Potential Mechanisms of Photodynamic Inactivation of Virus by Methylene BlueI. RNA–Protein Crosslinks and Other Oxidative Lesions in Qβ Bacteriophage

A spectrum of oxidative lesions was observed in a bacteriophage-based model system that is very sensitive to the photodynamic activity of selected dyes. When suspensions of the intact bacteriophage Qβ were exposed to methylene blue plus light (MB+L), inactivating events, or "hits" occurred that were oxygen-dependent and that were associated with the formation of several specific lesions: (1) carbonyl moieties on proteins, (2) 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua), and (3) single-strand breaks (ssb) in the RNA genome and (4) RNA-protein crosslinks. Formation of carbonyl groups associated with protein in the Qβ phage preparation correlated positively with photoinactivation of the phage with increasing doses of either of the sensitizers MB or rose bengal. Strand breaks in the Qβ genomic RNA were observable at high MB concentrations but appeared not to be significant at the lower concentrations of MB, as full-length Qβ RNA was observable well beyond the 99% inactivation point in MB dosage. It was shown that the number of 8-oxoGua lesions were unlikely to be sufficient to account for the number of lethal events. Following exposure to MB+L, crosslink formation between Qβ RNA and protein was observed by virtue of the location of RNA at the interface of phenol-aqueous extractions of phage suspensions. A significant increase over background of RNA-protein complexes (including full-length Qβ RNA) was observed at the lowest concentration of MB tested (0.5 μ M ), which corresponded roughly to an average of 2 lethal hits per phage or approximately 13% survival compared to the zero MB control (100% survival). Due to its close correlation with Qβ inactivation and its expected lethality, RNA-protein crosslink formation may be important as an inactivating lesion in bacteriophage Qβ following MB+L exposure.     

The Effects of Methylene Blue on the Optical Properties of Nanometer-sized CdS Organosol

The inverse micelle system of nanometer-sized CdS doped with Methylene Blue(MB) was synthesized and characterized by using absorption and fluorescence spectra. The results show that MB molecules were absorbed onto the surface of CdS nanoparticles and interacted with surfactants when its concentration was lower than 4×10^-6 mol/L. From the comparison of their spectra, MB molecules by adsorption have a strong quenched fluorescence emission of CdS nanoparticles with surface defect states. All responses and main mechanism are ascribed to the charge transfer between the CdS organosol and Methylene Blue molecules.     

亚甲基蓝在云母表面吸附状态的研究

利用XPS测定吸附前后亚甲基蓝（MB）各原子的电子结合能的变化,以判断原子化学环境的改变,从而确定MB在云母表面的吸附位点是二甲胺基上的氮原子.通过AFM测量得到吸附于云母表面的MB分子的平均高度为0.820 nm,这证实了Hähner吸附模型的正确性,即MB分子的最大横截面以65～70°倾斜在云母的（001）表面上.     

Adsorption of Methylene Blue on Montmorillonite

ABSTRACT

Adsorption of Methylene Blue ( MB) on Na-, Fe- and Al-montmorillonite suspensions at 298.15 K were studied. The effect of different exchangeable cation on the adsorption amount of MB was determined. The results show that methylene blue cations( MB⁺ ) replace Na? more easily than they do Fe³⁺ and Al^{3 +} The adsorption isotherms on the three montraorillonites were all of Langmuir type, except that the isouHerm of MB on Na-montmorillonite presents nonmonotonic curve at low surface coverage. The specific surface areas in suspension were calculated by( MB ^{3 +} )method, and Na^? is more effective to determine the specific surface area by MB method in suspension than Fe^{3 +} and A^{3 +} The discrepancy of the specific surface area measured by MB and BET method was discussed.     

The Interaction of Methylene Blue with DNA

The binding of small molecules to DNA is useful in clarifying the protein-nucleic acid interaction, drug-DNA interaction, structure and function of nucleic acids, and in rational drug design. Methylene blue (MB) is one of a number of tricyclic heteroaromatic compounds that are known to interact with DNA.     

Environmental Effect on the Laser-Excited Fluorescence Spectra of Methylene Blue and Methylene Green Dyes

A laser-induced fluorescence investigation of the phenothiazine dyes Methylene Blue (MB⁺) and Methylene Green (MG⁺) is reported. To study the effect of environment, fluorescence spectra of these molecules in a variety of solvents with different polarity and various concentrations of an anionic surfactant were measured. The polarization and anisotropy analysis showed that there is no abrupt behavior except at the surfactant concentrations corresponding to the critical micellar concentration.     

