External near-contact of sliding cylinders: Polymer solutions give increased load and reduced friction coefficient

A small, fixed cylinder attached to a load cell almost touches a larger, rotating cylinder (axes parallel). When a Newtonian liquid is introduced into the gap as a lubricant, the normal load and coefficient of friction are in reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions. When elastico-viscous polymer solutions are used, however, at progressively increasing polymer concentrations, the load increases to over 20 times the theoretical prediction and the coefficient of friction falls to half its theoretical value.It is shown that the changes in load factor are closely related to measured changes in the elasticity of the solutions, obtained by means of the jet thrust method.Finally, it is suggested that polymer-thickened motor oils should be developed with lower viscosity but with satisfactory wear characteristics, in order to reduce the fuel consumptin of the engine.     

An experimental test of equations predicting the load bearing capacity of squeeze films of elastico-viscous liquid

A form of squeeze film apparatus was recently described in which the movement of one plate towards the other was simulated by the continuous volume generation of liquid over the plate area. The liquid exuded from a large number of holes in the lower plate surface and formed a “continous flow” version of squeeze film apparatus with no moving parts [1]. A later paper gave derivations of equations from which squeeze film load bearing capacity could be evaluated, taking into account viscous, inertial and normal stress effects in the liquid film [2].In order to find the total load in a squeeze film system, it was necessary to obtain the relationship between the first normal stress difference and shear rate for the liquid in use, using an experimental method. At high shear rates, the jet thrust method provided these data [3,4] and from them the load bearing capacity of squeeze films of hot, polymer-thickened oil were predicted [2].A more complete test of the method is possible with a highly elastic liquid because considerable load enhancement due to extra stress is present at moderate deformation rates in squeeze film systems [1,5,6,7]. Thus a 0.1 per cent aqueous polyacrylamide solution gives well-defined load enhancement and (quite independently) the jet thrust method gives the relationship between normal stress and shear rate from which predictions of load enhancement may be made. Furthermore, convergent nozzles may be used in the jet thrust apparatus [3] to measure the stress development in an elastic liquid which is being simulateneously sheared and stretched, a situation which more closely resembles the squeeze film case than that of steady shear.     

Enhanced load bearing by polymer solutions lubricating external near-contact of sliding cylinders

A small fixed cylinder attached to a load cell almost touches a larger, rotating cylinder (axes parallel). Newtonian liquids in the gap give reasonable loads, but viscoelastic liquids give markedly enhanced load bearing in relation to their apparent viscosities. F normal load on small cylinder - h minimum film thickness between cylinders - L length of smaller cylinder - R reduced radius, defined by equation 1/R = 1/R ₁ + 1/R ₂ - R ₁ radius of small cylinder - R ₂ radius of large cylinder - U surface velocity of large cylinder - load factor defined by equation = Fh/URLµ - µ viscosity of liquid     

Numerical investigation of the load capacity of a gas journal bearing of finite length with end seals

The load capacities of eccentric and step bearings are numerically determined and compared as functions of their length for the same rotor velocities and maximum and minimum values of the lubrication gap. The conditions under which the bearing load capacity can be increased by changing the geometry of the gaps formed by the gasdynamic end seals are obtained. The solution is determined by integrating the complete Navier-Stokes equations using the ANSYS software package.     

The flow of polymer thickened motor oils in convergent jet thrust nozzles

Jet nozzles are described in which liquids are subjected to uniaxial and biaxial stretching motions, shear also being present near the nozzle walls. Jet thrust measurements show that the behaviour of polymer-thickened oils can best be studied by comparison with the behaviour of Newtonian base oils at equivalent Reynolds numbers. These data compare well with measurements previously made in long, straight tubes.Jet thrusts for polymer-thickened oils are lower than those of base oils and show evidence of a threshold point at which the two forms of behaviour deviate. The axial stress in the oil is almost independent of the strain rate, at high strain rates, but is related to axial strain in a simple manner. For 3.5 per cent polymer dissolved in Iranian light base oil, the axial stress is shown to be τ₁₁ = 2000 γ_G dyn cm^?2 for uniaxial strain and τ₁₁ = 2800 γ^1.30_G dyn cm^?2 for biaxial strain, where γ_G is the measure of strain defined by Green. For a standard Shell Multigrade 20W/50 motor oil the equivalent equation for biaxial strain is τ₁₁ = 3200 γ^1.02_G dyn cm^?2. The stresses developed during biaxial extension are higher than those developed during uniaxial extension.The presence of fully elastic behaviour in polymer-thickened oils at extensional strain rates of the order 500 s^?1 and principal extension ratios of only 8 is of potential significance to lubrication technology. The stress rises with the square of the extension ratio and should become large as lubricated surfaces approach. Polymer degradation will commence as the stress rises; it is suggested that further tests be carried out at higher stresses and temperatures.     

