近红外光谱快速鉴别不同产地药用植物重楼的方法研究

重楼属植物极具药用价值,野生资源主要分布在我国西南省区。应用近红外漫反射光谱,以贵州、广西和云南三个不同产区的70份野生药用植物重楼为研究对象进行产地鉴别。采用多元信号校正、标准正态变量、一阶导数、二阶导数、Norris平滑和Savitzky-Golay滤波六种方法,对训练集(50份样品)原始光谱进行优化处理。结果表明,多元信号校正结合二阶导数和Norris平滑预处理光谱效果最好。采用光谱标准偏差选择光谱波段(7 450~4 050cm-1),结合主成分-马氏距离(principal component analysis-mahalanobis distance,PCA-MD)建立分类模型,前三个主成分累计贡献率、R2、RMSEC和RMSEP分别为89.44%,97.58%,0.179 6,0.266 4,预测正确率90%;采用变量重要性图选择光谱波段(7 135.33~4 007.35cm-1),结合偏最小二乘判别分析法(partial least square discrimination analysis,PLS-DA)建立判别模型,前三个主成分累计贡献率、R2、RMSEC和RMSEP分别为89.28%,95.88%,0.234 8,0.348 2,预测正确率为100%。比较两种方法的结果可知:采用变量重要性图方法选择光谱波段结合偏最小二乘判别分析法建立的判别模型能更准确地鉴别不同产区的重楼,该方法的建立为中药材真伪和品质评价奠定基础。     

花生种子品质的可见-近红外光谱分析

利用600～1 100 nm波段研究花生品种的可见-近红外反射光谱,对选取的三种具有代表性的花生种子进行实验。使用近红外光纤光谱仪采集光谱数据,对原始光谱进行小波分析以提取光谱特征,再用主成分分析方法进行聚类分析,最后把每一个样品的前4个主成分得分作为识别模型的输入,品种类别作为模型的输出,以马氏距离作为判别函数,建立了线性判别分析模型。对于每个品种的50个样品,随机挑选30个样本作为训练集,剩余的20个样本作为预测集。该识别模型对3个花生品种的平均正确识别率为95%。表明该方法能有效的识别花生种子,得到较好的分类效果,为花生种子品质的区分和鉴别提供了一种新方法。     

近红外光谱的李果实褐变鉴别方法研究

在采后冷藏过程中,李果实很容易发生褐变,这是影响其品质的重要因素之一。有关李果实褐变的传统检验手段绝大多数为破坏性检验,且主观性强、一致性差。为此,使用了近红外光谱的方法来实现对李果实褐变和非褐变的无损、快速鉴别。采集4 000～12 500 cm-1波长范围内的124个李果实样品(褐变样品70个,非褐变样品54个)的近红外漫反射光谱,基于主成分分析的马氏距离判别分析和反向传播人工神经网络定性鉴别模型,通过比较和考察上述模型对褐变样品和非褐变样品识别的准确程度,筛选出能够有效鉴别李果实褐变的新方法。结果表明：在对样品全波段光谱数据做主成分分析后,以前10主成分得分作为输入变量所建立起来的马氏距离判别分析和反向传播人工神经网络模型均能够对李果实褐变与否进行有效识别,且后者判别效果更佳,其校正集和预测集的判别正确率分别为100%和97.56%,对非褐变样品和褐变样品的判别正确率分别达到100%和98.57%。因此,采用近红外光谱分析技术并结合化学计量学方法能够对李果实是否褐变进行快速、无损、有效的鉴别。     

应用近红外漫反射光谱对猪肉肉糜进行定性定量检测研究

利用傅里叶变换近红外漫反射光谱结合不同数学建模算法对不同部位取样的猪肉肉糜进行定性判别建模,并建立猪肉肉糜品质指标脂肪、蛋白质和水分含量的定量检测模型。结果表明:不同部位取样猪肉肉糜判别分析PLSDA模型性能良好,最优模型校正集判别正确率为100%,预测集判别正确率为96%;比较两种方法结合,不同光谱预处理建立各品质指标的定量模型,LS-SVM模型性能优于PLSR模型,脂肪和水分含量最佳预测模型校正及预测相关系数r均高于0.9,蛋白质含量最优模型校正及预测相关系数r,RMSEC,RMSEP和RMSECV分别为0.722,0.593,1.595,1.550和1.888,模型精度需进一步提高。研究表明利用傅里叶变换近红外漫反射光谱快速判别不同部位猪肉肉糜的方法是可行的,脂肪和水分含量定量分析模型从预测精度、稳定性及适应性考虑均具一定的通用性,具有良好的市场应用前景。     

