用于反演半导体激光云高仪垂直能见度的算法

根据云高仪工作原理,从米散射激光雷达方程出发,推导出一种低层大气中气溶胶消光系数边界值的获取方法,并在此基础上利用Fernald方法反演得到了大气消光系数的垂直分布;通过垂直路径上的消光系数反演得到垂直路径的平均能见度,结果表明,该平均能见度更接近垂直方向真实的能见度。用该算法处理了半导体激光云高仪实际测量的数据,并与Vaisala云高仪测量的垂直能见度进行了对比,结果表明:该算法在反演大气垂直能见度时具有较高的准确性和可靠性。     

东南沿海地区相对湿度对气溶胶消光特性的影响

采用能见度仪和温度脉动仪在我国东南沿海典型地区进行能见度和相对湿度测量实验,利用能见度与消光系数和波长的关系,分析了在雾霾和晴好两种天气条件下相对湿度对沿海气溶胶系统消光系数的影响。研究结果表明:对于波长为1.06μm的激光,该地区两种天气下气溶胶粒子的潮解点均为80%左右;当相对湿度在80%~90%时,随着相对湿度增大,两种天气下消光系数相对干粒子时的增长率基本相同,吸湿增长因子主要介于1~2;当相对湿度大于90%时,二者相对增长差别很大,晴好天气下吸湿增长因子增大了两个量级,远大于雾霾天气。     

激光云高仪对那曲地区大气边界层高度的探测分析

2014年7月至8月在第三次青藏高原大气科学试验的支持下,分析了夏季那曲地区大气边界层高度日变化特征.采用激光云高仪通过后向散射信号梯度法求得大气边界层高度,将云顶高度判定为边界层高度时,那曲地区对流边界层高度最高可达3800m,在夜间稳定边界层情况下,最低只有40m.采用无线电探空仪数据,利用位温梯度法、相对湿度梯度法求得大气边界层高度.利用云高仪与探空仪同步实验40天得到的有效数据,对后向散射信号梯度法与位温梯度法得到的大气边界层高度的相关性进行分析,相关系数达0.78,标准偏差为738.84m.对8组较为异常量据的再分析发现云高仪在晴空探测大气时信噪比存在一定的不足.对比早、晚测量结果可知,那曲地区大气边界层高度日变化大,是由于该地区地处内陆海拔较高,夏季日照辐射相对平原地区较强,对流和气温强烈的日变化引起大气层结日变化较大.     

小型米散射激光雷达的研制及其探测

介绍了一台自行研制的用于大气气溶胶光学特性和水平能见度测量的小型米散射激光雷达系统,并进行了一系列观测实验和分析.系统选用532nm波长激光作为光源,采用Fernald反演算法对接收到的大气回波信号进行反演得到气溶胶消光系数.通过对西安城区上空的气溶胶光学特性进行连续观测,测得了西安城区不同时刻消光系数的高度分布廓线、以及24小时内大气边界层高度的时空变化特性,并对大气水平能见度进行了连续观测,其结果与当地气象部门提供的水平能见度数据的变化趋势基本一致.观测结果表明,利用该米散射激光雷达可以对大气气溶胶光学特性和水平能见度进行有效测量.     

大气云层分布的偏振激光后向散射研究

 利用大气激光后向散射垂直剖面图与消偏振度相结合的方法,分析CALIPSO卫星偏振激光雷达的后向散射信号。以2008年11月23日和24日的CALIPSO卫星数据为例,研究了北京地区大气中云层在可见光和红外光波段的垂直和水平分布特征。利用交互式数据语言IDL(interactive data language)得到大气后向散射强度的垂直分布及其消偏振度,根据垂直剖面图可以直观地观测大气中各成分（如气溶胶、低空云和卷云等）的空间分布情况,并且能清楚地显示大气边界层的高度,由消偏振度可准确获得云层的分布高度及厚度。观测数据的处理结果表明：在海拔高度3 km~7 km存在厚度为2 km~2.5 km的云,其消偏振度约为0.2。     

基于侧向散射技术的近地面气溶胶后向散射系数廓线探测

气溶胶是大气中污染物PM2.5和灰霾的主要成分,近地面的气溶胶直接影响人们的生活和生产。利用电荷耦合器件(CCD)侧向散射激光雷达系统和相应的反演方法,对探测到的数据进行处理和分析。与后向散射激光雷达对比,验证了CCD侧向散射激光雷达探测结果的正确性。分析了2014年4月合肥西区董铺岛3 km高度范围内气溶胶后向散射系数的特点:随时间和高度变化;天气晴好时,地面上后向散射系数与地面站PM2.5质量浓度成正比;紧贴地面有一层较厚气溶胶。实验探测结果表明基于CCD的侧向散射激光雷达是探测近地面气溶胶浓度的一种有效的新方法。     

