新型负刚度吸能结构力学特性分析

负刚度结构作为一种具有广泛应用前景的力学超材料, 在吸能、减振及降噪等领域呈现出显著的优势, 但传统负刚度结构较低的比能吸收效率以及多稳态非自主回弹等特征, 严重限制了其工程应用. 为解决该问题, 通过单胞构型设计, 提出了一种新型可自主回弹的三维负刚度结构. 该结构利用串联的负刚度单胞在加载?卸载过程中, 曲梁胞元的自主反弹, 实现结构循环加载和多次重复利用; 通过凹槽深度设计抑制单胞多稳态的出现, 并且通过调整侧壁厚度, 控制曲梁屈曲模态的形式, 从而增大负刚度临界载荷差值, 实现吸能效率的显著提升. 随后为实现在复杂载荷环境下的高吸能, 对结构尺寸进行梯度设计, 提出了一种梯度负刚度结构, 利用有限元方法比较分析梯度负刚度结构与均匀负刚度结构在不同载荷作用下的吸能效果. 研究结果表明, 该梯度结构因微结构尺寸的不同, 具有不同的负刚度临界载荷最大值, 从而使其在不同的冲击载荷环境下, 在实现自主回弹的基础上, 均呈现出较好的吸能效率. 该新型负刚度结构为振动控制和结构重组等工程应用提供了技术支持.      

中低速压缩加载下不同截面构型复合材料薄壁结构吸能特性及失效分析

为研究开剖面复合材料薄壁吸能结构的吸能特性,基于高速液压伺服试验系统,开展了开剖面复合材料薄壁结构轴向压缩试验,分析了截面构型、截面长宽比、触发模式及加载速度对其吸能特性的影响,揭示了其在压溃过程中的失效及吸能机理。研究结果表明,复合材料薄壁结构压溃过程中主要通过材料弯曲、分层、剪切破坏以及压溃区之间的摩擦吸能。截面构型对其吸能特性影响显著,其中,帽形及Ω形试件的平均压溃载荷较C形试件分别高出14.1%和14.6%,比吸能较C形试件分别高出14.3%和14.8%;截面长宽比对复合材料薄壁结构吸能特性的影响不如截面构型明显;触发模式主要影响吸能结构的初始压溃阶段,在降低峰值载荷方面,C形试件采用45°倒角触发效果更好,帽形试件采用15°尖顶触发效果更好;当加载速度从0.01 m/s提高到1 m/s时,C形、帽形及Ω形试件的平均压溃载荷分别下降了6.1%、10.9%和6.1%,比吸能分别下降了6.2%、11.0%和6.2%。     

高锁螺栓连接件动态拉伸响应与失效机理

飞机坠撞过程中结构的变形模式和吸能对乘员保护具有重要意义，而连接结构的载荷传递和失效形式是影响飞机结构变形的重要因素之一。为了获取航空高锁螺栓连接件在坠撞载荷下的动态响应和失效机理，基于抗剪型平头高锁螺栓设计了2种材料（2024-T3和7050-T7451）的单钉单搭接连接件，利用高速液压伺服材料试验机进行4种速度（0.01、0.10、1.00和3.00 m/s）下的拉伸测试，得到连接件的动态响应、极限载荷、能量吸收和失效模式随速度的变化规律，并分析了连接件的失效机理。结果表明，连接件的失效模式受母材和高锁螺栓/螺母材料强度影响较大，而受加载速度影响较小；当速度从0.01 m/s增加到3.00 m/s时，2024-T3连接件的极限载荷和能量吸收分别增加了2.17%和34.43%，7050-T7451连接件的极限载荷和能量吸收分别增加了5.53%和6.58%。     

