Electrode layers in flows of an inviscid plasma with good conductivity

The structure of the electromagnetic electrode layers that are produced in flows across a magnetic field by a completely ionized and inviscid plasma with good conductivity and a high magnetic Reynolds number is examined in a linear approximation. Flow past a corrugated wall and flow in a plane channel of slowly varying cross section with segmented electrodes are taken as specific examples. The possibility is demonstrated of the formation of nondissipative electrode layers with thicknesses on the order of the Debye distance or electron Larmor radius and of dissipative layers with thicknesses on the order of the skin thickness, as calculated from the diffusion rate in a magnetic field [2].In plasma flow in a transverse magnetic field, near the walls, along with the gasdynamie boundary layers, which owe their formation to viscosity, thermal conductivity, etc. (because of the presence of electromagnetic fields, their structures may vary considerably from that of ordinary gasdynamic layers), proper electromagnetic boundary layers may also be produced. An example of such layers is the Debye layer in which the quasi-neutrality of the plasma is upset. No less important, in a number of cases, is the quasi-neutral electromagnetic boundary layer, in which there is an abrupt change in the frozen-in parameter k=B/p (B is the magnetic field and p is the density of the medium). This layer plays a special role when we must explicitly allow for the Hall effect and the related formation of a longitudinal electric field (in the direction of the veloeiryv of the medium). We will call this the magnetic layer. The magnetic boundary layer can be dissipative as well as noudissipative (see below). The dissipative magnetic layer has been examined in a number of papers: for an incompressible medium with a given motion law in [1], for a compressible medium with good conductivity in [2], and with poor conductivity in [3]. In the present paper, particular attention will be devoted to nondissipative magnetic boundary layers.     

Some characteristic features of diffusion of a magnetic field into a moving conductor

The study of the diffusion of a magnetic field into a moving conductor is of interest in connection with the production of ultra-high-strength magnetic fields by rapid compression of conducting shells [1,2]. In [3,4] it is shown that when a magnetic field in a plane slit is compressed at constant velocity, the entire flux enters the conductor. In the present paper we formulate a general result concerning the conservation of the sum current in the cavity and conductor for arbitrary motion of the latter. We also consider a special case of conductor motion when the flux in the cavity remains constant despite the finite conductivity of the material bounding the magnetic field.Notation ₁, * flux which has diffused into the conductor - ₂ flux in the cavity - ₀ sum flux - r radius - r* cavity boundary - thickness of the skin layer - (r) delta function of r - t time - q intensity of the fluid sink - v velocity - flux which has diffused to a depth larger than r - x self-similar variable - dimensionless fraction of the flux which has diffused to a depth larger than r - * fraction of the flux which has diffused into the conductor - a conductivity - c electrodynamic constant - R_m magnetic Reynolds number - dimensionless parameter     

The Conjugacy of Stochastic and Random Differential Equations and the Existence of Global Attractors

We consider stochastic differential equations in d-dimensional Euclidean space driven by an m-dimensional Wiener process, determined by the drift vector field f₀ and the diffusion vector fields f₁,...,f_m, and investigate the existence of global random attractors for the associated flows . For this purpose is decomposed into a stationary diffeomorphism given by the stochastic differential equation on the space of smooth flows on R^d driven by m independent stationary Ornstein Uhlenbeck processes z¹,...,z^m and the vector fields f₁,...,f_m, and a flow generated by the nonautonomous ordinary differential equation given by the vector field (_t/x)^–1[f₀(_t)+ _i=1 ¹ f_i(_t)z _t ⁱ ]. In this setting, attractors of are canonically related with attractors of . For , the problem of existence of attractors is then considered as a perturbation problem. Conditions on the vector fields are derived under which a Lyapunov function for the deterministic differential equation determined by the vector field f₀ is still a Lyapunov function for , yielding an attractor this way. The criterion is finally tested in various prominent examples.     

Oscillatory hydromagnetic disc flow

Summary This paper presents the solution to the problem of determining the flow field and the fluctuating torque necessary to sustain the motion of a torsionally oscillating plate in a viscous conducting fluid subjected to a uniform axial field under the assumptions that the amplitude of the oscillation is small and that the magnetic Prandtl number Pr _m () is small enough to justify the neglect of induced fields. The analysis reveals that the field decreases the flow velocities, but increases the magnitude of the fluctuating torque.     

