Potentiometric Sensing of Heavy Metal Ions Using a Novel Zeolite Y Membrane

The application of zeolite Y membranes to the potentiometric sensing of heavy metal ions is described. Membranes are prepared from a pressed disk of zeolite Y, treated using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as a silica source. The resulting silica‐zeolite Y composite membranes are characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction, MAS NMR and their potentiometric response to cations with a diameter greater than the zeolite Y pore. The initial response to cadmium (Cd²⁺) and lead (Pb²⁺) ions obeys the Nernst equation, including appropriate corrections for non‐ideality, although the responses decay over a time‐scale of several hours for higher concentration ratios.     

Investigations on the effect of Mn ions on the local structure and photocatalytic activity of Cu(I)-ZSM-5 catalysts

The introduction of Mn ions into Cu(I)-ZSM-5 was found to lead to an enhancement of the photocatalytic activity for the direct decomposition of N2O into N2 and O2 at 298 K. Various in-situ techniques such as ESR, photoluminescence, XAFS as well as a combination of CO-FT-IR and CO-TPD measurements revealed that the accommodation of Mn ions within ZSM-5 zeolite cavities significantly affects the location sites of the ion-exchanged Cu(II) ions as well as the local structure of the Cu(I) ion species formed by evacuation at high temperatures. Moreover, the introduction of Mn ions into ZSM-5 led to an increase in the amount of 3-coordinated Cu(I) species at the main channel of the zeolite, playing a major role as the active species for the photocatalytic decomposition of N2O into N2 and O2.     

Interaction of the zeolitic tuff with Zn-containing simulated pollutant solutions

The possibility of removing Zn2+ cations from wastewater by ion exchange using natural zeolites as exchangers has been investigated. The process of binding of zinc ions into zeolite structure has been established by several reaction mechanisms as a fast chemical reaction of ion exchange, accompanied by slower adsorption of different ionic species and possible precipitation or coprecipitation with the zeolite structure. The physicochemical phenomena such as hydrolysis and dissolution of surface layers are the result of interaction of zeolite with hydrogen or hydroxyl ions from the solution. Complexation of OH- with Zn2+ to form the zinc-hydroxy species strongly depends on pH value and affect the uptake mechanism as to lower dissolution of surface aluminosilicate layers. Structure imperfections as a surface property of mineralogical nonhomogeneous zeolitic grains can lead to formation of sorption surface sites with different energy, which affects the nonuniform distribution of different zinc species adsorbed. It is particularly possible in zeolitic tuff samples with relatively high content of aluminosilicates as minor mineralogical components, which is characteristic of Croatian deposits.     

Adsorption of alkali and alkaline earth radionuclides on zeolite from water solutions

The adsorption of cesium and strontium ions from water solutions on zeolite has been investigated in presence of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium ions. Distribution ratios of cesium and strontium on the zeolite were determined in solutions of various compositions and solution volume to sorbent weight ratios (batch factor). Breakthrough curves for zeolite layers are reported.     

银离子交换的沸石修饰电极的循环伏安新特性

银离子交换沸石Y修饰电极(Ag⁺-沸石Y)的循环伏安(CV)行为, 不同于溶液中的银离子在固体银电极表面上的CV行为. Ag⁺-沸石电极中银离子还原电位明显受沸石体内银簇影响. 依据Ag⁺-沸石修饰电极在含有能够与银离子形成难溶盐的电解质中的CV行为, 本文发现了沸石对溶液中阴离子具有尺寸选择效应, 并解释了银离子交换沸石修饰电极的循环伏安反应特性.     

