The homogeneity of a stabilized discharge-pumped XeCl* laser

* laser arrangement. The special pumping technique of this laser discharge is based on the additional use of a stabilizing low-current preliminary discharge. The model takes into account the time-dependent electron Boltzmann equation including electron–electron interaction for the determination of the electron kinetics, an extensive reaction kinetics involving various heavy particles and photons, and the relevant electrical circuit equations. The study has shown that density perturbations of preionization electrons lead to the inhomogeneity of the discharge plasma and the laser output. Furthermore, the impact of the spatial distribution of preionization electrons, of the HCl portion of the gas mixture, and of a low-current preliminary discharge for the discharge operation is discussed. Received: 10 September 1996/Revised version: 21 July 1997     

XaCl激光泵浦的受激布里渊散特性的研究

报道了直接泵浦法和经光栅泵浦法激励的受激布里渊散射的时间特性并比较了两种泵浦方法的受激布里渊镜反射率。     

XeCl激光泵浦的受激布里渊散特性的研究

报道了直接泵浦法和经光栅泵浦法激励的受激布里渊散射的时间特性并比较了两种泵浦方法的受激布里渊镜反射率。     

Study of self-preionized XeCl* electron-avalanched discharges

Summary Some performances of an excimer discharge at the formative stage are calculated and compared to the experimental results obtained in a XeCl^* laser device with a pin cathode without external preionization. We present a simplified discharge model for exploring the process of the preionization generated by the coronas in the cathode pin region.     

Local Stability of Perfect Alignment for a Spatially Homogeneous Kinetic Model

We prove the nonlinear local stability of Dirac masses for a kinetic model of alignment of particles on the unit sphere, each point of the unit sphere representing a direction. A population concentrated in a Dirac mass then corresponds to the global alignment of all individuals. The main difficulty of this model is the lack of conserved quantities and the absence of an energy that would decrease for any initial condition. We overcome this difficulty thanks to a functional which is decreasing in time in a neighborhood of any Dirac mass (in the sense of the Wasserstein distance). The results are then extended to the case where the unit sphere is replaced by a general Riemannian manifold.     

Vibrational relaxation of KrF* and XeCl* by rare gases

A steady-state, chemiluminescence technique has been used to measure effective rate constants for vibrational relaxation as a function of vibrational level for KrF^* in collisions with He, Ne, and Ar and XeCl^* with Ar. The effective rate constants reported include contributions to relaxation due to intersystem crossing between theB andC states, in addition to direct relaxation within theB state. The relevance of these results to the understanding of previous measurements in KrF and XeCl lasers is discussed.     

Experimental verification of a zero-dimensional model of the kinetics of XeCl* discharges by XeCl*(B)-, XeCl*(C)-, and Xe2Cl*-density measurements

Absolutely calibrated emission spectroscopy has been used to determine the particle number densities of XeCl^*(B), XeCl^*(C), and Xe₂Cl^* in a small scale Ne/Xe/HCl discharge with well-defined current and voltage pulses for a wide range of parameters. The measured particle number densities could be reproduced quite well by numerical model calculations using the rate-coefficient values of Quiñones et al. [1] for the quenching of XeCl^*(B,C) by Ne, Xe, and 2Xe, but 3.0 × 10^–31 cm⁶/s for the formation of Xe₂Cl^* by (Ne + Xe)-quenching. For the electron quenching, we recommend a rate coefficient value of 3.2 × 10^–8 cm³/s. From the equilibrium ratio of the particle number densities of XeCl^*(C) and XeCl^*(B), the energy separation between these states has been estimated to be 72 ± 33 cm^–1 with the B state placed above the C state.     

Uniqueness for a Class of Spatially Homogeneous Boltzmann Equations Without Angular Cutoff

We consider the 3-dimensional spatially homogeneous Boltzmann equation, which describes the evolution in time of the velocity distribution in a gas, where particles are assumed to undergo binary elastic collisions. We consider a cross section bounded in the relative velocity variable, without angular cutoff, but with a moderate angular singularity. We show that there exists at most one weak solution with finite mass and momentum. We use a Wasserstein distance. Although our result is far from applying to physical cross sections, it seems to be the first one which deals with cross sections without cutoff for non Maxwellian molecules. MSC 2000 : 82C40.     

