电子显微镜的发展以及在出土纺织品检测上的应用

本文论述了电子显微镜的发展现状，介绍了目前最先进的几种电子显微镜，如扫描隧道显微镜、原子力显微镜、扫描探针显微镜的结构、原理以及在现代科学研究中的应用情况，对电子显微镜在出土古代纺织材料检测中的应用进行了探讨．     

Measurement of electron density distribution in the probe of a low voltage SEM

A method for measuring the electron density distribution in the probe of a low voltage scanning electron microscope is described. It is shown that the focused electron probe of an S 4800 scanning electron microscope at the electron energy of 200 eV has a Gaussian shape of the electron density with the effective diameter of the probe of 20 nm.     

Imaging of Norway spruce early somatic embryos with the ESEM,Cryo-SEM and laser scanning microscope

This article describes the surface structure of Norway spruce early somatic embryos (ESEs) as a typical culture with asynchronous development. The microstructure of extracellular matrix covering ESEs were observed using the environmental scanning electron microscope as a primary tool and using the scanning electron microscope with cryo attachment and laser electron microscope as a complementary tool allowing our results to be proven independently. The fresh samples were observed in conditions of the air environment of the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) with the pressure from 550 Pa to 690 Pa and the low temperature of the sample from −18 °C to −22 °C. The samples were studied using two different types of detector to allow studying either the thin surface structure or material composition. The scanning electron microscope with cryo attachment was used for imaging frozen extracellular matrix microstructure with higher resolution. The combination of both electron microscopy methods was suitable for observation of “native” plant samples, allowing correct evaluation of our results, free of error and artifacts.     

Preparation of nanosized ZnO using α brass

Nanosized ZnOs were synthesized on the surface of α brass coated a film of nickel catalyst at 500-700 °C under atmosphere of O₂ and CH₄ gases. The nanosized ZnOs have shapes including pillar, leaf, sheet and rod, which were determined by the synthesis temperature and the flow rates of O₂ and CH₄ gases. The nanosized ZnOs were characterized by electron microscopy including transmission electron microscope for crystal structure, morphology and high resolution images, both field emission scanning electron microscope and scanning electron microscope for morphology, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope equipped in electron microscope for chemical composition. A mechanism was proposed for the growth of nanosized ZnO obtained in this work.     

Size determination of Acipenser ruthenus spermatozoa in different types of electron microscopy

In this study three types of scanning electron microscopes were used for the size determination of spermatozoa of sterlet Acipenser ruthenus – high vacuum scanning electron microscope (SEM, JEOL 6300), environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM, Quanta 200 FEG), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM, JEOL 7401F) with cryoattachment Alto 2500 (Gatan) and transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEOL 1010). The use of particular microscopes was tied with different specimen preparation techniques. The aim of this study was to evaluate to what degree the type of used electron microscope can influence the size of different parts of spermatozoa. For high vacuum SEM the specimen was prepared using two slightly different procedures. After chemical fixation with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer and post-fixation by 1% osmium tetroxide, the specimen was dehydrated by acetone series and dried either by critical point method or by means of t-butylalcohol. For ESEM fresh, unfixed material was used, which was dropped on microscopic copper grids. In FESEM working in cryo-mode the specimen was observed in a frozen state. Ultrathin sections from chemically fixed and Epon embedded specimens were prepared for TEM observation. Distinct parts of sterlet spermatozoa were measured in each microscope and the data obtained was statistically processed. Results confirmed that the classical chemical procedure of specimen preparation for SEM including critical point drying method led to a significant contraction of all measured values, which could deviate up to 30% in comparison with values measured on the fresh chemically untreated specimen in ESEM. Surprisingly sperm dimensions determinated on ultrathin sections by TEM are comparable with values obtained in ESEM or FESEM.     

Measurements of scan nonlinearity in a scanning electron microscope

A method for measuring the scan nonlinearity of a scanning electron microscope is discussed. This method is tested using a mass-produced microscope and demonstrates good results.     

Updating of the toroidal electron spectrometer intended for a scanning electron microscope and its new applications in diagnostics of micro- and nanoelectronic structures

A new version of the toroidal electron spectrometer installed in a scanning electron microscope is described. The new instrument has made it possible to carry out fundamental and applied research in the field of local nondestructive inspection of micro- and nanoelectronic materials and devices. The topology control of 3D microstructures by backscattered electron tomography is exemplified. A high efficiency of secondary electron energy filtering in monitoring of semiconductor regions locally doped by p- and n-type impurities is demonstrated. A physical substantiation for the high contrast of the doped regions is given. The feasibility of taking electron spectra using a scanning electron microscope in a wide range from slow secondary electrons to elastically scattered ones is proved.     

Characterization of martensite in Fe-25%Ni-15%Co-5%Mo alloy

Kinetic, morphological, crystallographical, magnetic and thermal characteristics of thermally induced martensite in Fe-25%Ni-15%Co-5%Mo alloy have been investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Mössbauer spectrometer, and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Kinetics of the transformation was found to be athermal. Also only lenticular martensite morphology was observed during microscope observations. In addition, martensite start temperature (M_s) was determined as −63 °C from differential scanning calorimeter. On the other hand, Mössbauer spectra revealed a paramagnetic character for the austenite phase and a ferromagnetic character for thermally induced martensite phase.     

Backscattered electron imaging of micro- and nanostructures: 1. Method of analysis

A method for analysis of the formation of backscattered electron scanning electron microscope (SEM) images is described. The results of studying the formation of SEM signals obtained upon scanning an angular structure are given. The mechanisms of the formation of images in the modes of backscattered and slow secondary electrons are described.     