Zeolite-modified paraffin-impregnated graphite electrode

This paper describes a new kind of zeolite-modified electrodes (ZMEs) based on the physical immobilization of zeolite particles onto the surface of paraffin-impregnated graphite electrodes (PIGEs). Their electrochemical behavior was first evaluated by ion-exchange voltammetry using methylviologen as a model redox probe, indicating better performance in comparison to the corresponding zeolite-modified carbon paste electrodes. The zeolite-modified-PIGEs were then applied to the study of lead(II)-loaded zeolites to monitor their reaction with sulfide ions at various sulfidation levels. Both Pb(II) ions and PbS nanoparticles gave rise to well-defined voltammetric signals, but peak currents due to the more mobile Pb(II) ions were much higher than those recorded for PbS nanoparticles. This is due to the fact that Pb(II) ions underwent ion exchange for the electrolyte cation prior to the electron transfer whereas the PbS nanoparticles are immobilized in the microporous structure of the zeolite particles and thus less available for the redox reactions. Nevertheless, these signals were useful to discriminate between the various sulfidation levels, as ascertained by additional X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements.     

Removal of cesium radioisotopes from solutions using granulated zeolites

The influence of type of zeolite and the flow rate of solution through the column on the removal efficiency of radioactive cesium ions from solution has been investigated. The analysis of the change in the concentration of cesium ions in the solutions and distribution of cesium ions in the column fillings (granulated zeolites), after passing the solutions through the columns filled with various granulated zeolites (zeolite 4A, zeolite 13X, synthetic mordenite) was performed. On the basis of the results of this study, the conditions for the most efficient removal of cesium ions from solutions have been discussed.     

Removal of heavy metals and bacteria from aqueous solution by novel hydroxyapatite/zeolite nanocomposite,preparation, and characterization

In this study, a HAp/NaP nanocomposite was prepared by adding a synthesized nano-hydroxyapatite to zeolite NaP gel in the hydrothermal condition and used for the removal of lead(II) and cadmium(II) ions from aqueous solution. HAp/zeolite nanocomposite was then characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Rietveld method, scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and surface area and thermal analyses. Results suggested that the nanocomposite crystals of HAp were dispersed onto the zeolite external surface and/or encapsulated within the zeolite channels and pores. The potential of the composite in adsorption of heavy metals was investigated by using batch experiment. The metal concentration in the equilibrium C _e (mg/g) after adsorption with nanocomposite of HAp/NaP was analyzed using flame atomic adsorption spectrometry. The adsorption experiments were carried out at pH of 3–9. The influences of contact time, initial concentration, dose, and temperature on the adsorption of lead and cadmium ions were also studied. Results show that these nanocomposites have further adsorption related to NaP and HAp. They have great potential (about 95 %) for Pb(II) and Cd(II) adsorption at room temperature. The equilibrium process was described by Frendlich, Langmuir, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R) models. The kinetics data were successfully fitted by a pseudo-second-order model. The in vitro antibacterial activity of these composites was evaluated against Bacillus subtilis (as Gram-positive bacteria) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (as Gram-negative bacteria) and compared with standard drugs that show inhibition on bacterial growth.     

Particle distribution in a microporous material: experiments with zeolite A.

The theory on particle distribution and exchange equilibria in a microporous material is applied to experimental ion-exchange data involving zeolite Na-A and zeolite K-A, with silver ions as the exchanging species. The presented method enables direct evaluation of the measured data and consideration of nonequivalent particle sites. The isotherms of the K+ versus Ag+ exchange in zeolite K-A rise much more steeply, at low exchange degrees, than those of the Na+ versus Ag+ exchange in zeolite Na-A. This result implies a different course of the ion-exchange reactions. Spectroscopic measurements on dehydrated, partly silver-exchanged zeolites Na-A and K-A do indeed show that in zeolite Na-A, the Na+ ions occupying four-ring positions are exchanged faster for Ag+ than the Na+ ions occupying eight- and six-ring positions, while in zeolite K-A the exchange does not start with the four-ring ion but with six-ring ions, followed by the four-ring ion. These findings are consistent with the results obtained from evaluation of the ion-exchange data. The resulting thermodynamic quantities significantly differ from published reference values, which we suggest should be revised.     