Transport in ordered and disordered porous media II: Generalized volume averaging

In this paper we develop the averaged form of the Stokes equations in terms of weighting functions. The analysis clearly indicates at what point one must choose a media-specific weighting function in order to achieve spatially smoothed transport equations. The form of the weighting function that produces the cellular average is derived, and some important geometrical theorems are presented.Roman Letters A interfacial area of the- interface associated with the local closure problem, m² - A _e area of entrances and exits for the-phase contained within the averaging system, m² - A _p surface area of a particle, m² - d _p 6V _p/A_p, effective particle diameter, m - g gravity vector, m/s² - I unit tensor - K _m permeability tensor for the weighted average form of Darcy's law, m² - L general characteristic length for volume averaged quantities, m - L _p general characteristic length for volume averaged pressure, m - L characteristic length for the porosity, m - L _v characteristic length for the volume averaged velocity, m - l characteristic length (pore scale) for the-phase - l _i i=1, 2, 3 lattice vectors, m - (y) weighting function - m(–y) (y), convolution product weighting function - _v special weighting function associated with the traditional averaging volume - m _v special convolution product weighting function associated with the traditional averaging volume - m _g general convolution product weighting function - m _V unit cell convolution product weighting function - m _C special convolution product weighting function for ordered media which produces the cellular average - m _D special convolution product weighting function for disordered media - m _M master convolution product weighting function for ordered and disordered media - n unit normal vector pointing from the-phase toward the-phase - p pressure in the-phase, N/m² - p_m superficial weighted average pressure, N/m² - p _m intrinsic weighted average pressure, N/m² - p traditional intrinsic volume averaged pressure, N/m² - p p p _m , spatial deviation pressure, N/m² - r ₀ radius of a spherical averaging volume, m - r _m support of the convolution product weighting function, m - r position vector, m - r position vector locating points in the-phase, m - V averaging volume, m³ - V volume of the-phase contained in the averaging volume, m³ - V _cell volume of a unit cell, m³ - V velocity vector in the-phase, m/s - vm superficial weighted average velocity, m/s - v _m intrinsic weighted average velocity, m/s - V volume of the-phase contained in the averaging volume, m³ - V _p volume of a particle, m³ - v traditional superficial volume averaged velocity, m/s - v v p _m spatial deviation velocity, m/s - x position vector locating the centroid of the averaging volume or the convolution product weighting function, m - y position vector relative to the centroid, m - y position vector locating points in the-phase relative to the centroid, m Greek Letters indicator function for the-phase - Dirac distribution associated with the- interface - V /V, volume average porosity - _m m * . weighted average porosity - mass density of the-phase, kg/m³ - viscosity of the-phase, Ns/m² - V /V, volume fraction of the-phase     

Waves of finite amplitude in a hot plasma

A study is made of a plane shock wave of arbitrary strength propagating in a hot rarefied plasma across the magnetic field. The question of the propagation of nonstationary waves of finite but small amplitude under these conditions is examined.Fairly detailed studies have been made of waves of finite amplitude in a cold rarefied plasma. The profile of such waves is formed as the result of nonlinear and dispersion effects, the dispersion effects being caused by electron inertia and plasma anisotropy. If the gas-kinetic pressure of the plasma is taken into account, then dispersion effects appear which are associated with the fact that the Larmor radius of the ions is finite. Stationary waves of small but finite amplitude propagating across the magnetic field in a hot plasma (when the gas-kinetic pressure p is comparable with the magnetic pressure H²/87) have been treated in [1, 2]. In [1] an isolated rarefaction wave was found in a hot plasma, instead of the compression wave characteristic of a cold plasma, and a qualitative picture of the shock wave structure was given. In [2] a study was made of a small-amplitude shock wave with the finite size of the ion Larmor radius taken into account. The present paper investigates the structure of shock waves of arbitrary strength which propagate across the magnetic field in a fairly hot rarefied plasma, and also examines nonstationary waves of finite but small amplitude excited in a plasma by a magnetic piston acting over a limited time interval.Notation p gas-kinetic pressure - H magnetic field - u, v macroscopic velocities along the x and y axes - density - m_e(m_i) mass of electron (ion) - plasma conductivity - _H ion-cyclotron frequency - V_A Alfvèn velocity - c velocity of light - adiabatic exponent - V specific volume - _0e(_0i) electron (ion) plasma frequency - S₀ velocity of sound. In conclusion the author thanks R. Z. Sagdeev and N. N. Yanenko for discussing the paper, and also R. N, Makarov for helping with the numerical computations.     