Experimental Study of Double XeCl Laser with a Phase-conjugate Stimulated Scattering Cavity

SupportedbytheNationalNatureScienceFoundationofChina.1.Intr0ducti0nExcimcrlasersareonekindofthemostefficientsourcesofUVcoherentlight.Theyareusedinmanyficldssuchasn2atcrialpr0ccssing[lJ,photolitography['J,laserfusion[3Jetal..Inmany0ftheseapplicationstheshort-x`,avelcngthexcimerlaserswith1aserbeamsofhighqua1ityarenecessary.Mostoftheexci113crlasersi1regcncra11yfedbydischargecircuitswhichpumpthegasvol-umebutcausedischargeinstabiliticsinthedischargevolume['1j.Thislastphenomenonisduetothepresen…     

Diagnostics of a Compact Discharge-Pumped XeCl Laser with BCl3 Halogen Donor

The results of a comprehensive study of a compact UV-preionized XeCl laser are presented. The subjects of this study were: discharge voltage and current measurements, dye laser probing of the active medium, and the mass spectrometry of gas mixture degradation products. It is shown that the gas lifetime was significantly improved when the laser was operated with BCl₃ as a halogen donor instead of commonly used HCl. By the dye laser absorption and gain probing, the temporal and spatial dependences of the densities for several plasma components, Ne*, Xe*, Xe⁺*, Cl^–, XeCl* and of ground state boron atoms were measured. Some aspects of plasma kinetics for uniform and constricted phases of the discharge are discussed. By the mass spectrometry of gas mixture degradation products on long-term operation of the laser device several gaseous (N₂, O₂, CO₂, H₂O, C₂H₄) and solid (NiCl₂, H₃BO₃) products were detected in the laser chamber. NH₄Cl was determined to be a stable fraction of the deposits on optics surfaces. The reasons for the improvement of gas lifetime for BCl₃-containing gas mixtures are discussed.     

Well-Posedness of Spatially Homogeneous Boltzmann Equation with Full-Range Interaction

In the present work, we give the coercivity estimates for the Boltzmann collision operator Q(·, ·) without angular cut-off to clarify in which case the functional \({\langle -Q(g, f), f\rangle}\) will become the truly sub-elliptic. Based on this observation and commutator estimates in Alexandre et al. (Arch Rat Mech Anal 198:39–123, 2010), the upper bound estimates for the collision operator in Chen and He (Arch Rat Mech Anal 201(2):501–548, 2011) and the stability results in Desvillettes and Mouhot (Arch Rat Mech Anal 193(2):227–253, 2009), in the function space \({L^1_q\cap H^N}\) , we establish global well-posedness or local well-posedness for the spatially homogeneous Boltzmann equation with full-range interaction(covering most of physical collision kernels).     

高重复率XeCl准分子激光器的放电特性

本文报道紫外预电离放电泵浦的高重复率XeCl准分子激光器的放电特性,分析了放电参数的改变对放电过程的影响.最佳转换效率达2.2%.     

Supports of Measure Solutions for Spatially Homogeneous Boltzmann Equations

We prove that the support of the unique measure solution for the spatially homoge-neous Boltzmann equation in R3 is the whole space, if the initial distribution is not a Dirac measure and has 4-order moment. More precisely, we obtain the lower bound of exponential type for the probability of any small ball in ℝ³ relative to the measure solution.     