高温水蒸气处理对ZnHZSM-5活性中心的影响

应用X-射线衍射、能谱表面分析和吡啶吸附红外光谱研究了高温水蒸气处理对HZSM-5和ZnHZSM-5催化剂的影响，并以丙烷芳构化作为探针反应考查了催化活性中心的变化．高温水蒸气处理对分子筛的结晶度影响不大，但水蒸气处理使得分子筛骨架铝脱出，脱出的铝在表面富集，分子筛锌交换位的骨架铝脱出较难，脱铝导致分子筛的酸性减弱．高温水蒸气处理后的HZSM-5和ZnHZSM-5催化剂的丙烷反应活性都降低，在ZnHZSM－5上丙烯的选择性增加，反映了具有脱氢活性的锌的强L酸中心数目相对B酸中心减少较少，进一步说明了处于离子交换位的锌离子对骨架铝有保护作用     

Radiation removal of lead from aqueous solutions—effects of various sorbents and nitrous oxide

The influence of selected adsorbents (active carbon, bentonite and zeolite) on the radiation removal of lead from its aqueous solution using electron beam radiation was investigated. Both positive and negative effects on radiation reduction of Pb²⁺ ions depending on the dose applied were observed in presence of these solid modifiers. Besides deaeration with nitrogen, the efficiency of the process under study may be substantially increased by saturation of solution with nitrous oxide.     

The study of thiophene adsorption onto La(III)-exchanged zeolite NaY by FT-IR spectroscopy

Zeolites NaY and LaNaY (ion-exchanged with aqueous lanthanum nitrate solution) were used as adsorbents for removing organic sulfur compounds from model gasoline solutions (without and with toluene) and fluid catalytic cracked gasoline in fixed-bed adsorption equipment at room temperature and atmosphere pressure. The adsorptive selectivity for organic sulfur compounds was significantly increased when Na(+) ions in zeolite NaY were exchanged with lanthanum ions. IR spectra of thiophene adsorption indicate that thiophene is adsorbed onto La(3+) ions via direct S-La(3+) interaction and Na(+) ions via pi-electronic interaction for La(3+)-exchanged zeolite NaY, but only via pi-electronic interaction with Na(+) ions for NaY. The amount of adsorbed thiophene on La(3+)-exchanged zeolite Y was slightly decreased by coadsorption of benzene, but greatly reduced on NaY. The adsorption of thiophene via interaction with La(3+) on La(3+)-exchanged zeolite Y is hardly replaced by benzene coadsorption. The direct S-La(3+) interaction might be the essential reason for the evidently improved adsorptive selectivity of LaNaY for removing organic sulfur compounds from solutions containing large amount of aromatics.     

An IR Study on Adsorption of CO and NO on Copper Ion-exchanged Zeolite Beta

Thee adsorption of CO and NO on copper ion-exchanged zeolite Beta was investigated using IR method.It was found that the thermalvacuum pretreatment procedure could result in the reduction of Cu2 ions in zeolite Beta.The adsorption of CO on Cu sites in zeolite Beta closely follows Langmuir isotherm.Another Cu species may form during the reaction between water and CO.The catalytic decomposition of NO on the zeolite was observed at room temperature,indicating that the decomposition reaction may occur between two coordinated NO ligands of the same dinitrosyhc complex.Furthermore,the appearance of two series of NO adsorption bands reveals that copper ions existing at different cation sites may have different effect on the adsorption and decomposition of NO molecules.     

