Multi-parametric function of differential backscattering in 3D biological media with heterogeneities

A model scheme for spectral visualization of biological media macrostructure is presented. Superficial tissue with heterogeneities was chosen as a basic investigation object. 3D Monte Carlo simulation of laser radiation propagation in multiple scattered media was used for computation of differential spectral backscattering density which may characterize the state of the irradiated tissue. Numerical results allow to determine differential backscattering intensity as the multi-parametric function of media and heterogeneities features. The data are basic for diagnostic scheme software implementation.     

Aerosol sounding with a lidar system based on a DF laser

These are the first experimental data obtained with a mobile aerosol lidar system based on a multiwavelength DF laser (λ=3.6–4.2 μm). The use of a polychromator and 10-channel recording system allowed us to determine the spectrum of aerosol backscattering by using only a single pulse of sounding laser radiation. The backscattering signals have been obtained from simulated aerosol clouds of different substances at a distance of 0.7 km. The obtained data confirm the applicability of aerosol backscattering spectra for recognition of aerosol impurities in the atmosphere. Satisfactory agreement between the measured and theoretically predicted spectral behavior of backscattering was attained under the assumption that our aerosol particles had been coated with a water layer 10 μm thick. PACS 84.40.Xb     

基于Fournier Forand体积散射函数的水中激光脉冲后向散射特性分析模型

基于Fournier Forand体积散射函数,建立了一种水中激光脉冲后向散射仿真模型.运用该模型可用Monte Carlo方法模拟光子在水中的传播过程,并得到光波后向散射的冲击响应.将初始激光脉冲与冲击响应进行卷积并求其傅里叶谱,即可得到激光脉冲后向散射信号的时域和频域特征.利用该模型分析了入射为高斯型激光脉冲时,水中散射体的尺度分布、散射体与纯水的相对折射率以及水体衰减系数对激光脉冲后向散射特性的影响.结果表明：随着小尺度散射体相对数量的增多、散射体与纯水相对折射率的增加、水体衰减系数的增大,激光脉冲后向散射信号能量增强,宽度增加,低频分量显著增大.     

强壮前沟藻的后向散射特性研究

基于2012年7月藻类培养实验期间的实测生物-光学数据,分析了强壮前沟藻的后向散射特性及其影响因素。结果表明,强壮前沟藻的后向散射系数值具有光谱变化性,并随叶绿素浓度的升高而增大,两者之间呈很好的幂函数关系,相关系数R2最小值可达0.96;此外,由于色素的吸收作用,使得其光谱形状会随叶绿素的变化而变化;同时获得的后向散射比率620 nm处的变化范围在0.006 4～0.011 6之间;总体上,各波段颗粒物后向散射比率也呈现随叶绿素浓度增加而增大的趋势,但在高叶绿素浓度下,这种变化规律并不明显,并且就其光谱形状而言,无论叶绿素浓度高低,其光谱形状始终保持一致;颗粒密度是影响后向散射比率的主要因素之一,两者之间呈幂函数关系,相关系数r在620 nm处高达0.98。     

Verification of terahertz-wave spectrophotometry by Compton backscattering of coherent synchrotron radiation

We developed a continuous-spectrum light beam from Compton backscattering by using coherent synchrotron radiation in an L-band linac at the Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute. The ratio of Compton backscattered photons to background photons when coherent synchrotron radiation was used was three times larger than when coherent transition radiation was used. The transmission spectrum of a polystyrene film in the terahertz-wave region was evaluated by measuring the spectrum of the Compton backscattered photons and it roughly agreed with that measured by a Martin–Puplett-type interferometer. The spectrophotometry using Compton backscattering shows promise as a new tool for investigations in terahertz-wave science.     