可见-近红外漫反射光谱技术对羊毛和羊绒的鉴别研究

应用可见-近红外漫反射光谱技术对甘肃不同地区的130个羊毛和羊绒样品进行定性鉴别研究。结果表明：采用主成分-马氏距离聚类判别分析法,羊毛和羊绒样品界线;主成分回归分析技术结合多元离散校正、一阶导数等预处理方法,以及最佳主成分因子为8、不确定因子为1.00等参数,建立的定性鉴别模型预测性能较好,外部验证正确率为100%。说明利用可见-近红外漫反射光谱定性分析技术可以快速鉴别羊毛和羊绒。     

主成分分析和SIMCA的甘蓝与杂草光谱识别方法研究

为了提高杂草识别的准确性和快速性,利用光谱反射率差异区分作物与杂草。首先利用SG卷积求导法与多元散射校正法的不同组合对原始光谱数据进行预处理,然后利用主成分分析法(PCA)对各类植物进行聚类分析,并根据主成分分析结果中各个最佳主成分对应的载荷图,提取对各类植物识别敏感的特征波长,最后以特征波长为输入变量,用簇类的独立软模式(SIMCA)分类法对各类植物进行分类识别。甘蓝与杂草的分类结果表明,在1阶3次51点SG卷积求导法加上多元散射校正法(MSC)的最佳预处理基础上,根据主成分分析中前3个主成分,提取到23个特征波长,以它们为输入变量,利用SIMCA方法进行分类时,建模集和预测集的识别率分别达到98.6%和100%。     

近红外光谱技术鉴别海面溢油

为快速了解和掌握海面溢油的种类,以便采取应急措施,提出了近红外光谱技术结合模式识别鉴别海面溢油的方法。自行配制了56个汽油、柴油、润滑油的模拟海水样品,用有机溶剂萃取出海水中的溢油后记录其近红外光谱,将原始光谱进行多元散射校正(MSC)和Norris一阶导数平滑预处理后,在主成分分析(PCA)提取不同种类溢油样品特征的基础上引入马氏距离建立溢油样品的识别模型。研究了光谱预处理对溢油鉴别的影响;探讨了马氏距离阈值的确定。结果表明,主成分分析可将原始数据压缩而马氏距离判别可给出离群点的阈值,本文建立的校正模型能正确判别浓度在0.4 μL·mL-1以上的溢油类别,为近红外光谱结合化学计量学方法建立校正模型进行海面实际溢油样品的分类提供了思路。     

基于拉曼光谱技术鉴别新陈大米的方法研究

基于拉曼光谱检测技术结合化学判别方法,建立新陈大米拉曼光谱判别模型;建立适当的样品预处理方法,确保样品制备的均一性,使用拉曼光谱仪对新陈大米共计60组样品进行检测,在785 nm波长激光激发下,获取样品200～2 400 cm-1的拉曼光谱信息;对原始拉曼光谱进行基线校正、平滑、滤波等处理。利用主成分分析法（PCA）对拉曼光谱进行降维处理及粗分类鉴别;基于偏最小二乘分析法（PLS）,建立新陈大米快速鉴别模型,该模型对建模训练集鉴别正确率为100%,模型验证集鉴别正确率为95%。结果表明：该模型判断新陈大米是可行的,为大米新陈度的快速判别提供了一种新的方法。     

基于拉曼光谱快速鉴别新陈大米的方法研究

利用拉曼光谱技术结合化学判别方法建立新陈大米拉曼光谱判别模型。选取合适的样品预处理方式,使用拉曼光谱仪对新陈大米共计60组样品进行检测,在785nm波长的激光下,获取样品200~2 400cm-1的拉曼光谱信息,并对原始拉曼光谱进行基线校正、平滑、滤波等处理。应用主成分分析法(PCA)对光谱数据进行降维处理及粗分类鉴别;基于偏最小二乘分析法(PLS),建立新陈大米快速鉴别模型,该模型对建模训练集鉴别正确率为100%,模型验证集鉴别正确率为95%。结果表明:该模型判断新陈大米是可行的,为稻谷新陈度的快速判别提供了一种新的方法。     

基于近红外漫反射光谱的香梨类别定性分析

基于近红外(near infrared, NIR)漫反射光谱分析技术对库尔勒香梨中的脱萼果和宿萼果进行了自动化判别试验研究。用对不同波段范围、不同光谱预处理方法(MSC、SNV、微分光谱)和不同主成分因子数对香梨类别判别结果的影响进行了对比分析,建立了香梨类别的定性判别模型。研究结果表明：用判别分析(discrimant analysis,DA)方法在9 091～4 000 cm-1范围结合原始光谱建立的DA判别模型最优,该方法对校正集正确分类率达100%,预测集正确分类率为95%。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.