变截面多稳态梁结构减振吸能分析与优化设计

基于多稳态梁结构具有吸能且可重复使用的特点,本文研究包含变截面多稳态梁的单胞结构及其周期性排布的减振吸能效应及其优化设计方法。对多稳态结构进行考虑几何非线性的位移加载/卸载有限元仿真,根据其载荷-位移曲线分析多稳态结构的减振吸能原理,并研究串联与并联周期性排布形式对结构整体吸能特性的影响规律。研究基于多参数调控的变截面梁结构形状表征方法,根据多稳态结构储能特点建立变截面多稳态单胞结构的结构优化模型,通过求解优化问题获得总质量不变条件下最优变截面梁结构形状。进一步地通过对优化结果的有限元分析验证优化的有效性,并对结构进行瞬态冲击荷载下动响应分析,证明多稳态结构的冲击保护作用。     

Effect of Facesheet Thickness on Dynamic Response of Composite Sandwich Plates to Underwater Impulsive Loading

The response of sandwich structures to underwater blast loading is analyzed. The analysis focuses on the effect of varying structural attributes on energy dissipation and deformation. The structures analyzed are planar sandwich plates with polymer foam cores and fiber-reinforced polymer composite facesheets. The thickness of the facesheets is varied under the conditions of constant material properties and core dimensions. The fully three-dimensional finite-element simulations carried out account for underwater blast loading through the use of the Mie-Gruneisen equation-of-state of a linear Hugoniot form and a modified Drucker-Prager core crushing model. The impulse imparted to the panels is varied from 4 to 42 kPa·s. The results show that there exists an optimal thickness of the facesheets which maximizes energy absorption in the core and minimizes the overall deflection of the structure.     

冲击波与破片对波纹杂交夹层板的联合毁伤数值研究

通过有限元软件LS-DYNA模拟了波纹杂交夹层板在冲击波与破片联合作用下的响应过程,研究了炸药当量、载荷类型和填充方式对波纹杂交夹层板变形与失效模式的影响,并与实体板、间隔板和波纹夹层板的抗联合毁伤性能进行了对比,讨论了波纹杂交夹层板的能量吸收特性。数值计算结果表明:与冲击波单独作用相比,破片群单独作用和冲击波与破片联合作用对结构造成的毁伤更为严重;当药量较小时,波纹夹层板和波纹杂交夹层板的抗联合毁伤性能优于实体板与间隔板,波纹杂交夹层板的抗联合毁伤性能从全填充、迎爆面填充到背爆面填充逐渐降低;当药量较大时,所有结构均产生破口失效;在能量耗散方面,冲击波单独作用时以波纹芯层吸能为主,破片群单独作用和冲击波与破片联合作用时以上面板吸能为主。     

正多边形基多胞薄壁管的吸能特性

多胞薄壁结构具有轻量化、高比吸能的特点,在汽车、轮船、航空航天等领域得到了广泛的应用。已有研究表明结构的耐撞性与结构的拓扑方式及胞元数量密切相关。为了研究结构形状和拓扑优化对其吸能效果的影响,基于正多边形结构,通过内嵌多边形和外接圆管的方式设计了两类新型多胞薄壁结构,并对这两类多胞薄壁结构进行准静态和落锤冲击实验,利用高速相机记录结构的变形模式,并定量分析了结构的吸能特性。实验结果表明：除正三角形二级内嵌四边形所得结构在准静态加载实验后期出现了局部失稳现象外,其余结构在准静态和落锤冲击实验过程中均保持垂直受压,结构变形模式与吸能效果较好。通过比较两类结构的实验结果得出：不论是在准静态加载还是在落锤冲击的情况下,内嵌多边形结构的各项吸能指标都明显优于外接圆管的结构;同等质量的情况下,内嵌四边形结构的吸能效果明显优于内嵌三角形的结构。

     

梯度蜂窝面外动态压缩力学行为与吸能特性研究

蜂窝材料具有优异的抗冲击吸能特性.为进一步提高蜂窝材料的比吸能与压缩力效率,提出了一种几何参数或材料参数沿厚度方向梯度渐变的蜂窝材料模型,并针对六边形蜂窝构型研究了胞元壁厚和屈服强度梯度变化的蜂窝材料在面外动态压缩载荷下的力学行为与吸能特性.研究结果表明,通过调控梯度变化的指数,胞元壁厚或母体材料屈服强度的梯度设计均可有效降低初始峰值应力,并使蜂窝材料的比吸能和压缩力效率同时增大.研究结果可为蜂窝材料的防撞性优化设计提供新的思路.     