Surface‐Confined Electropolymerization of Methylene Blue on Gold Electrodes

We report on the electrochemical behaviour and electropolymerization of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of methylene blue (MB) on gold electrodes. The SAMs of MB on gold electrodes were prepared by immersing the substrates into a solution of 1.0 mM MB in absolute ethanol for different times at room temperature. Cyclic voltammetry experiments exhibited that reductive desorption of MB monolayer takes place at three different potentials on polycrystalline gold electrodes, while reductive desorption of MB monolayer consists of only one peak on single crystal Au(111) substrates. Calculated charge densities for different immersion times indicated that optimal immersion time for self‐assembly of MB is 96 h. Electropolymerization of SAMs of MB on gold electrode was achieved by applying 0.95 V for 1 s in 0.1 M borate buffer solution (pH: 9.0). It was observed that poly(MB) monolayers are highly stable in acidic media. ATR‐FTIR and UV‐vis spectra exhibited differences between monomer and polymer monolayers, which are attributed to surface‐confined electropolymerization. STM image of poly(MB) monolayer on Au(111) substrate revealed a surface that is covered by well‐ordered, collateral nanowires with an average size of 3 nm.     

The Decay of Methylene Blue in Alkaline Solution

The decomposition of methylene blue in aqueous alkaline solution is described. The rate equation is of the form: , where k = 9.0 × 10^-4 mol^- [dm³s^-1 at 20°C and] = 0.5 mol dm^-3.     

Photodynamic Action of Methylene Blue on the Paramecium Membrane

An electrophysiological study of photodynamic action on the Paramecium membrane was carried out. In the presence of methylene blue (MB), light-spot stimulation of an anterior and a posterior part induced a depolarization and a hyperpolarization of the membrane, respectively. Under voltage-clamping, the anterior stimulation induced an inward current, while the posterior stimulation induced an outward current. The amplitudes of these currents were dependent on the membrane potential. When K⁺ channels were blocked with Cs⁺ and tetraethylammonium (TEA⁺), the posterior outward current was inhibited, while the anterior inward current was not inhibited. Intracellular application of the Ca²⁺ chelator, 1,2 -bis (2-aminophenoxy) ethane- N,N,N',N' -tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) also inhibited the posterior outward current, but the anterior inward current was unaffected. These results suggest that photodynamic action on the Paramecium membrane primarily opens the Ca²⁺ channels and the following influx of Ca²⁺ activates the Ca²⁺-dependent K⁺ channels localized mainly on the posterior part of the membrane.     

Resistance of Human Butyrylcholinesterase to Methylene Blue‐Catalyzed Photoinactivation; Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Oxidation Products

Methylene blue, 3, 7‐bis(dimethylamino)‐phenothiazin‐5‐ium chloride, is a reversible inhibitor of human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in the absence of light. In the presence of light and oxygen, methylene blue promotes irreversible inhibition of human BChE as a function of time, requiring 3 h irradiation to inhibit 95% activity. Inactivation was accompanied by a progressive loss of Coomassie‐stained protein bands on native and denaturing polyacrylamide gels, suggesting backbone fragmentation. Aggregation was not detected. MALDI–TOF/TOF mass spectrometry identified oxidized tryptophan (W52, 56, 231, 376, 412, 490, 522), oxidized methionine (M81, 144, 302, 532, 554, 555), oxidized histidine (H214), oxidized proline (P230), oxidized cysteine (C519) and oxidized serine (S215). A 20 min irradiation in the presence of methylene blue resulted in 17% loss of BChE activity, suggesting that BChE is relatively resistant to methylene blue‐catalyzed photoinactivation and that therefore this process could be used to sterilize BChE preparations.     

Adsorption of Methylene Blue on Lignocellulosic Plant Materials

Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A - A comparative study of the sorption properties of lignocellulosic plant materials (aspen and pine wood and wheat straw) is performed using the cationic dye...     

Aptasensor for Thrombin Based on Carbon Nanotubes‐Methylene Blue Composites

The amperometric and EQCM aptasensors based on DNA aptamers immobilized by avidin‐biotin method or by electrostatic adsorption onto multiwalled carbon nanotube layer contained methylene blue (MB) have been developed and examined for thrombin detection in buffer and in spiked blood serum. The presence of MB increases the binding capacity of the surface layer and enhances the range of thrombin concentrations to be determined. This results in significant improvement of analytical characteristics of thrombin detection. The EQCM aptasensors allowed us to detect 0.3–100 nM and amperometric aptasensors 10–1000 nM of thrombin.     

Pseudopeptide‐Based Hydrogels Trapping Methylene Blue and Eosin Y

We present herein the preparation of four different hydrogels based on the pseudopeptide gelator Fmoc‐l ‐Phe‐d ‐Oxd‐OH (Fmoc=fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl), either by changing the gelator concentration or adding graphene oxide (GO) to the water solution. The hydrogels have been analysed by rheological studies that demonstrated that pure hydrogels are slightly stronger compared to GO‐loaded hydrogels. Then the hydrogels efficiency to trap the cationic methylene blue (MB) and anionic eosin Y (EY) dyes has been analyzed. MB is efficiently trapped by both the pure hydrogel and the GO‐loaded hydrogel through π–π interactions and electrostatic interactions. In contrast, the removal of the anionic EY is achieved in less satisfactory yields, due to the unfavourable electrostatic interactions between the dye, the gelator and GO.     