NiO在USY分子筛、γ-Al2O3及其混合载体上的NO吸附行为和分布规律

运用红外技术和高斯函数对红外谱图进行分峰拟合,研究了对ＮｉＯ在ＵＳＹ分子筛、γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３和混合载体上的对ＮＯ吸附规律,并推断出不同ＮｉＯ含量时,Ｎｉ２＋在这些载体上的分布．结果表明：位于γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３表面、ＵＳＹ分子筛ＳⅡ、ＳⅠ位和ＳⅡ位的Ｎｉ２＋离子吸附ＮＯ时,它们的吸附频率分别为１８５５～１８７５、１９００和１９０５ｃｍ－１．ＮｉＯ在γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３的体相和表面间存在分布平衡,约有７５％ＮｉＯ存在于γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３体相中．在ＵＳＹ分子筛上,Ｎｉ２＋分布于分子筛ＳⅠ位的趋势远大于ＳⅡ和ＳⅡ、ＳⅠ位．增加ＮｉＯ含量将增强这种趋势．在混合载体上,Ｎｉ２＋分布于Ａｌ２Ｏ３表面的能力大于分布于分子筛的ＳⅡ和ＳⅡ、ＳⅠ位,增加ＮｉＯ量,分布于γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３表面及ＵＳＹ分子筛ＳⅡ位的Ｎｉ２＋量显著增加,而分布于分子筛ＳⅡ、ＳⅠ位的Ｎｉ２＋量受其影响较小     

Highly Crystallized Nanometer‐Sized Zeolite A with Large Cs Adsorption Capability for the Decontamination of Water

Nanometer‐sized zeolite A with a large cesium (Cs) uptake capability is prepared through a simple post‐milling recrystallization method. This method is suitable for producing nanometer‐sized zeolite in large scale, as additional organic compounds are not needed to control zeolite nucleation and crystal growth. Herein, we perform a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) study to evaluate the uptake ability of Cs ions by zeolite, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time. In comparison to micrometer‐sized zeolite A, nanometer‐sized zeolite A can rapidly accommodate a larger amount of Cs ions into the zeolite crystal structure, owing to its high external surface area. Nanometer‐sized zeolite is a promising candidate for the removal of radioactive Cs ions from polluted water. Our QCM study on Cs adsorption uptake behavior provides the information of adsorption kinetics (e.g., adsorption amounts and rates). This technique is applicable to other zeolites, which will be highly valuable for further consideration of radioactive Cs removal in the future.     

Oxidation of cyclohexane catalyzed by metal-ion-exchanged zeolites

The ion-exchange rates and capacities of the zeolite NaY for the Cu(II), Co(II), and Pb(II) metal ions were investigated. Ion-exchange equilibria were achieved in approximately 72 h for all the metal ions. The maximum ion exchange of metal ions into the zeolite was found to be 120 mg Pb(II), 110 mg Cu(II), and 100 mg Co(II) per gram of zeolite NaY. It is observed that the exchange capacity of a zeolite varies with the exchanged metal ion and the amount of metal ions exchanged into zeolite decreases in the sequence Pb(II) > Cu(II) > Co(II). Application of the metal-ion-exchanged zeolites in oxidation of cyclohexane in liquid phase with visible light was examined and it is observed that the order of reactivity of the zeolites for the conversion of cyclohexane to cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol is CuY > CoY > PbY. It is found that conversion increases by increase of the empty active sites of a zeolite and the formation of cyclohexanol is favored initially, but the cyclohexanol is subsequently converted to cyclohexanone.     

Structure-directing roles and interactions of fluoride and organocations with siliceous zeolite frameworks

Interactions of fluoride anions and organocations with crystalline silicate frameworks are shown to depend subtly on the architectures of the organic species, which significantly influence the crystalline structures that result. One- and two-dimensional (2D) (1)H, (19)F, and (29)Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy measurements establish distinct intermolecular interactions among F(-) anions, imidazolium structure-directing agents (SDA(+)), and crystalline silicate frameworks for as-synthesized siliceous zeolites ITW and MTT. Different types and positions of hydrophobic alkyl ligands on the imidazolium SDA(+) species under otherwise identical zeolite synthesis compositions and conditions lead to significantly different interactions between the F(-) and SDA(+) ions and the respective silicate frameworks. For as-synthesized zeolite ITW, F(-) anions are established to reside in the double-four-ring (D4R) cages and interact strongly and selectively with D4R silicate framework sites, as manifested by their strong (19)F-(29)Si dipolar couplings. By comparison, for as-synthesized zeolite MTT, F(-) anions reside within the 10-ring channels and interact relatively weakly with the silicate framework as ion pairs with the SDA(+) ions. Such differences manifest the importance of interactions between the imidazolium and F(-) ions, which account for their structure-directing influences on the topologies of the resulting silicate frameworks. Furthermore, 2D (29)Si{(29)Si} double-quantum NMR measurements establish (29)Si-O-(29)Si site connectivities within the as-synthesized zeolites ITW and MTT that, in conjunction with synchrotron X-ray diffraction analyses, establish insights on complicated order and disorder within their framework structures.     