Dynamics and stability of turbocharger rotors

The paper discusses the bifurcation and stability behavior of (automotive) turbochargers with full-floating ring bearings. Turbocharger rotors exhibit a highly nonlinear behavior due to the nonlinearities introduced by the floating ring bearings. A flexible multibody model of the rotor/bearing system is presented. Numerical run-up simulations are compared with corresponding test rig measurements. The nonlinear oscillation effects are thoroughly investigated by means of simulated and measured rotor vibrations. The influence of various system parameters on the bifurcation behavior of the rotor/bearing system is analyzed. The article examines rotors supported in full-floating ring bearings with plain circular bearing geometry in the inner and outer oil gap. By recapitulating the well-known oil whirl and oil whip phenomena for single and double oil film bearings, the paper gives an overview on the fundamental dynamic effects occurring in turbocharger systems.     

Rotordynamic model for electromagnetic excitation caused by an eccentric and angular rotor core in an induction motor

The paper shows a rotordynamic model for electromagnetic excitation caused by an eccentric and angular rotor core in an induction motor. It is shown that an eccentric rotor core leads to an electromagnetic force and an angular rotor core to an electromagnetic moment, which both force the rotor to vibrate. For these two kinds of magnetic unbalance, a rotordynamic model was developed considering the influence of the oil film stiffness and damping of the sleeve bearings, the stiffness of the end-shields and bearing housings, the stiffness of the rotor, the electromagnetic stiffness—radial and angular electromagnetic stiffness—the mass moment of inertia and the gyroscopic effect of the rotor. With this model, the absolute orbits of the shaft centre, the shaft journals and the bearing housings can be calculated, as well as the relative orbits between the shaft journals and the bearing housings. Additionally, the bearing housing velocities can also be computed. In addition to the mathematical derivation of the model, also a numerical example is shown for clarification. The aim of the paper is, on the one hand, to show the mathematical coherences—based on an analytical model—between rotordynamics and the electromagnetics for an induction motor with an eccentric and angular rotor core and, on the other hand, to derive a calculation method for evaluating the vibration sensitivity regarding these two different kinds of magnetic unbalance.     

Three‐dimensional effects in dynamically loaded journal bearings

The effects of non‐Newtonian lubricants on the dynamics of a 3D journal bearing are investigated using a moving spectral element method. Comparisons are made with the findings reported for the 2D case. The variation of L/D, the ratio of the length of the bearing to its diameter, is shown to have a significant effect on the stability properties of the journal. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Non-linear dynamic analysis of the ultra-short micro gas journal bearing-rotor systems considering viscous friction effects

Due to the micro-fabrication limitations and the low thickness of the silicon wafer, the length-to-diameter ratio (L/D) of the gas journal bearings in Power MEMS is about one order lower than that of the conventional bearings, which suggests that the viscous friction force in the micro-bearing is comparable to the load capacity. The effects of viscous friction force on non-linear dynamic characteristics of the ultra-short micro-bearing-rotor system are studied in this paper. The molecular gas-film lubrication model, which valid for arbitrary Knudsen numbers, is systematically coupled with the rotor kinetic equations and solved simultaneously to investigate the non-linear dynamic behavior of the system. The center orbits, phase portraits, Poincaré maps, and FFT spectra of the system response at different L/D ratio, rotor mass, and bearing number, and the corresponding bifurcation diagrams for cases of ignoring and considering viscous friction force are inspected and compared. The results indicate that, if the viscous friction force is not taken into account in the case of low L/D ratio, the low-frequency large-amplitude self-excited whirl motion will be predicted as the increase of the rotor mass and the bearing number. However, when the viscous friction force is included in the non-linear dynamic model, the rotor motion becomes more stable under the same conditions, as the synchronous motion with smaller amplitude prevails.     

Non-Newtonian end effects in falling ball viscometry of concentrated suspensions

In a Newtonian fluid contained in a cylinder, a small ball initially at rest released just below the surface would accelerate to achieve a steady-state velocity within one cylinder diameter. After traversing the center section of the cylinder, the ball would begin slowing down within one cylinder diameter of the bottom. This behavior is also observed in suspensions where the size of the suspended particles is small relative to the containing cylinder. However, in concentrated suspensions of larger suspended particles, balls released near the upper surface travel faster than the steady state velocity. In addition, the length of the upper surface end effect, where the falling ball decelerates to the steady state velocity, and the lower end effect zone, where the ball decelerates to rest at the bottom, is many times longer than in a Newtonian single-phase liquid. These non-Newtonian end effects are reduced if the suspended particles are polydisperse in their size distribution.     

