al₂O₃, and κ-Al₂O₃. The catalytic activity decreased in the following order: η-Al₂O₃ > γ-Al₂O₃ ? θ-Al₂O₃ ? (χ + γ)-Al₂O₃ ? δ-Al₂O₃ > α-Al₂O₃ ≈ κ-Al₂O₃. Several techniques: N₂ physisorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of NH₃, and FT-IR spectroscopy after pyridine adsorption were employed to characterize these solid acid catalysts. The good correlation can be found between the catalytic activity and the amount of Lewis acid site determined by the FT-IR spectra after pyridine adsorption.     

磷钼酸（PMA）修饰炭载Pd催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化性能

为了提高直接甲酸燃料电池（DFAFC）中炭载Pd（Pd/C）催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化性能,用回流法制备了磷钼酸（PMA）修饰的炭载Pd（PMA-Pd/C）催化剂.并用谱学技术和电化学技术表征了催化剂的组分和结构,发现PMA通过化学作用而牢固地固定在Pd表面.由于PMA-Pd/C催化剂能抑制甲酸的自分解,因此,PMA-Pd/C催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化性能优于Pd/C催化剂.     

烷基化催化剂表面酸性及催化性能的动力学研究

在确定关联升温速率、脱附峰温和脱附峰覆盖率的程序升温脱附动力学模型的基础上，通过TPD实验和模型参数估值，建立了表征催化剂酸密度、酸强度及强度分布情况的方法。研究表明，随着活化温度的提高，固体酸催化剂表面酸中心强度分布先变宽后趋于均匀，350?℃活化催化剂的强度分布最宽；催化剂表面酸强度和酸密度随活化温度提高均呈先增大后降低、分别在350 ℃和250 ℃活化温度达到极大值的变化规律。催化剂酸性与催化性能关联的结果表明，随着活化温度的提高，烷基化反应速率常数与总脱附量的变化趋势相同，而催化剂失活速率常数与脱附活化能变化趋势相同；催化剂活性稳定性随其酸强度的增大而变差，催化剂活性与催化剂酸量和酸强度有关。     

基于杂多类离子液体催化体系的甘油氢解反应研究

将一系列不同结构的离子液体与雷尼镍复合,作为甘油氢解制备丙二醇反应的催化剂。考察了离子液体结构对催化性能的影响,优选出具有适宜酸强度的固态磷钨酸质子化咪唑([HMIM]3PW12O40),采用FT-IR、1H-NMR及TG对其进行了表征。[HMIM]3PW12O40/雷尼镍复合催化剂在用量[HMIM]3PW12O400.2 mmol、雷尼镍0.3 g的条件下,催化20 g 40%甘油水溶液在6 MPa氢压(氢醇比为2.37∶1)下,230℃反应11 h,可得到甘油转化率83.3%,氢解产物1,2-丙二醇选择性57.3%的结果,催化剂具有良好的稳定性。     

硅烷偶联剂改性SBA-15固载Keggin型杂多酸催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯

以3-(甲基丙烯酰氧)丙基三甲氧基硅烷(MEMO)表面改性的介孔分子筛SBA-15为载体,制备了一系列介孔分子筛/硅烷偶联剂@杂多酸复合催化剂SBA-15/MEMO@HnXW12O40(X=P⁵+,Si⁴⁺,B³⁺;n=3,4,5),并利用FTIR、P-XRD、TEM、N2吸附-脱附对其结构进行表征。以SBA-15/MEMO@HnXW12O40(X=P⁵⁺,Si⁴⁺,B³⁺;n=3,4,5)为负载型杂多酸催化剂对柠檬酸三丁酯的催化合成进行研究,分别考察了酸醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间对催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯酯化率的影响,并获得合成柠檬酸三丁酯的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:当负载型硅钨酸催化剂的负载量为50%、催化剂用量为3.8%、酸醇摩尔比为1∶4、反应温度为140℃、反应时间为6 h、环己烷用量为5 mL时酯化率可达97.56%,重复使用7次后酯化率仍可达62.67%。