基于新亚甲蓝为介体的免疫传感器的研究

利用共价键合法,将新亚甲蓝(NMB)与辣根过氧化酶(HRP)标记的羊抗小鼠IgG抗体(Ab)修饰于玻碳电极表面,制成一种新型的电流型免疫传感器。研究了该传感器对H2O2的电化学响应及对小鼠IgG抗原(m IgG)的免疫检测。结果表明NMB作为介体能有效地传递电子,测得电子转移系数为0.77,表观反应速率常数为1.18 s-1。利用传感器对m IgG的检测,线性范围为0.5~3μg/L;检出限为0.028μg/L;相关系数r为0.996。     

Effects of Experimental Conditions and Kinetics of Photodegradation of Methylene Blue over TiO2

The authors investigated the catalytic activity of TiO2 for methylene blue（MB） degradation under solar light.The reaction parameters such as reaction time,TiO2 content,temperature,pH,MB concentration and light irradiation were in attention.Then,the experimental data was analyzed to investigate the adsorption order and adsorption model.The results indicate that the optimum conditions for the removal of MB are a TiO2 content of 0.5 g/L,0.50 mg/L MB solution,a temperature of 30 ℃ and reaction time of 60 min.It was found that the amount of MB removal was decreased when the pH and temperature increased.This suggests that the removal process is exothermic.However,the solar light irradiation plays a vital role in enhancing the removal amount of MB.In the dark reaction,the ability of TiO2 to remove MB was increased when the pH increased.The kinetics studies confirm that the adsorption of MB is the Pseudo-second-order.And the adsorption model was fitted with the Freundlich isotherm.     

Study on the chemisorption kinetics of Methylene Blue using SERS technique

SERS technique was used to study the chemisorption kinetics of Methylene Blue (MB) on the HNO3-etched silver surface. The adsorption kinetic parameters were deduced from different vibrational modes at a low concentration of 3.5×10-6 mol/L, and it showed that MB adsorbed uniformly (monolayerly) on silver surface. However, the adsorptive behavior turned anomalous at relatively higher concentrations and a possible explanation was suggested. In addition, the influence of Cl- ions on the adsorption states of MB was investigated, and it was shown that MB molecules, adsorbed on the silver surface, tended to transform from the "lying-down" state to the "end- on"4 state after Cl- ions were added.     

水溶液中亚甲蓝分子聚集状态的研究

用分光光度法研究了亚甲蓝(MB)染料在水溶液中的聚集状态及其与表面活性剂的相互作用,讨论了无机盐对亚甲蓝在阴离子表面活性剂溶液中聚集状态的影响。推导了水溶液中亚甲蓝单体和二聚体的动态平衡关系式。利用计算机程序不仅求出了与作图法结果非常接近的MB单体的摩尔吸光系数和聚合平衡常数,而且求出了MB二聚体的摩尔吸光系数及相应浓度下MB单体所占的比例系数。     

Large-Scale Synthesis of Porous Bi2O3 with Oxygen Vacancies for Efficient Photodegradation of Methylene Blue

Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants has become a hot research topic because of its low energy consumption and environmental-friendly characteristics. Bismuth oxide (Bi\begin{document}$ _2 $\end{document}O\begin{document}$ _3 $\end{document}) nanocrystals with a bandgap ranging from 2.0 eV to 2.8 eV have attracted increasing attention due to high activity of photodegradation of organic pollutants by utilizing visible light. Though several methods have been developed to prepare Bi\begin{document}$ _2 $\end{document}O\begin{document}$ _3 $\end{document}-based semiconductor materials over recent years, it is still difficult to prepare highly active Bi\begin{document}$ _2 $\end{document}O\begin{document}$ _3 $\end{document} catalysts in large scale with a simple method. Therefore, developing simple and feasible methods for the preparation of Bi\begin{document}$ _2 $\end{document}O\begin{document}$ _3 $\end{document} nanocrystals in large scale is important for the potential applications in industrial wastewater treatment. In this work, we successfully prepared porous Bi\begin{document}$ _2 $\end{document}O\begin{document}$ _3 $\end{document} in large scale via etching commercial BiSn powders, followed by thermal treatment with air. The acquired porous Bi\begin{document}$ _2 $\end{document}O\begin{document}$ _3 $\end{document} exhibited excellent activity and stability in photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. Further investigation of the mechanism witnessed that the suitable band structure of porous Bi\begin{document}$ _2 $\end{document}O\begin{document}$ _3 $\end{document} allowed the generation of reactive oxygen species, such as O\begin{document}$ _2 $\end{document}\begin{document}$ ^{-\cdot} $\end{document} and \begin{document}$ \cdot $\end{document}OH, which effectively degraded MB.     

光敏剂亚甲蓝与不同溶剂的相互作用研究

应用光谱法研究了新光敏剂亚甲蓝在不同溶剂中的电子光谱特性，通过Ｋａｓｈａ理论推测了其在不同溶剂中二聚体的分子构造模式，其二聚体的面－面间距离为１．３４５～１．４２５ｎｍ，面间角为８２．９°～８７．５°确认由ＭｃＲａｅ式对亚甲蓝与不同溶剂间的相互作用下方式进行评价是可行的，提出了亚甲蓝在不同溶剂中分子间力的相互结合作用导致亚甲蓝在溶液中的结构变化，产生光谱差异的原因，阐述了溶液状态与选择性分子间力的