Nitrogen isotope exchange between nitric oxide and nitric acid

The rate of nitrogen isotope exchange between NO and HNO₃ has been measured as a function of nitric acid concentration of 1.5–4M·1^–1. The exchange rate law is shown to beR=k[HNO₃]²[N₂O₃] and the measured activation energy isE=67.78kJ ·M^–1 (16.2 kcal·M^–1). It is concluded that N₂O₃ participates in¹⁵N/¹⁴N exchange between NO and HNO₃ at nitric acid concentrations higher than 1.5M·1^–1.     

Extraction of molybdenum and technetium with diamides of dipicolinic acid from nitric acid solutions

The concentration of molybdenum(VI) in dissolved spent nuclear fuel is comparable with the concentrations of Tc, and the minor actinides (Np, Am). Therefore it is of great interest to understand its behavior under conditions imposed by separation processes. The simultaneous extraction ability of ortho, meta, and para isomers of N,N′-diethyl-N,N′-ditolyl-dipicolinamide (EtTDPA) for molybdenum and technetium were investigated in a large range of nitric and hydrochloric acid conditions. Molybdenum shows no increase in extraction at higher concentrations of nitric acid giving a solvate number n=0 with all isomers of EtTDPA, while Mo shows great extractability from HCl. Technetium distribution ratios decrease with increasing concentrations of nitrate showing indication of ion exchange occurring between TcO₄ ⁻ and NO₃ ⁻ anions. Et(m)TDPA and Et(p)TDPA show the greatest extractability, with 60% of the total technetium extracted into the organic phase at 1M HNO₃.     

Extraction of uranium(VI) with N,N,N′,N′-tetrabutylmalonamide and N,N,N′,N′-tetrahexylmalonamide

A new diamide N,N,N′,N′-tetrahexylmalonamide (THMA) was synthesized, characterized and used in the extraction of U(VI) from nitric acid solutions. N,N,N′,N′-tetrabutylmalonamide (TBMA) was also studied to test the steric hindrance. Factors affecting this extraction system, the concentration of the extractant, aqueous nitric acid and NaNO₃ and the temperature were investigated. The IR spectral study was also made of the extracted species.     

Nitrosoruthenium nitrite-nitrate complexes in aqueous and nitric acid solutions as probed by 15N NMR

Aqueous and nitric acid solutions of Na₂[Ru¹⁵NO(¹⁵NO₂)₄OH] in the concentration range $c_{H^{15} NO_3 }$ = 0–3.3 mol/L have been studied by ¹⁵N NMR, dominating complex species have been identified, and the equilibrium constants for the nitrate ion incorporation into the inner coordination sphere of nitrosoruthenium have been estimated. The equilibration time for such equilibria is no more than 2 h at room temperature. In addition to the nitro complexes, isomeric nitritonitronitrosoruthenium compounds have been identified in solutions. In weak acidic solutions at $c_{HNO_3 }$ < 0.25 mol/L, nitro and nitritonitro complexes containing four and three coordinated nitrite ions predominate. At the HNO₃ concentration 0.4–1.7 mol/L, the vast majority of ruthenium presents in solution as fac-dinitronitrosoruthenium complexes containing coordinated water molecules and nitrate ions. In solutions with $c_{HNO_3 }$ > 1.5 mol/L, the fractions of dinitro- and mononitronitrosoruthenium complexes are comparable. In strong nitric acid solutions ( $c_{H^{15} NO_3 }$ = 10 mol/L) kept for three years in contact with air, nitro complexes are absent, and mononitrato- and dinitratoaquanitrosoruthenium complexes are dominating.     

Study on mechanism for oxidation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N,N</Emphasis>-dimethylhydroxylamine by nitrous acid

The oxidation of N,N-dimethylhydroxylamine (DMHAN) by nitrous acid is investigated in perchloric acid and nitric acid medium, respectively. The effects of H⁺, DMHAN, ionic strength and temperature on the reaction are studied. The rate equation in perchloric acid medium has been determined to be −d[HNO₂]/dt = k[DMHAN][HNO₂], where k = 12.8 ± 1.0 (mol/L)⁻¹ min⁻¹ when the temperature is 18.5 °C and the ionic strength is 0.73 mol/L with an activation energy about 41.5 kJ mol⁻¹. The reaction becomes complicated when it is performed in nitric acid medium. When the molarity of HNO₃ is higher than 1.0 mol/L, nitrous acid will be produced via the reaction between nitric acid and DMHAN. The reaction products are analyzed and the reaction mechanism is discussed in this paper.     