Load enhancement effects by polymer-thickened oils in strip squeeze film flow

A modification to existing equipment is described which permits continuous squeeze-film flow to be obtained between parallel-sided strips of material rather than between disc-shaped surface. Squeeze film flow is simulated by having liquid move through one of the surfaces via an array of equispaced holes. The Squeeze-film behavior of a Newtonian base oil is first tested at temperatures of 24°C and 55°C. It is shwon that loads are in reasonable agreement with theretical predictions and that end effects (corrected by means of a guard ring) and fluid maldistribution effects are of small proporitons. At the very highest liquid flowrates, the rapid liquid flow through the holes may influence the measured load. The Polymer-thickened oils, representinhg 10 W/30 and 10 W/50 motor oils, are tested at temperatures of 24°C and 55°C. Both oils five marked load enhancement, compared with Newtonian oil under similar flow conditions, at the higher flowrates used. The 10 W/50 oil gives load enhancement of 76 per cent at 55°C, increasing rapidly with the simulated approach velocity. Fluid inertia effects in the squeeze film flow aslo increase the load significantly. The results confirm earlier data using disc-shaped surfaces; load enhancement is greater in the present work on strip squeeze films because the fluid deformation rates are greater (2000 s^t-1 in planar extention and 2 x 10⁵ s^t-1 in shear). It is suggested that the fuel consumption of cars could be improved by the development of elastic, shear stable oils of lower viscosity than those currently in use.     

Parallel domain decomposition method for finite element approximation of 3D steady state non‐Newtonian fluids

We introduce a stabilized finite element method for the 3D non‐Newtonian Navier–Stokes equations and a parallel domain decomposition method for solving the sparse system of nonlinear equations arising from the discretization. Non‐Newtonian flow problems are, generally speaking, more challenging than Newtonian flows because the nonlinearities are not only in the convection term but also in the viscosity term, which depends on the shear rate. Many good iterative methods and preconditioning techniques that work well for the Newtonian flows do not work well for the non‐Newtonian flows. We employ a Galerkin/least squares finite element method, with stabilization parameters adjusted to count the non‐Newtonian effect, to discretize the equations, and the resulting highly nonlinear system of equations is solved by a Newton–Krylov–Schwarz algorithm. In this study, we apply the proposed method to some inelastic power‐law fluid flows through the eccentric annuli with inner cylinder rotation and investigate the robustness of the method with respect to some physical parameters, including the power‐law index and the Reynolds number ratios. We then report the superlinear speedup achieved by the domain decomposition algorithm on a computer with up to 512 processors. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

INFLUENCE OF FRICTION ON THE MOTION OF BASE WITH AN ECCENTRIC ROTOR

偏心转子惯性力引起的底座运动受到地面摩擦的影响,与光滑情形的理论结果存在定性差异。转子逆时针匀速旋转的惯性力若小于构件总重,则底座随摩擦因子增加而出现连续、一次停顿和两次停顿的振动及完全静止的4种状态。因惯性力对正压力及摩擦力的影响,底座在连续及一次停顿的振动时右向位移较大;而底座跳起时如``蛤蟆夯'则整体向左移动。     

含浸凝胶自润滑轴承材料的制备及性能研究

利用新型凝胶润滑剂替代传统的润滑油或脂灌入铁基和聚酰亚胺多孔轴承材料中获得一种新型自润滑轴承材料,并研究制备工艺、储油性能和润滑性能.在摩擦热的作用下,凝胶润滑剂由半固态转变为液体,从轴承材料的孔隙中渗出,实现自润滑.而且,凝胶在液态下大大提高基础油的黏度,减少高速运转时轴承的甩油问题;摩擦结束后,凝胶润滑剂又能再次冷凝并储存在含油轴承材料的微孔中,从而减少油的泄露或挥发,提高其储油能力.因此,这种新型含浸凝胶的自润滑复合材料有望用于含油保持架/轴承.     