A computer controlled,finite duration “steady” flow facility

A novel and relatively simple flow facility was designed and fabricated to study the instability characteristics of a slit-jet flow field. The performance of the flow facility has been found to be statisfactory. The operation of this gravity driven, finite duration, steady flow facility was based upon an inviscid flow model. This technique to establish a finite duration steady flow field is quite general in nature and can be easily adapted to other flow fields of interest.The authors are pleased to acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation grant MEA-8216946. Efforts of Irwin Lawson, John Joyce and Richard Haw are also acknowledged; they provided help on various aspects of the flow facility.     

Some conditions for the existence of a “Pinch” structure of the current sheet in plasma

In pulsed plasma accelerators of various configurations it is frequently possible to observe an instability of the current sheet characterized by separation into individual narrow channels (local pinches). In this paper the flow of plasma over these channels is qualitatively investigated. It is shown that a large part of the discharge current can flow through a series of narrow channels only when they completely decelerate the plasma flow. This places upper and lower bounds with respect to pressure on the region of existence of the pinch structure, if it is assumed that deceleration by the magnetic field predominates over viscous deceleration. The upper bound is obtained from the condition of deceleration of the plasma by the magnetic field near the pinches, the lower bound from the condition that the ratio of specific heats of the gas must be small. As the initial gas pressure decreases, so does the plasma deceleration time, but the characteristic times of the excitation and ionization processes increase; therefore the condition 1 ceases to be satisfied. The results are compared with experiment. The induced currents in the plasma near the pinches are also a reason for the stability of the network of current filaments.According to [1] a pulsed high-current discharge in a low-pressure gas develops as follows. After breakdown and the attainment of a certain uniform value of the gas conductivity the current continues to increase only in a surface layer (skin effect), which, if the particle density is sufficient, acts as an impermeable piston on the gas in front of it (snowplow model). Clearly, to judge from the collapse time of the current cylinder [2], this gives a good picture of the situation in the Z pinch. However, in coaxial and rail guns the gas is by no means always completely raked up by the current sheet (see, for example, [3]). This is also indicated by the observed broad spectrum of plasmoid velocities.It has been noted in high-speed photographs of pulsed discharges of very different configurations (Z and pinches, coaxial and rail plasma guns) that the current sheet is often divided into a series of channels [4–12], through which the main current flows. This follows from their high acceleration as compared with the rest of the plasma [4, 5], from the arrangement of the cathode spots along the electrodes, and from the large value of the plasma density in the channels [11]. This effect is well reproduced from discharge to discharge.Experiments with the Z pinch [7] have shown that the division of the current sheet into pinches has almost no effect on its velocity, which is in good agreement with calculations based on the snowplow model, although the diameter of the channels (determined, it is true, from the luminescence distribution and not the current density) is much less than the distance between them. On the other hand, in rail guns the pinches only slightly entrain the gas filling the tube [11]. The surface layer pinch instability is observed in the pressure range from several mm to several Hg [9]. Both pressure limits depend heavily on the nature of the gas in which the discharge takes place, the upper limit being approximately inversely proportional to the molecular weight of the gas [9], In a rail gun at low initial gas pressures (p < <20 Hg) pinches appear at some optimal rate of gas release from the electrodes and the walls [12].A uniform transverse magnetic field has only a slight influence on the pinches, since it is smaller in magnitude than the magnetic field of the pinches themselves [11]. A transverse magnetic field nonuniform along the length of the pinches causes them to decay, if the magnitude of the external field is comparable with the pinch field. Pinch decay was observed by the author in a rail gun when one of the electrodes was cut out so that on a certain section of the rail its transverse dimension was reduced to the diameter of the pinch, which was much less than the distance between electrodes (this setup was described in [11]).The instability of a plane current sheet in a plasma has been demonstrated on several occasions [13, 14]. Under experimental conditions the pinches move through the plasma. Therefore we will consider the case when a considerable part of the discharge current flows through a series of narrow channels (assuming that for this case the conductivity of the pinches is infinite).In conclusion, the author thanks A. K. Musin for his helpful suggestions.     