预折纹管在低速冲击载荷作用下的能量吸收

为了降低结构的初始载荷、增加有效塑性变形面积,进而提高其吸能效率,研究一种以新型的预折纹管,在普通管的管壁上引入特别设计的折角。基于有限元软件ABAQUS/EXPLICIT的数值分析验证了预折纹在低速冲击载荷作用下可以引导预期的大变形模式,预折纹管的这种大变形模式相较于普通方管的对称变形模式有更低峰值载荷和更高的平均载荷。通过低速落锤实验获得了与有限元模拟结果相似的载荷-位移曲线和变形模式,验证了数值结果的可信性和预折纹方管的高效吸能特点。

     

多孔金属及其夹芯结构力学性能的研究进展

高孔隙率多孔金属及其夹芯复合结构是一种物理功能与结构一体化的新型、轻质高强材料/结构,具有高比强度、高比刚度和优良的吸能和缓冲性能等多种功能,引起了学术界和工程界众多研究者的极大关注. 本文概述了轻质多孔金属及其夹芯结构的制备方法、多功能特性及其应用,介绍了多孔金属夹芯结构元件(梁、板、壳)遭受准静态和动态冲击载荷下的理论、实验和模拟方面的国内外研究现状,分析和讨论了多孔金属及其夹芯结构力学行为研究中的研究手段和基本问题,重点关注了多孔金属夹芯结构的变形/失效、动态响应和能量吸收.     

In-plane crushing behavior and energy absorption design of composite honeycombs

Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation methods were used to study the in-plane crushing behavior of single-cell structures and regular and composite honeycombs. Square, hexagonal, and circular honeycombs were selected as honeycomb layers to establish composite honeycomb models in the form of composite structures and realize the complementary advantages of honeycombs with type I and type II structures. The effects of honeycomb layer arrangement, plastic collapse strength, relative density, and crushing velocity on the deformation mode, plateau stress, load uniformity, and energy absorption performance of the composite honeycombs were mainly considered. A semi-empirical formula for plateau stress and energy absorption rate per unit mass for the composite honeycombs was developed. The results showed that the arrangement mode of honeycomb layers is an important factor that affects their mechanical properties. Appropriately selecting the arrangement of honeycomb layers and the proportion of honeycomb layers with different structures in a composite honeycomb can effectively improve its load uniformity and control the magnitude of plateau stress and energy absorption capacity.     

周期性蜂窝材料微极等效模型及其微观应力的一种快速算法

将周期性蜂窝材料等效为具有非局部本构的微极连续介质,以解释实验中出现的尺度效应和边界层效应.在评论相关的多种不同方法(能量法、体积平均的均匀化法等)之后,提出了一种基于位移连续和单胞力平衡的推导微极等效本构参数的新方法.以正方形单胞制成的结构为例,在不同的结构与单胞尺寸比下,考虑承受集中点载荷、均布轴力和均布剪力三种载荷工况,比较了离散完全计算、经典连续介质等效和不同微极连续体等效本构的计算结果,建议了较好的微极本构参数值.数值模拟表明,集中点载荷和剪切载荷作用时,在加载点附近和边界部分,微极等效可以显著提高计算精度.最后,给出了一种映射算法,可以根据微极等效连续体分析的结果,快速计算出对应微观单胞构件的应力,以开有圆孔的方板应力集中为例,验证并考察了所提快速算法的有效性和计算精度.     