Modeling of optical radiation energy distribution in plant tissue

A three-dimensional mathematical model of interactions of optical radiation with plant tissue taking into account its structural inhomogeneity, spectral properties, and the effects of fluorescence is constructed. The developed model is implemented using the statistical Monte Carlo method for the Henyey-Greenstein phase function. The dependence of differential backscattering and fluorescence coefficients on the concentration of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls) is numerically studied. It is demonstrated that numerical characteristics agree with results of physical experiment. The approximate solution based on the expansion of the diffusion and fluorescence radiation fluxes into a series in terms of a small parameter is found. This expansion makes it possible to calculate the field of backscattered radiation with satisfactory accuracy and to qualitatively correctly describe the experimentally observed dependences of the fluorescence coefficient in the region of high chlorophyll concentration.     

Calculations of the backscattering and radiation force functions of spherical targets for use in ultrasonic beam assessment

Knowledge of the frequency dependence of the backscattering from spherical targets, or of the associated radiation force function Y_p, is of considerable practical importance for the choice of material and size of sphere for transducer beam profiling. The former is often employed in a pulse-echo situation to define iso-echo contours, while the latter is used in absolute measurements of intensity.The present paper contains the graphical results of the calculation of the backscattering from 43 materials and the radiation force function for 48 materials, all of which were assumed to be immersed in water. The range of ka values displayed is from 0 to 20, calculations being performed in ka steps of 0.05. It is shown that the frequency behaviour of the radiation force function is an unreliable index of the frequency behaviour of the backscattering.     

γ射线及质子辐照导致CCD光谱响应退化的机制

光谱响应是表征CCD性能的重要参数。为了研究辐射环境对CCD光谱响应产生影响的规律及物理机制,开展了不同粒子辐照实验,对CCD光谱响应曲线的退化形式及典型波长下CCD光响应的退化情况进行了分析。辐射效应对CCD光谱响应的影响可以分为电离总剂量效应和位移效应导致的退化,本文从这两种辐射效应出发,采用⁶⁰Co-γ射线及质子两种辐照条件,研究了CCD光谱响应的退化规律。针对460 nm（蓝光）和700 nm（红光）等典型CCD光响应波长,从辐射效应导致的损伤缺陷方面分析了CCD光谱响应退化的物理机制。研究发现,在⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐照时CCD光谱响应曲线变化是由于暗信号增加导致的,而质子辐照导致CCD对700 nm波长的光响应退化明显大于460 nm波长的光响应,且10 MeV质子导致的损伤比3 MeV质子更明显,表明位移损伤缺陷易导致CCD光谱响应退化。结果表明,电离总剂量效应主要导致CCD光谱响应整体变化,而位移效应则导致不同波长光的响应差异增大。     

Development of a tunable IR lidar system

A differential absorption lidar system (DIAL) based on a continuously tunable optical parametric amplifier (OPA) pumped by a Nd : YAG laser (200 mJ at λ=355 nm) operating at a maximum pulse repetition rate of 100 Hz has been developed. The system provides continuously tunable coherent radiation in the Visible–near IR range (0.4–2.5 μm), allowing to perform DIAL measurements in a spectral region where most of atmospheric constituents and pollutants display absorption lines. The spectral width of the OPA system is line-narrowed by using a master oscillator dye laser as seeder, achieving a linewidth of 0.04 cm⁻¹ (FWHM), a spectral purity larger than 99% and a frequency stability better than 1 pm h⁻¹, with an output energy in the IR of 1–10 mJ. The OPA system was used to perform DIAL measurements in the lower troposphere. Preliminary results in terms of water vapor content and aerosol backscattering profiles are presented and discussed.     

Effects of mechanical loading on the magnetic and dynamic properties of engineering materials

The influence of strain on the magnetic and dynamic properties of ARMCO iron has been characterized by Mössbauer spectroscopy and by Nuclear Inelastic Scattering of synchrotron radiation. The Mössbauer spectra, taken in backscattering geometry, reveal that the magnetic texture in these materials is depending on the type of mechanical loading, monotonic or cyclic, respectively. The applicability of Nuclear Inelastic Scattering for the investigation of the dynamic properties of these macroscopic bulk-engineering materials is shown. The so obtained phonon density of states of a monotonically loaded specimen shows slight differences in its shape and spectral features in comparison to the initial state. An influence of dislocations is also reflected in theoretically calculated phonon density of states based on classical molecular dynamics simulations.     