基于气溶胶光学参数的拉曼激光雷达重叠因子校正方法

提出了一种稳定的拉曼激光雷达重叠因子计算和校正算法,适用于含有拉曼散射通道的激光雷达系统的重叠因子校正。此算法基于大气气溶胶光学参数的拉曼反演算法,通过分析消光系数和后向散射系数的反演特点,发现后向散射系数在过渡区中不受重叠因子的影响。用后向散射系数和激光雷达比的乘积对消光系数缺失信号进行初步校正,进而正演出初步校正后的拉曼散射回波信号,将实际拉曼散射回波信号与正演的拉曼散射回波信号相除即可得到重叠因子廓线。对回波信号和气溶胶光学参数进行了过渡区信号校正和盲区信号补充。分别用单组和连续的激光雷达实验观测数据进行了重叠因子的计算和校正,并与能见度仪观测的近地面数据进行了对比,呈现良好的一致性。结果表明,此算法对重叠因子计算较为稳定。     

大气传输对激光后向散射式能见度测试的影响及理论研究

激光在大气传输时,大气中的气体分子、气溶胶粒子、雾、雨等对激光的吸收和散射将导致激光回波能量衰减,这是影响激光后向散射式能见度测量的主要因素。通过对大气散射、大气湍流、大气吸收和气象条件与激光后向散射的关系进行理论分析,对后向散射式能见度测量的可行性进行了理论分析和论证,并提出了利用激光后向散射进行大气能见度测试的数学模型,为进一步研究和提高激光后向散射式能见度测距仪的性能提供了理论依据。     

近距离雾的激光多次散射模拟

为了满足精确快速获取雾的多次散射仿真需求,在近程雷达距离较近情况下,将雷达方程和Mie散射理论相结合,提出一种快速有效的激光多次散射计算方法.首先通过雾滴谱模型建立雾颗粒的几何模型,然后根据Mie散射理论获得的单个粒子的散射函数计算激光在雾模型中单个颗粒的一次散射和二次散射功率密度,结合雷达方程推导出雾的多次等效散射截面和散射系数计算函数.模拟计算表明:雾的激光二次等效散射截面与雾浓度的2/3次方成正比,二次散射系数随能见度增加的衰减比一次散射系数快.     

油砂混合水体后向散射系数光谱贡献分离算法Ⅰ: 实验理论

在石油类污染水体中,油会吸附在悬浮颗粒物表面而形成一个双层结构,影响水体后向散射系数光谱特征, 分离水体石油类物质与悬浮颗粒物对后向散射系数光谱的贡献, 能提高水体石油类污染后向散射理论模型的准确性。将美国Wyatt公司生产DAWN HELEOS Ⅱ18角度散射测量仪、美国SEQUOIA公司生产的LISST-100x B粒径仪和美国Hobilabs公司的后向散射仪HydroScat-6 Sprctral Backscattering Sensor(HS6)联动观测,构成后向散射系数光谱测量系统,分别测量不同水样的散射强度电压值、粒径分布及粒径浓度、后向散射系数等参数,提出了利用Mie散射理论计算未知折射系数物质的体散射函数β(λ,θ)的新思路及分离后向散射系数光谱的算法。选择已知折射系数m的石英砂作为颗粒物与采自不同油田区域的油污水进行配比,获取不同特性水样,测定相关数据。首先, 根据Mie散射理论计算出各样本对应的水体体积散射函数β(λ,θ);其次,建立的DAWN HELEOS Ⅱ 18角度激光散射仪测定散射强度对应的电压值V(θ)转化为体积散射函数β(λ,θ)的关系式;再次,根据最优化方法估算出油砂混合的等效折射系数m_os以及油的折射系数m_o;最后,利用β(λ,θ)和估算的m_os值及m_o计算出各类样本的后向散射系数b_b(λ),分别建立油污水b_b,o(λ)和石英砂b_b,s(λ)与油砂混合总b_b,os(λ)的分离算法。分离算法的建立一方面提高了水体石油类污染后向散射理论模型的准确性,另外一方面拓展了米散射理论在海洋水色遥感中的应用。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.     

Fiber Modal Index Measurements Based on Fiber Gratings

A novel method based on fiber gratings for measuring the effective indices of fiber modes is proposed. The effective index difference between the core mode and a cladding mode was obtained by analyzing the interference fringe of a pair of cascaded long-period fiber gratings. In order to extract the core mode index from the measured index difference, an index matching oil immersion method is proposed. By analyzing the interaction between the cladding mode and the oil applied on the cladding surface, the mode order and the effective index of the involved cladding mode might be calculated. Experimental results about the interference fringe shifts induced by the oil index and the oil-applied length are also presented.     

Optical Pulse Compression Schemes That Use Nonlinear Bragg Gratings

Nonlinear optical pulse compression of picosecond pulses typically requires long lengths of optical fiber and multiple components. Periodic structures, such as fiber Bragg gratings, are highly dispersive at wavelengths outside of the photonic bandgap. This implies that such gratings can be used as very short all-fiber compressors. In this paper a number of such compression schemes are reviewed involving uniform and nonuniform fiber Bragg gratings, relying on both soliton and nonsoliton compression principles. Experimental results supporting the corresponding underlying theory are also presented. Finally, an extension of one of the compression schemes is shown, which allows the generation of adjustable high-repetition rate soliton trains.