轻质夹层多功能结构一体化设计

对于飞行器,减轻结构重量,提高有效载荷是设计者追求的永恒主题. 飞行器通常处于较为特殊和复杂的环境下,因此除需要考虑结构的承载能力外,还应兼顾一种或多种功能. 本文概述了集承载与热控、防热、电子、隐身、吸能、作动、储能、阻尼等多功能特性于一体的轻质夹层多功能结构研究成果,汇总了轻质夹层多功能结构在卫星、无人机、高超声速飞行器等领域的发展情况. 最后,对轻质点阵多功能结构的发展前景进行了展望.     

Aluminum foam-filled extrusions subjected to oblique loading: experimental and numerical study

The behavior of empty and foam-filled square thin-walled aluminum columns in alloy AA6060 subjected to quasi-static oblique loading was examined. Previous studies have shown that by introducing a load angle, the energy absorption decreases drastically compared to axial loading. One of the main objectives of the present investigation was to study the effect of introducing aluminum foam filler on the energy absorption. The square columns were clamped at one end and oblique load conditions were realized at the other end by applying a force with different angles to the centerline of the column. An experimental program was carried out where the main parameters were load angle, foam density and heat treatment of the extrusion material. Additionally, numerical analyses of the experiments were performed, mainly to verify a numerical model of the obliquely loaded foam-filled columns. The foam was modeled with the foam model of Deshpande and Fleck, together with a simple fracture criterion, which previously has been implemented as a user subroutine in LS-DYNA. The study shows that high-density aluminum foam filler increases the energy absorption considerably, but the specific energy absorption is lowered compared to the empty cross sections. Furthermore, the numerical analyses were able to predict the experimental results with reasonable accuracy.     

圆弧曲边六边形蜂窝结构吸能特性研究

为提升金属蜂窝结构的冲击吸能特性,提出了圆弧曲边六边形蜂窝结构。建立了显式有限元模型,对面内和面外冲击下的失效模式和吸能特性进行了研究,分析了冲击速度等对冲击吸能特性的影响规律。结果表明在面外冲击情况下,曲边蜂窝具有比传统蜂窝结构更优异的吸能性能;面内冲击情况下,会出现“X”型、“V”型和“一”字型变形带等不同失效形式;冲击速度较大时,变形模式趋近于“一”字型;吸能能力随着冲击速度的增大而增加。

     

BENDING BEHAVIOR OF EMPTY AND FOAM-FILLED ALUMINUM TUBES WITH DIFFERENT CROSS-SECTIONS

In this paper, the energy absorption mechanism of empty and foam-filled aluminum tubes with different cross-sections (circular, square and elliptic) under bending load is investigated numerically. The load-displacement curves of the present simulations are in very good agreement with those of published experimental data. Here, the existing analytical formulations are reviewed and compared with experimental results. In addition, the effects of different cross-sections and wall thicknesses on the energy absorption capacity and specific energy absorption of these tubes are fully investigated. The results indicate that the energy absorption of an elliptic foam-filled tube with 1.5 mm and 2 mm thicknesses increases about 45% and 73% in comparison with a square one, respectively.     

Dynamic crushing characteristics of high strength steel cylinders with elliptical geometric discontinuities

Thin-walled members are commonly used as energy absorbers in engineering structures and often contain cutouts. This study performed numerical simulations of high strength steel cylindrical shells with elliptical cutouts subjected to dynamic axial impact. The LS-DYNA code was the primary analytical tool used to analyze the influence of cutout locations, cutout shapes and symmetry of cutout on the energy absorption capabilities and the crush characteristics of tubes with a cutout. For high strength steel tubes made from a rate sensitive material, the stress-strain curves of different strain rates were used to elucidate the effect of dynamic impact on the strain rate. Our results show that collapse crushing behavior is strongly influenced by the location and symmetry of cutouts and the variation of major axis influences the peak crush load.     