Kinetics of laser-induced surface melting and oxide removal in single-crystalline Ge

The process of oxide removal in crystalline Ge using a pulsed ultraviolet laser has been studied by means of real-time reflectivity measurements with nanosecond resolution. The interaction of laser radiation with a clean, oxide-free surface has been characterized and the inhomogeneous and homogeneous energy density melting thresholds of c-Ge for 193 nm radiation have been determined. The values are 180 and 370 mJ/cm², respectively. We have demonstrated that it is possible to remove an oxide overlayer by irradiation in vacuum and to produce a surface that shows the same response to laser radiation as a smooth, oxide-free, chemically cleaned surface. Under certain specific irradiation conditions it is even possible, after removing the oxide overlayer, to produce an enhanced crystalline quality in the near-surface region compared to that obtained upon chemical cleaning as evidenced by Rutherford backscattering/channeling measurements.     

超高温FTIR光谱发射率测量系统的线性度分析

为研究航天领域特种材料高温区域的光谱辐射特性,建立了基于傅里叶光谱仪的超高温光谱发射率测量系统。系统线性度是发射率测量精度的保证,通过测量多温度点黑体辐射的光谱信号,采用多温度点线性拟合方法求得每个光谱点的光谱信号值与黑体光谱辐射亮度的函数关系式,并结合仪器线性度测量理论,建立了光谱发射率测量系统的线性度测量方法。实验测量了黑体温度范围1 000～2 000℃和光谱范围3～20μm的光谱辐射信号,求得波长λ=4μm的理论直线与测量光谱值的线性关系。实验表明,仪器在4～18μm光谱范围响应较好,除CO2强吸收光谱区域,仪器的光谱线性度均优于1%。当测量系统线性度一定时,温度越高,光谱误差对发射率的影响越小。评定光谱发射率测量系统的线性度有利于剔除个别温度点光谱扰动带来的误差。     

Anisotropy in high-frequency broadband acoustic backscattering in the presence of turbulent microstructure and zooplankton

High-frequency broadband (120-600 kHz) acoustic backscattering measurements have been made in the vicinity of energetic internal waves. The transducers on the backscattering system could be adjusted so as to insonify the water-column either vertically or horizontally. The broadband capabilities of the system allowed spectral classification of the backscattering. The distribution of spectral shapes is significantly different for scattering measurements made with the transducers oriented horizontally versus vertically, indicating that scattering anisotropy is present. However, the scattering anisotropy could not be unequivocally explained by either turbulent microstructure or zooplankton, the two primary sources of scattering expected in internal waves. Daytime net samples indicate a predominance of short-aspect-ratio zooplankton. Using zooplankton acoustic scattering models, a preferential orientation of the observed zooplankton cannot explain the measured anisotropy. Yet model predictions of scattering from anisotropic turbulent microstructure, with inputs from coincident microstructure measurements, were not consistent with the observations. Possible explanations include bandwidth limitations that result in many spectra that cannot be unambiguously attributed to turbulence or zooplankton based on spectral shape. Extending the acoustic bandwidth to cover the range from 50?kHz to 2?MHz could help improve identification of the dominant sources of backscattering anisotropy.     

Coherent backscattering effects for discrete random media: Numerical and theoretical results

Manifestation of the backscattering enhancement phenomenon in the reflection matrix elements of the coherent component of scattered radiation is considered. The dependence of the coherent backscattering effects on the microphysical properties of the medium scatterers are investigated. It is shown that random media of fractal-like clusters exhibit brightness and polarization opposition effects, which are like those observed for some atmosphereless Solar system bodies. Conditions for a bimodal angle dependence in the degree of linear polarization are discussed and the manifestation of the enhanced backscattering phenomenon in the intensity of scattered radiation is studied.     