Ammonium sorption from aqueous solutions by the natural zeolite Transcarpathian clinoptilolite studied under dynamic conditions

The scope of this study is ammonium-ion uptake from synthetic aqueous solutions onto raw and pretreated forms of the natural zeolite Transcarpathian clinoptilolite under dynamic conditions. Hydrogen ions displaced exchangeable cations on the clinoptilolite in distilled water (sodium ions) and hydrochloric acid (sodium, potassium, and calcium ions) and destroyed the zeolite framework structure in the last case. Ammonium uptake onto the zeolite occurs by exchange with Na(+), Ca(2+), and K(+) ions. Although Na(+) ions were observed to be more easily exchanged for both hydrogen and ammonium ions, the role of Ca(2+) ions increased with zeolite saturation by NH(+)(4) ions. The maximum sorption capacity of the clinoptilolite toward NH(+)(4) ions, estimated under dynamic conditions, is significantly higher than that measured under static conditions; proximity of the values of a distribution coefficient and a retardation factor for different conditions (215-265 dm(3)/kg and 979-1107, respectively) allows us to use these parameters to model ammonium uptake onto the clinoptilolite. Slowing down or interruption in filtration resulted in the improvement of ammonium sorption properties of the zeolite. The ammonium removal improves with use of the finer fractions of the clinoptilolite up to 0.35 mm. A recycling study results confirmed the importance of external diffusion for ammonium sorption by the clinoptilolite. Preliminary treatment of the sorbent confirmed the predominant importance of the ion-exchange mechanism. The advantage of prior NaCl treatment of the clinoptilolite in improvement of ammonium removal over the other techniques was shown.     

Al3+离子介入提升（NH4）2SiF6对SBA-15介孔材料的水热稳定化作用

提出了一种(NH4)2SiF6处理提高SBA-15介孔材料水热稳定性的改良方法.采用SBA-15介孔材料中预引入Al3+离子,再进行1%SiO2计量的(NH4)2SiF6处理,最后用强酸洗脱预引入的Al3+.结果显示,由此处理的SBA-15材料,其水热稳定性明显优于相同条件下未预引入Al3+时(NH4)2SiF6处理的样品.两者在800°C、100%水蒸气处理12 h后,虽然均能很好保持其介观有序度、形貌及六方孔道结构,但前者的比表面积可高达271 m2/g,而后者仅为224 m2/g.表明Al3+离子介入能大幅度提升(NH4)2SiF6处理对SBA-15介孔材料的稳定化作用.这主要得益于预引入的骨架Al3+在保障(NH4)2SiF6处理修复SBA-15材料表面缺陷和进行表面疏水化、提升其水热稳定性的同时,能减缓(NH4)2SiF6释放的多余F-离子对SBA-15材料骨架的刻蚀破坏作用. Al3+离子介入的这种提升作用与其引入方式和SBA-15材料所经受的温度密切相关.     

纳米HZSM-5沸石酸度的调节及对液化气裂解反应的影响

通过对纳米HZSM-5沸石进行钠离子浸渍改性和在小型常压固定床反应器中开展碳四液化气催化裂解制丙烯反应研究,探讨了催化剂酸度对反应选择性的影响.结果表明,钠离子改性能够选择性地去除纳米HZSM-5沸石表面的强酸中心,而对弱酸中心则基本无影响.在用钠离子改性基本上消除催化剂强酸中心的情况下,混合碳四液化气的催化裂解反应主要发生在丁烯分子上,丙烯的最高选择性可达60%,丙烯和乙烯的总选择性可达80%.