UV Radiation of Low Pressure XeCl* and KrCl* Glow Discharges

The positive column of low pressure DC glow discharges in Xe/Cl₂ and Kr/Cl₂ gas mixtures has been investigated with respect to its UV radiation power and radiative efficiency for a wide range of parameters (total gas pressure: 1–30 mbar, current 10–30 mA, partial pressure of Cl₂: 1–33%). Also the radial distribution of the particle number densities of XeCl* (B) and KrCl* (B) has been determined by absolutely calibrated emission spectroscopy. Optimum UV (190–350 nm) output and efficiency has been found in gas mixtures with a relative Cl₂ partial pressure of 2–3% and total gas pressure of 12–18 mbar. At these parameters, the UV radiation power per column length is greater than 40 Watt/m with a radiative efficiency of 15–18%. These discharges could be used for UV induced photochemical processes.     

Verification of a XeCl* laser model by measurement of the plasma conductivity

Measurements of current, voltage, and laser emission of an X-ray preionized selfsustained XeCl^* laser discharge using Ne:Xe:HCl gas mixtures are compared with predictions of spatially homogeneous model calculations. As a prerequisite an accurate and detailed model of the electrical circuit is developed. For current and voltage measurements electro-optical methods are used. Corrections to the measurements and the reliability of the final data are discussed in detail. Using collision cross sections from the recent literature and stepwise vibrational excitation of HCl up tov=3 reproduces the electrical conductivities measured in a large field of parameters. The reliability and numerical stability of the model calculations depend on the way in which the e-HCl collision terms of the Boltzmann equation and the e-HCl collision rates are evaluated. The predicted total laser pulse energies are too small, but the shape and timing of the pulse correspond to the experimental values.     

Optimization of a Dielectric Barrier Discharge for Pulsed UV Emission of XeCl at 308 nm

A pulsed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) has been investigated in a wide range of experimental conditions with the purpose of optimization for XeCl excimer radiation. For that the following operation parameters had been considered: four different lamps of coaxial geometry with gas gaps in the range of 1.3 ‐ 6.5 mm; gas mixtures of xenon and chlorine containing admixtures of 1%, 2% and 4% Cl₂ at total filling pressures between 5 mbar and 600 mbar; voltage rise times of 20 ‐ 50 ns and voltage amplitudes of up to 12 kV. A maximum radiation pulse energy of 1.8 µ J has been detected at 310 ± 10 nm with an estimated radiation decay by three orders of magnitude within about 5 µ s. It was shown that the minimization of the voltage rise time is essential for enhancing the radiation pulse energy. Furthermore a correlation between the discharge geometry and the optimum pressure for maximum radiation output was observed. The decay characteristics of the excimer emission provides evidence of the harpoon reaction being the main channel of XeCl formation under our operation conditions (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

On the Well-Posedness of the Spatially Homogeneous Boltzmann Equation with a Moderate Angular Singularity

We prove an inequality on the Kantorovich-Rubinstein distance–which can be seen as a particular case of a Wasserstein metric–between two solutions of the spatially homogeneous Boltzmann equation without angular cutoff, but with a moderate angular singularity. Our method is in the spirit of [7]. We deduce some well-posedness and stability results in the physically relevant cases of hard and moderately soft potentials. In the case of hard potentials, we relax the regularity assumption of [6], but we need stronger assumptions on the tail of the distribution (namely some exponential decay). We thus obtain the first uniqueness result for measure initial data. In the case of moderately soft potentials, we prove existence and uniqueness assuming only that the initial datum has finite energy and entropy (for very moderately soft potentials), plus sometimes an additionnal moment condition. We thus improve significantly on all previous results, where weighted Sobolev spaces were involved.     

Characteristics of a multielectrode corona discharge in the working media of periodic-pulse XeCl* and KrCl* lasers

Results are reported from an investigation of the electrical and optical characteristics of a multielectrode negative-polarity corona discharge in He/Xe(Kr)/CCl₄ mixtures, which are used as the working media in inert-gas chloride lasers operating in the periodic-pulse mode. The corona discharge is studied in a needle-grid electrode system which is approximately as long as the active medium in a laser. Such a corona discharge is of interest for use in electrical modules for blowing the working media through XeCl* and KrCl* lasers, the working media of which contain vapors of liquid hydrocarbons of the CCl₄ type. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 48–51 (May 1998)