Extraction of uranium(VI) from nitric acid solution by N,N-dibutyldodecanamide

The partition of uranium(VI) between nitric acid solutions and solutions of N,N-dibutyldodecanamide (DBDA) in kerosene has been investigated at varying concentrations of nitric acid, extractant, salting-out agent LiNO₃ and at different temperatures. The mechanism of extraction is discussed in the light of the results obtained.     

Batch and dynamic extraction of uranium(VI) from nitric acid medium by commercial phosphinic acid resin,Tulsion CH-96

Batch and dynamic extractions of uranium(VI) in 10⁻³–10⁻²M concentrations in 3–4M nitric acid medium have been investigated using a commercially available phosphinic acid resin (Tulsion CH-96). The extraction of uranium(VI) has been studied as a function of time, batch factor (V/m), concentrations of nitric acid and uranium(VI) ion. Dual extraction mechanism unique to phosphinic acid resin has been established for the extraction of uranium(VI). Distribution coefficient (K _d ) of uranium(VI) initially decreases with increasing concentration of nitric acid, reaches a minimum value at 1.3M, followed by increases in K _d . A maximum K _d value of ∼2000 ml/g was obtained at 5.0M nitric acid. Batch extraction data has been fitted into the linearized Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The performance of the resin under dynamic extraction conditions was assessed by following the breakthrough behavior of the system. Effect of flow rate, concentrations of nitric acid and uranium ion in the feed on the breakthrough behavior of the system was studied and the data was fitted using Thomas model.     

Extraction behavior of cerium by tetraoctyldiglycolamide from nitric acid solutions

The diamide N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyldiglycolamide (TODGA) was synthesized and characterized. The prepared TODGA was applied for extraction of Ce(III) from nitric acid solutions. The equilibrium studies included the dependencies of cerium distribution ratio on nitric acid, TODGA, nitrate ion, hydrogen ion and cerous ion concentrations. Analysis of the results indicates that the main extracted species is Ce(TODGA)₂(NO₃)₃HNO₃. The capacity of Ce loading is approximately 45 mmol/L for 0.1 M solution of TODGA in n-hexane. Finally, the thermodynamic parameters were calculated: K (25 °C) = 3.8 × 10³, ΔH = −36.7 ± 1.0 kJ/mol, ΔS = −54.6 ± 3.0 J/K mol, and ΔG = −20.4 ± 0.1 kJ/mol.     

N,N,N',N'-Tetrabutyladipicamide as a new extractant in toluene of nitric acid and uranium (VI)

N,N,N',N'-Tetrabutyladipicamide (TBAA) was used for the extraction of nitric acid and uranyl(II) ion from nitric acid media into toluene. The effects of nitric acid, uranyl(II) ion, and extractant concentration, temperature and back extraction on the distribution coefficient of uranyl(II) ion have been studied. The main adduct of TBAA and HNO₃ is TBAA·HNO₃ in 1.0 mol/l nitric acid solution. The 1:2:2 complex of uranyl(II) ion, nitrate ion and TBAA as extracted species is further confirmed by IR spectra of the extraction of uranyl(II) ion with TBAA. The values of the thermodynamic parameters have also been calculated.     

Separation of15N by chemical exchange in NO, NO2−HNO3 system under pressure

The basic isotopic exchange reaction is responsible for the separation of¹⁵N in the Nitrox system that between gaseous nitrogen oxides and aqueous nitric acid with a single stage separation factor α=1.055 for 10M nitric acid, at 25°C and atmospheric pressure takes place. In order to know what happens in¹⁵N separation at higher pressure, when the isotopic transport between two phases is improved, a stainless steel laboratory experimental plant with a 1000 mm long × 18 mm i.d. column, packed with triangular wire springs 1.8×1.8×0.2 mm², was utilised. At 1.5 atm (absolute), and 2.36 ml·cm⁻²·min⁻¹ flow rate HETP was 7% smaller than at atmospheric pressure and 1.5 times smaller flow rate. HETP at 3.14 ml·cm⁻²·min⁻¹ flow rate and 1.8 atm is practically equal with that obtained at atmospheric pressure and 2 times smaller flow rate. The operation of the¹⁵N separation plant at 1.8 atm (absolute), instead of atmospheric pressure, will permit doubling of the 10M nitric acid flow rate and of¹⁵N production of the given column.     