Formation of an eddy current in the thermal acceleration of a completely ionized plasma

The steady-state plane slowly varying flow of a completely ionized nonviscous quasi-neutral plasma in a shaped channel with continuous metal walls is considered. The Hall effect is taken into account. It is shown that for 1, where is the plasma parameter ( = 8p/B², p is the gas-kinetic pressure of the plasma, and B is the magnetic field strength), the acceleration of the plasma is necessarily accompanied by the appearance of natural electromagnetic fields and an electric current, the distribution of which for small discharge voltages has an eddy-current form. The eddy currents disappear when the discharge voltage is increased. The acceleration of a plasma with isothermal electrons is investigated in detail.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 6, pp. 30–34, November–December, 1971.     

Speed of Motion of a Short‐Circuit Arc in an Insulated Conductor

The paper deals with different scenarios of electric arc discharge propagation in the ITER tokamak toroidal magnet conductor. Estimates are obtained for the rate of discharge propagation along an insulated conductor and the conditions under which the conductor is cut by a direct current arc with typical values of 10–80 kA. The modes of a vacuum arc and normal and highpressure arcs are considered. The analysis was based on steadystate heat and masstransfer equations in a combination with the model of evaporation of the Knudsen–Langmuir surface.     

On laminar flow through a uniformly porous pipe

Numerous investigations ([1] and [4–9]) have been made of laminar flow in a uniformly porous circular pipe with constant suction or injection applied at the wall. The object of this paper is to give a complete analysis of the numerical and theoretical solutions of this problem. It is shown that two solutions exist for all values of injection as well as the dual solutions for suction which had been noted by previous investigators. Analytical solutions are derived for large suction and injection; for large suction a viscous layer occurs at the wall while for large injection one solution has a viscous layer at the centre of the channel and the other has no viscous layer anywhere. Approximate analytic solutions are also given for small values of suction and injection.

Nomenclature

General r distance measured radially - z distance measured along axis of pipe - u velocity component in direction of z increasing - v velocity component in direction of r increasing - p pressure - density - coefficient of kinematic viscosity - a radius of pipe - V velocity of suction at the wall - r ²/a ² - R wall or suction Reynolds number, Va/ - f() similarity function defined in (6) - u ₀() eigensolution - U(0) a velocity at z=0 - K an arbitrary constant - B _K Bernoulli numbers Particular Section 5 perturbation parameter, –2/R - ² a constant, –K - x / - g(x) f()/ Section 6 perturbation parameter, –R/2 - ² a constant, –K - g() f() - g _c ()=g() near centre of pipe - * point where g()=0 Section 7 2/R - ² K - t (1–)/ - w(t, ) [1–f(t)]/ - ₀, ₁ constants - g() f()– ₀ - ₀/ - ₀ a constant - * point where f()=0     

Effect of Streamwise Streaky Structures on Turbulization of a Circular Jet

Experimental investigations of the influence of streamwise streaky structures on turbulization of a circular laminar jet are described. The qualitative characteristics of jet evolution are studied by smoke visualization of the flow pattern in the jet and by filming the transverse and longitudinal sections of the jet illuminated by the laser sheet with image stroboscopy. It is shown that the streaky structures can be generated directly at the nozzle exit, and their interaction with the Kelvin–Helmholtz ring vortices leads to emergence of azimuthal beams ( structures) by a mechanism similar to threedimensional distortion of the twodimensional Tollmien–Schlichting wave at the nonlinear stage of the classical transition in nearwall flows. The effect of the jetexhaustion velocity and acoustic action on jet turbulization is considered.     