光谱响应对辐射光谱测温法的影响研究

针对光谱响应系数对辐射光谱测温法的影响问题,利用200～1 100和900～1 700 nm两种波段光纤光谱仪测量了不同温度下黑体炉辐射光谱,分析了不同波段高温黑体辐射光谱特征,确定了不同波段光谱分析适宜采用的有效响应波段,获得了不同温度下该波段光谱响应系数变化情况,详细分析了温度对光谱响应系数的影响,总结了辐射光谱法温度拟合时的波长范围以及响应系数选择原则,并分析了波长范围以及响应系数选择对测温的影响,这为提高辐射光谱测温法的测量精度具有重要价值。     

Spectrum of coherent backscattering of light by two atoms

The inelastic spectrum of coherent backscattering of laser light by two atoms was theoretically studied. For an intense laser field, there are frequency domains of either constructive or destructive self-interference of inelastically scattered photons. The emergent spectral features were interpreted by considering coherent backscattering as a pump-probe experiment. The text was submitted by the author in English.     

Nonresonant mechanism of scattering of electromagnetic waves by sea surface: Scattering by steep sharpened waves

We develop an asymptotic theory of nonresonant backscattering of electromagnetic waves in the X-band by the ocean surface. Small-height (5÷20 cm) breaking surface waves with sharpened edges are assumed to be the main cause of nonresonant scattering. Using the methods of physical optics and geometrical theory of diffraction, we calculate the contribution of breaking sharpened waves to the scattering cross section for two orthogonal polarizations of electromagnetic scattering. It is shown that the main contribution to the backscattering is from the mirror reflection from the leading edge of such a wave, and the sharpness of the wave edge leads to the fact that the backscattering cross section of horizontally polarized radiation can exceed that of the vertically polarized radiation. Institute for Space Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 240–254, March 1999.     

The frequency noise and spectral linewidth in semiconductor ring lasers

Numerical analyses for power spectral density of frequency noise (FN) and spectral linewidth in monolithic semiconductor ring laser (SRL) operating in the bistable unidirectional regime are performed in this paper. The Langevin noise sources for electric field and carrier density fluctuations are also taken into account in the frequency-domain theoretical model. The influences of several important physical parameters on the FN properties and laser linewidth are clearly demonstrated, including the injection current, linewidth enhancement factor and the particular backscattering coefficient. Due to the particular backscattering in SRLs, the calculated linewidths are relatively higher than that from the conventional Henry formula. The laser linewidth shows an exponential relationship with the backscattering strength.     

Coherent backscattering of light by a layer of discrete random medium

We consider the problem of backscattering of light by a layer of discrete random medium illuminated by an obliquely incident plane electromagnetic wave. The multiply scattered reflected radiation is assumed to consist of incoherent and coherent parts, the coherent part being caused by the interference of multiply scattered waves. Formulas describing the characteristics of the reflected radiation are derived assuming that the scattering particles are spherical. The formula for the incoherent contribution reproduces the standard vector radiative transfer equation. The interference contribution is expressed in terms of a system of Fredholm integral equations with kernels containing Bessel functions. The special case of the backscattering direction is considered in detail. It is shown that the angular width of the backscattering interference peak depends on the polar angle of the incident wave and on the azimuth angle of the reflection direction.     

Influence of Electric and Magnetic Fields on Interference Effects upon Multiple Light Scattering in Cold Atomic Ensembles

The correlation functions of the electromagnetic radiation scattered by an ensemble of atoms cooled to sub-Doppler temperatures and placed in an external static electric or magnetic field have been calculated by the diagram technique. Based on the derived relations, we have studied in detail the effect of coherent backscattering (CBS) of light. We have calculated the enhancement factor for CBS and analyzed its polarization and spectral dependences. We show that external fields affect the nature of multiple light scattering in an atomic ensemble, in particular, the character of interference upon such scattering, by leading to its optical anisotropy and related birefringence and dichroism. This, in turn, affects all of the observed CBS characteristics.