Effectiveness of nitric oxide ozonation

Attempts to develop new technologies of NO _x (NO + NO₂) emission reduction are still carried out all around the world. One of the relatively new approaches is the application of ozone injection into the exhaust gas stream followed by the absorption process. Ozone is used to transform NO _x to higher nitrogen oxides which yield nitric acid with better effectiveness. The main objective of this paper was to study the influence of mole ratio (MR) O₃/NO used in the ozonation process of NO _x on the effectiveness of NO _x oxidation to higher oxides. The ozonation process was carried out in a flow reactor for concentrations of nitric oxide in the range of 1.5 × 10⁻⁵−7.7 × 10⁻⁵ mol dm⁻³ and varying O₃/NO mole ratios. Measurements were conducted with the use of a FTIR spectrometer. The results obtained prove that for MR higher than 1, the oxidation effectiveness of nitric oxides generally reaches 95 %, whereas for MR higher than 2, oxidation of NO _x to higher nitrogen oxides is completed.     

Kinetic study on the transfer mechanism of uranyl(VI) ions using N,N,N',N'-tetrabutyladipicamide from nitric acid media

By using stirred-cell method as experimental technique, the kinetictransfer mechanism of UO₂ ²⁺+ with N,N,N',N'-tetrabutyladipicamide(TBAA) from nitric acid solutions into toluene was studied. The differentconditions effecting the extraction rate constants (k'_f and k'_b ) were investigated, such as UO₂ ²⁺ concentration,HNO₃ concentration, TBAA concentration, temperature and agitationspeed. It was found that the extraction process was controlled by the diffusionof UO₂ (NO₃ )₂ . 2TBAA from the liquid-liquidsurface into the organic phase in the range of the experimental concentrationof HNO₃. The extraction rate was found to be of pseudo-first orderwith respect to the concentration of uranium(VI).     

Kinetics study on the dissolution of UO<Subscript>2</Subscript> particles by microwave and conventional heating in 4 mol/L nitric acid

The dissolution of UO₂ particles in 4 mol·L⁻¹ nitric acid medium at temperatures of 90–110°C by microwave heating and conventional heating has been investigated, respectively. It is found that the dissolution ratios of UO₂ particles by microwave heating were 10%–40% higher than that by conventional heating. Kinetics research shows that the dissolution of UO₂ particles in 4 mol·L⁻¹ nitric acid is controlled by the diffusion control model for microwave heating and by the surface reaction control model for conventional heating. The diffusion control model for the dissolution of UO₂ particles by microwave heating could be explained by the diffuseness on the surface of UO₂ particles.     

The state of ruthenium in nitrite-nitrate nitric acid solutions as probed by NMR

The state of ruthenium in nitric acid solutions treated with sodium nitrite has been studied by ¹⁴N, ¹⁵N, ¹⁷O, and ⁹⁹Ru NMR. In the acidity range 2.7-0.12 mol/L, the dominating ruthenium species are the [RuNO(NO₂)₂(NO₃)(H₂O)₂]⁰ and [RuNO(NO₂)₂(H₂O)₃]⁺ complexes. When the acidity is decreased to 0.06 mol/L, trinitro-and tetranitronitrosoruthenium(II) complexes predominate in solution. In an acidic medium, the trinitro-and tetranitronitrosoruthenium(II) complexes exhibit catalytic activity toward oxidation with air of nitrite to nitrate.     

Some remarks on the extraction of Pu(IV) and Th with tridodecylamine from nitric acid soil leach solutions and the possible existence of a univalent anionic Th-nitrate complex

The extraction of Pu(IV) and Th with tridodecylamine—xylene mixtures from about 6M nitric acid soil leach solutions was studied as a function of the chemical composition of the aqueous phase (iron and calcium concentration, acidity) and the amine concentration in the extractant. No correlation was found between the partition coefficients of Pu(IV) and Th and the composition parameters mentioned above at any of the amine concentrations examined. The slope, in a bilogarithmic plot, of the partition coefficients versus the amine concentrations was found to be close to 2 for Pu(IV) as well as Th in pure 6.5M nitric acid solution, thus indicating the presence of the complexes Pu(NO₃) ₆ ²⁻ and Th(NO₃) ₆ ²⁻ in the extract. When the pure nitric acid solution was replaced by soil leach solutions of similar molarity in HNO₃, the slope remained 2 for Pu(IV), but changed to 1.5 for Th. A possible reason for this slope yielded by Th may be the coexistence of the complexes Th(NO₃) ₆ ²⁻ and Th(NO₃) ₅ ⁻ in the extraction phase. Presented at the 4th SAC Conference on Analytical Chemistry, Birmingham 1977.     