Beobachtung von Elektronen-Channeling-Diagrammen im Augerelektronen-Spektrometer mit Rasterzusatz

In the scanning electron microscope the electron channeling patterns allow us to determine the orientation and quality of single crystal objects. If the Auger spectrometer is equipped with a scanning sample positioner, the electron channeling patterns can be observed with primary energies used in Auger spectroscopy, i.e. 0.5–5 keV.     

Resonant electron heating and molecular phonon cooling in single C60 junctions

We study heating and heat dissipation of a single C(60) molecule in the junction of a scanning tunneling microscope by measuring the electron current required to thermally decompose the fullerene cage. The power for decomposition varies with electron energy and reflects the molecular resonance structure. When the scanning tunneling microscope tip contacts the fullerene the molecule can sustain much larger currents. Transport simulations explain these effects by molecular heating due to resonant electron-phonon coupling and molecular cooling by vibrational decay into the tip upon contact formation.     

Electron channelling contrast imaging of dislocations in a conventional SEM

Abstract

Dislocations in shock loaded tantalum single crystals were imaged using both transmission electron microscope (TEM) and electron channelling contrast image (ECCI) in a scanning electron microscope with a conventional backscattered electron detector. The results were compared with backscattered electron intensity profiles across dislocations calculated via the dynamic theory of electron diffraction. A one-to-one correspondence between ECCI and TEM is established. High voltage and low index reflections should be used to obtain the highest dislocation contrast and greatest imaging depth.     

基于扫描隧道显微镜的原子电子云结构

本文简要介绍了扫描隧道显微镜的基本工作原理，展示了一些扫描样品（石墨和铜）的电子云图，在简要介绍量子力学关于原子电子云结构基本理论的基础上，通过理论上的电子云结构与扫描结果的比较，在一定程度上验证了量子力学关于原子电子云结构理论的正确性．     

A method for SEM analysis of matrix oil

In some cases, there are difficulties in study of the morphological forms of the matrix oil present in carbonate rocks of some deposits by scanning electron microscopy. A method is proposed for studying rock cleavages in a scanning electron microscope at different accelerating voltages, which makes it possible to identify matrix oil by selecting the phase with a high content of light elements (carbon).     

Initial electron back-scattered diffraction observations of cerium

The first electron back-scattered diffraction Kikuchi patterns and grain orientation maps were captured for pure n-phase (fcc) Ce. The sample preparation technique used for electron back-scattered diffraction orientation mapping of this surface-reactive metal included ion sputtering the surface using a scanning Auger microprobe followed by vacuum transfer of the sample from the scanning Auger microprobe to the scanning electron microscope. The effect of ion sputtering on the microstructure as well as preliminary electron back-scattered diffraction microstructural characterization is presented. Based on the sputtering data, the room-temperature diffusivity of O in n-Ce was estimated.     

Fabrication of magnetic composite nanofibers of poly(ε-caprolactone) with FePt nanoparticles by coaxial electrospinning

In this article, composite nanofibers of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with iron–platinum (FePt) nanoparticles were successfully fabricated via coaxial electrospinning. The structure and morphology of FePt/PCL composite nanofibers were observed using transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope, respectively. The magnetic behavior of FePt/PCL composite nanofibers was investigated by alternating gradient magnetometer at room temperature.     

Comparison of SEM and optical analyses of DT neutron tracks in CR-39 detectors

A solid state nuclear track detector, CR-39, was exposed to DT neutrons. After etching, the resultant tracks were analyzed using both an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In this communication, both methods of analyzing DT neutron tracks are discussed.     

Analysis of thermal effects accompanying the interaction of electron beams with ferroelectric crystals

A spatial nonstationary temperature distribution in a model ferroelectric specimen exposed to electron beams of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is simulated. A solution to the problem on the effect of focused heat sources having different configurations on a single ferroelectric crystal and crystal with electrodes deposited on its faces is presented. The model is based on the finite-difference method. A program for calculating temperature fields and maximum overheating temperature for preset specimen characteristics and experimental parameters of different scanning electron microscopes is suggested.     

简单溶液法制备氧化锌纳米棒及光学性质

以水合醋酸锌(ZnAc₂·2H₂O)和水合肼(N₂H₄·H₂O)为反应物,在未使用任何表面活性剂的简单反应体系中制得了ZnO纳米棒。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)和室温荧光光谱对产物的晶体结构、形貌和发光性质进行了表征和分析。测试结果表明,所得产物为六方纤锌矿结构ZnO纳米棒,平均直径为120 nm,产物结晶完整,尺寸均匀。这种简单溶液法制备的ZnO纳米棒在386 nm处具有一个尖锐的紫外发光峰,发射光谱的半峰全宽仅为18 nm,在可见光区有一个较弱的宽频发光带。在该反应体系中通过调控混合溶剂的配比,不使用任何表面活性剂的条件下,为ZnO一维纳米棒的形核和生长提供了微型反应空间。     

Fabrication and characterization of photocatalytic activity of Fe3O4-doped CdS hollow spheres

A new hollow sphere photocatalyst has been fabricated by combining Fe₃O₄ with nanoparticulate CdS. Their microstructures and photocatalytic behavior were examined by X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope and ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy. These hollow nanostructures displayed superparamagnetism at room temperature. It showed higher activity on hollow sphere than solid particle as the catalysis result.