Filament stretching equation in Lagrangian coordinates

The general integral of the very simple equation ^21/n/() was found to describe the cross sectional area of filaments of isothermal power law fluids while in transient stretching where is time and is the initial location of fluid molecules at time = 0 given as the distance from a reference point fixed in space. Any such stretching transient given as a solution of the above equation is physically realizable subject to the restrictions > 0 and/ < 0.     

The effect of background particulates on the delayed transition of a heated 9:1 ellipsoid

An experimental study was done to quantify the effects of a variety of background particulates on the delayed laminar-turbulent transition of a thermally stabilized boundary layer in water. A Laser-Doppler Velocimeter system was used to measure the location of boundary layer transition on a 50 mm diameter, 9:1 fineness ratio ellipsoid. The ellipsoid had a 0.15 m RMS surface finish. Boundary layer transition locations were determined for length Reynolds numbers ranging from 3.0 × 10⁶ to 7.5 × 106. The ellipsoid was tested in three different heating conditions in water seeded with particles of four distinct size ranges. For each level of boundary layer heating, measurements of transition were made for clean water and subsequently, water seeded with 12.5 m, 38.9 m, 85.5 m and 123.2 m particles, alternately. The three surface heating conditions tested were no heating, T = 10°C and T = 15°C where T is the difference between the inlet model heating water temperature, T _i, and free stream water temperature, T . The effects of particle concentration were studied for 85.5 m and 123.2 m particulates.The results of the study can be summarized as follows. The 12.5 m and 38.9 m particles has no measurable effect on transition for any of the test conditions. However, transition was significantly affected by the 85.5 m and 123.2 m particles. Above a length Reynolds number of 4 × 10⁶ the boundary layer transition location moved forward on the body due to the effect of the 85.5 m particles for all heating conditions. The largest percentage changes in transition location from clean water, were observed for 85.5 m particles seeded water.Transition measurements made with varied concentrations of background particulates indicated that the effect of the 85.5 m particles on the transition of the model reached a plateau between 2.65 particulates/ml concentration and 4.2 particles/ml. Measurements made with 123.3 m particles at concentrations up to 0.3 part/ml indicated no similar plateau.     

Calculating the parameters of an electron beam that drifts across a strong homogeneous magnetic field

Electron drift in specified fields has been examined in [1] and, as applied to a magnetron, in [2–4] with the averaging method. In [1,2], a first- and in [3,4] in a second-order approximation of the small parameter ) E/²L was used. Here and below, E and H=(c/) are the field strengths, L is the characteristic dimension of the field heterogeneity, is the charge-mass ratio of an electron (>0), and c is the velocity of light. An attempt to construct similar approximations for a drifting electron beam with allowance for the space-charge field, within the framework of the averaging method, involves considerable mathematical difficulties. This paper describes an attempt to solve the latter problem for a stationary monoenergetic beam that drifts under the influence of a plane electric field with potential (x,y) across a strong homogeneous magnetic field H_z H=const. Solutions are constructed by the method of successive approximations, in powers of the parameter =h/L, where h is the Larmor electron radius for narrow beams with a width on the order of 2h.I thank A. N. Ievlevu for assistance in the computational and graphical work, V. Ya. Kislov for a discussion of the results, and L. A. Vainshtein for suggesting the problem examined in §3 and for critical comments.     

Transformation and some solutions of the equations of motion of an ideal gas

The equations of one-dimensional and plane steady adiabatic motion of an ideal gas are transformed to a new form in which the role of the independent variables are played by the stream function and the function introduced by Martin [1, 2], It is shown that the function retains a constant value on a strong shock wave (and on a strong shock for plane flows). For one-dimensional isentropic motions the resulting transformation permits new exact solutions to be obtained from the exact solutions of the equations of motion. It is shown also that the one-dimensional motions of an ideal gas with the equation of state p=f(t) and the one-dimensional adiabatic motions of a gas for which p=f() are equivalent (t is time, is the stream function). It is shown that if k=s=–1, m and n are arbitrary (m+n0) and =1, the general solution of the system of equations which is fundamental in the theory of one-dimensional adiabatic self-similar motions [3] is found in parametric form with the aid of quadratures. Plane adiabatic motions of an ideal gas having the property that the pressure depends only on a single geometric coordinate are studied.     