Dichlorosilylene: Rate constant for the gas-phase reaction with nitric oxide

Using the recently detected intense UV absorption spectrum of it has been established that SiCl₂ reacts with nitric oxide in the gas phase with a bimolecular rate constant, k(SiCl₂+NO), of (1.6±0.1)×10⁹ M⁻¹s⁻¹ at 25°C.     

N,N-二甲基羟胺与HNO2的反应动力学

分别在高氯酸和硝酸介质中研究了N,N-二甲基羟胺(DMHAN)与HNO₂的反应动力学,通过考察溶液酸度、还原剂浓度、离子强度和温度等因素对反应过程的影响,获得高氯酸介质中反应动力学速率方程为-d[HNO₂]/dt=k[DMHAN][HNO₂],在18.5 ℃,离子强度μ=0.73 mol/L时,反应速率常数k=(12.8±1.0) mol/(L·min),反应活化能Ea=41.5 kJ/mol。 在硝酸介质中DMHAN与HNO₂的反应比较复杂,硝酸浓度较高时,硝酸将参与反应重新生成HNO₂,且硝酸浓度越大,HNO₂的生成速度越快,HNO₂与DMHAN的反应是自催化氧化的。 对DMHAN与HNO₂的反应产物进行了分析,并推导了硝酸体系中DMHAN与HNO₂的反应机理。     

14N and15N NMR spectra of 2-substituted 5-nitrofurans

The¹⁴N and¹⁵N NMR spectra of a number of 2-substituted 5-nitrofurans were studied. On the basis of experimental data it was concluded that there is considerable π-electron density on the nitrogen atom of the nitro group. A linear relationship between the chemical shifts in the¹⁴N NMR spectra and the frequencies of the asymmetrical deformation vibrations of the nitro group in the IR spectra was found for the series of investigated 5-nitrofurans. The observed¹⁵N-H spin-spin coupling constants showed that in the 5-nitrofuran molecule transmission of spin information through the ring oxygen atom to the H₂ nucleus is appreciably greater than through the carbon atom to the H₄ nucleus. It was established by measurement of the¹⁵N NMR spectra that the crude adduct formed in the nitration of furfural diacetate with acetyl nitrate is a mixture of trans and cis isomers of 5-nitro-2-acetoxy-2,5-dihydrofurfural diacetate in a ratio of 7∶1. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 741–743, June, 1980.     

An Ni(chitin)2 modified nitric oxide microsensor

The development of a simple, sensitive, selective, and stable amperometric nitric oxide microsensor is described. It is based on Ni(chitin)₂ mediators immobilized on a platinum, Nafion modified electrode. The detection of NO is based on the Ni(chitin)₂ catalysis of NO oxidation at an anodic potential of +0.74 V (vs. SCE). The catalytic peak current is linear for a NO concentration in the range of 8.5 × 10^–8 mol/L to 1.5 × 10^–5 mol/L, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9992. The detection limit of the microsensor is 5.0 × 10^–8 mol/L. It is suitable for the direct measurement of NO in biological systems. Received: 5 February 1999 / Revised: 15 June 1999 / Accepted: 17 June 1999     

Thermal reactive hazards of 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane with nitric acid contaminants by DSC

With two active O?CO peroxide groups, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane (BTBPC) has a certain degree of thermal instability. It is usually used as an initiator in chemical processes, and therefore reckless operation may result in serious thermal accidents. This study focused on the runaway reactions of BTBPC alone and mixed with various concentrations of nitric acid (1, 2, 4, and 8?N). The essential thermokinetic parameters, such as exothermic onset temperature (T _o), activation energy (E _a), frequency factor (A), time to maximum rate under adiabatic condition (TMR_ad) and time to conversion limit (TCL), were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry at the heating rate of 4?°C min^?1, and a kinetics-based curve fitting method was used to assess the thermokinetic parameters. All the results indicated that BTBPC mixed with one more than 4?N nitric acid dramatically increased the degree of thermal hazard in the exothermic peak and became more dangerous. However, it was relatively safe for BTBPC mixed with less than 1?N nitric acid under 34.5?°C.