冲击载荷下轻质夹芯拱最大刚度拓扑优化及动力响应

基于双向渐进结构优化方法（bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization,BESO）框架,将传统动态载荷优化法中的内外层迭代引入到ABAQUS-MATLAB平台集成优化中,改进动态载荷拓扑优化流程。对初速度为100 m/s的子弹冲击下的夹芯拱结构进行拓扑优化设计和动力学响应分析。优化后夹芯拱芯层的变形模式可分为3个对称的部分,跨中区域的中部和上部主要发生压缩变形,呈现类三角点阵桁架结构,边界区域上部发生拉伸变形,下部发生压缩变形,呈现C形型结构,跨中和边界之间的过渡区域以拉弯联合变形为主,呈现Y形结构。通过与两种等质量的拱结构对比,分析了3种结构在不同初速度的子弹冲击下结构的挠度以及芯层的能量吸收情况。结果表明:在相同的冲击速度下,优化后的结构挠度最小,芯层比吸能最高;当冲击速度较低时,优化后的结构的抗冲击性能优势并不明显;在所研究的冲击速度范围内,冲击速度越高,优化后结构的抗冲击性能越好。对比对称载荷与非对称载荷（冲击点偏移量为100%）下2种优化结构在不同载荷工况下的动态响应,结果表明:载荷工况不同,得到的最终优化结果也略有所不同,但在相同载荷下结构的响应相差较小,每种工况下得到的优化结果在相应工况下所展现的力学性能略优,但均明显优于传统结构。因此,在对称冲击载荷下优化所得的结构具有一定的普遍性。     

Deformation mode and energy absorption of polycrystal-inspired square-cell lattice structures

Lattice structures are widely used in many engineering fields due to their excellent mechanical properties such as high specific strength and high specific energy absorption (SEA) capacity. In this paper, square-cell lattice structures with different lattice orientations are investigated in terms of the deformation modes and the energy absorption (EA) performance. Finite element (FE) simulations of in-plane compression are carried out, and the theoretical models from the energy balance principle are developed for calculating the EA of these lattice structures. Satisfactory agreement is achieved between the FE simulation results and the theoretical results. It indicates that the 30° oriented lattice has the largest EA capacity. Furthermore, inspired by the polycrystal microstructure of metals, novel structures of bi-crystal lattices and quad-crystal lattices are developed through combining multiple singly oriented lattices together. The results of FE simulations of compression indicate that the EA performances of symmetric lattice bi-crystals and quad-crystals are better than those of the identical lattice polycrystal counterparts. This work confirms the feasibility of designing superior energy absorbers with architected meso-structures from the inspiration of metallurgical concepts and microstructures.     

不同速度下负泊松比弧形结构的变形行为

高孔隙率的负泊松比蜂窝结构在能量吸收的过程中往往伴随剧烈的应力波动和显著的峰值应力,极易造成蜂窝结构的局部损坏,影响能量的连续吸收。为了减少局部破坏的产生,基于传统内凹六边形蜂窝胞元设计了一种反对称的弧形胞元,并通过不同的阵列方向,得到了2种新型反对称负泊松比弧形蜂窝结构。采用准静态压缩试验和有限元模拟的方法,探究了速度梯度对新型反对称弧形蜂窝结构模型的整体变形模式,不同层水平应变分布,变形机理,以及抗冲击性的影响。研究结果表明：不同于传统负泊松比蜂窝模型中出现大量的局部密实化区域,新型反对称负泊松比弧形蜂窝结构中局部密实带明显减少,结构中多层胞元组成的变形区域同时参与变形,整体表现出十分稳定的变形模式。这与最大水平应变的提高以及新型蜂窝结构抗冲击性的增强密切相关,特别是在中速模式下,新型反对称弧形蜂窝模型抗冲击性明显增强,冲击载荷效率达到78%,远高于传统蜂窝模型43%的冲击载荷效率;此外,反对称弧形蜂窝结构胞元还带动了相邻胞元之间的胞壁发生向上弯曲来抵抗弯矩。在低速模式下,2种新型反对称弧形蜂窝模型的最大水平应变分别提高了100%、36%;在中速模式下,2种模型均提高了39%。