Normal forms for random diffeomorphisms

Given a dynamical system (,, ,) and a random diffeomorphism (): ^{d d} with fixed point at x=0. The normal form problem is to construct a smooth near-identity nonlinear random coordinate transformation h() to make the random diffeomorphism ()=h()^–1() h() as simple as possible, preferably linear. The linearization D(, 0)=:A() generates a matrix cocycle for which the multiplicative ergodic theorem holds, providing us with stochastic analogues of eigenvalues (Lyapunov exponents) and eigenspaces. Now the development runs pretty much parallel to the deterministic one, the difference being that the appearance of turns all problems into infinite-dimensional ones. In particular, the range of the homological operator is in general not closed, making the conceptof-normal form necessary. The stochastic versions of resonance and averaging are developed. The case of simple Lyapunov spectrum is treated in detail.     

Calculation of the pressure on the side surface of bodies consisting of a spherical segment joined to an inverted cone in a supersonic stream

The results of investigations of inviscid flow over inverted cones with nose consisting of a spherical segment were published for the first time in Soviet literature in [1–4]. In the present paper, a numerical solution to this problem is obtained using the improved algorithms of [5, 6], which have proved themselves well in problems of exterior flow over surfaces with positive angles of inclination to the oncoming flow. It is shown that the Mach number 2 M , equilibrium and nonequilibrium physicochemical transformations in air (H = 60 km, V = 7.4 km/sec, R₀ = 1 m), and the angle of attack 0 40° influence the investigated pressure distributions. A comparison of the results of the calculations with drainage experiments for M = 6, = 0-25° confirms the extended region of applicability of the developed numerical methods. Also proposed is a simple correlation of the dependence on the Mach number in the range 1.5 M of the shape of the shock wave near a sphere in a stream of ideal gas with adiabatic exponent = 1.4.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 178–183, January–February, 1981.     

On motions which preserve ellipsoidal holes

Let be an ellipsoid in ³ contained in a region . Suppose one body occupies the region – in a certain stress-free reference configuration while a second body, the inclusion, occupies the region in a stress-free reference configuration. Assume the inclusion is free to slip at . Now suppose that by changing some variable such as the temperature, pressure, humidity, etc., we cause the trivial deformation y(x)=x of the inclusion to become unstable relative to some other deformation. For example, the inclusion may be made out of such a material that if it were removed from the body, it would suddenly change shape to another stress-free configuration specified by a deformation y=Fx, F F=C, C being a fixed tensor characteristic of the material, at a certain temperature. However, with an appropriate material model for the surrounding body, we expect it will resist the transformation, and both body and inclusion will end up stressed.In a recent paper, Mura and Furuhashi [1] find the following unexpected result within the context of infinitesimal deformations: certain homogeneous deformations of the ellipsoid which take it to a stress-free configuration also leave the surrounding body stress-free. These are essentially homogeneous, infinitesimal deformations which preserve ellipsoidal holes. In this paper, we find all finite homogeneous deformations and motions which preserve ellipsoidal holes.     

Non-persistence of Homoclinic Connections for Perturbed Integrable Reversible Systems

The dynamics of an analytic reversible vector field (X,) is studied in with one real parameter close to 0; X=0 is a fixed point. The differential D_x (0,0) generates an oscillatory dynamics with a frequency of order 1—due to two simple, opposite eigenvalues lying on the imaginary axis—and it also generates a slow dynamics which changes from a hyperbolic type—eigenvalues are —to an elliptic type—eigenvalues are —as passes trough 0. The existence of reversible homoclinic connections to periodic orbits is known for such vector fields. In this paper we study a particular subclass of such vector fields, obtained by small reversible perturbations of the normal form. We give an explicit condition on the perturbation, generically satisfied, which prevents the existence of a homoclinic connections to 0 for the perturbed system. The normal form system of any order admits a reversible homoclinic connection to 0, which then does not survive under perturbation of higher order. It will be seen that normal form essentially decouples the hyperbolic and elliptic part of the linearization to any chosen algebraic order. However, this decoupling does not persist arbitrary reversible perturbation, which finally causes the appearance of small amplitude oscillations.