Free-stream turbulence effects on vortex-induced vibration of two side-by-side elastic cylinders

The effect of free-stream turbulence on vortex-induced vibration of two side-by-side elastic cylinders in a cross-flow was investigated experimentally. A turbulence generation grid was used to generate turbulent incoming flow with turbulence intensity around 10%. Cylinder displacements in the transverse direction at cylinder mid-span were measured in the reduced velocity range 1.45<U_r0<12.08, corresponding to a range of Reynolds number (Re), based on the mean free-stream velocity and the diameter of the cylinder, between Re=5000–41 000. The focus of the study is on the regime of biased gap flow, where two cylinders with pitch ratio (T/D) varying from 1.17 to 1.90 are considered. Results show that the free-stream turbulence effect is to enhance the vortex-induced force, thus to restore the large-amplitude vibration associated with the lock-in resonance. However, the enhancement is significant at a different Strouhal number (St) for different pitch ratios. When the spacing between two cylinders is relatively small (1.17<T/D<1.50), the enhancement is significant at St≈0.1. When the spacing is increased, the Strouhal number at which the enhancement is significant shifts to St≈0.16. This enlarges the range of reduced velocity to be concerned. An energy analysis showed that free-stream turbulence feeds energy to the cylinder at multiple frequencies of vortex shedding. Therefore, the lock-in region is still of main concern when the approach flow is turbulent.     

黄土地基中大直径超长群桩基础受力特性的模型实验研究

通过室内模型试验,对黄土地基中大直径超长群桩基础的承载-沉降关系、承台下土体附加应力的分布及发展、桩土承载情况以及不同位置桩的受力特性分别进行了研究。结果表明:黄土地基中大直径超长群桩基础荷载-沉降曲线呈缓变型且没有明显拐点,故群桩基础的极限承载力应综合沉降-时间对数s-lgt曲线和荷载-沉降Q-s曲线来确定。承台下土体附加应力分布为边缘大中心小。不同位置的桩承载性能不同,总体上是角桩(6#桩)最大,边桩(5#桩)次之,中心桩(1#桩)最小;同时各桩的桩侧摩阻力及桩身轴力沿桩长的变化也有所不同。     

AN EXPERIMENT OF FRICTION OF COILED TUBING WITH RESIDUAL DEFORMATION IN HORIZONTAL WELL

连续油管钻井技术已经广泛应用到油井的各作业中,由于连续油管平时缠绕在滚筒上,塑性变形很大,虽然经过注入头的矫直,仍然会有较大的残余弯曲变形,会严重影响水平井延伸长度。本文通过相似实验得到管柱不同曲径比下所受到的摩擦力曲线拟合函数,然后再通过相似分析验证模型实验的正确性并得到各相似常数,进而求得连续油管与管壁之间的摩擦阻力。经实验数据分析得出5.08 cm (2 in) 的连续油管在经过多次弯曲变形后在水平井段所受到的阻力是理想未发生变形的2.3 倍。由此可以按摩擦系数的两倍来估算管柱所受到的实际延伸摩阻。     

Turbulent heat transfer in a flat plate boundary layer disturbed by a cylinder

Augmentation of heat transfer from a flat plate using a turbulence promoter has been studied. A circular cylinder 8 mm in diameter was placed in the turbulent boundary layer detached from the flat plate. It was located parallel to the plate and perpendicular to the flow direction. Clearance, c, between the cylinder and the flat plate was varied in nine steps: c=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 11, 20 and 29.5 mm. Measurements were made of the local heat transfer coefficients, mean velocity profiles, turbulence intensity profiles, static pressure and skin friction. Experimental results showed that the heat transfer deterioration which occurs just downstream of the cylinder at c=0 mm can be removed by displacing the cylinder a small distance from the wall. The improvement in heat transfer is mainly due to the unsteadiness of the recirculating flow on the plate and the effect of intense turbulence arriving at the near wall region from the lower shear layer of the cylinder wake. Heat transfer augmentation is most effective when c=4 mm and becomes less effective when c is increased more than 6 mm. The enhancement disappears far downstream from the cylinder.     

Entrance flow in eccentric annular ducts

A control-volume-based solution of the complete set of Navier-Stokes equations for the laminar, three-dimensional developing flow in straight, eccentric, cylindrical annular ducts is described. Numerical results for velocity and pressure development, pressure defect and entrance lengths are presented for a wide range of duct parameters, i.e. relative eccentricity ? and radius ratio γ. The present results match very well with earlier numerical solutions for the limiting cases of developing flow in concentric ducts and fully developed flow in eccentric ducts. Comparison with earlier approximate results for developing flow in eccentric ducts indicates that the approximate model predicts the velocity and pressure development with an error of about 10%. However, the development length predicted by the approximate model is grossly in error. The pressure defect and development length in eccentric ducts are very high compared with their counterparts in concentric ducts. The pressure defect, development length and maximum velocity increase with the radius ratio for eccentric ducts, while the reverse is true for concentric ducts. Also, the apparent friction factor decreases as the eccentricity increases.