An elastic-plastic analysis of an asymmetric cracked specimen subjected to longitudinal shear

Some recent elastic-plastic analyses of cracked specimens subjected to symmetric mode III loading are extended to include asymmetric loading and geometry. Solutions are given for arbitrary work hardening behaviour in any specimen that is amenable to a linear elastic analysis. It is shown that asymmetry has a major influence on the shape of the plastic zone, but does not affect the J-integral unil the loading is well into the large scale yielding range. In particular the “plastic zone corrected” estimate of J, obtained by elastically solving a problem for a crack longer than the actual one, is shown to remain a valid two-term asymptotic expansion in the presence of asymmetry. The general results are applied to a crack at an angle to a uniform stress field in a power law hardening material. The growth of the plastic zone is displayed graphically for various hardening exponents and crack orientations. No other asymmetric solution is available, but values of J are compared with those obtained from a fully plastic analysis in the symmetric case.     

Rheological yield condition

Summary One of the main problems in Rheology is the determination of the yield condition for which no satisfactory form seems to exist. If a start is made with the stress tensor field, one soon runs into a number of difficulties. It is therefore better to deal with the geometry of the field. The change from elastic to plastic deformation can be interpreted as a mapping of one space into another, and the yield as an asymptotic sub-space. If the elastic strain field ise _ij , whose invariants areJ ₁,J ₂,J ₃, then an asymptotic behaviour may be represented by the existence of a functional relationf(J ₁, J₂,J ₃) = 0, between theJ's, which are independent of one another in the normal part of the field.This does not fix the nature of the functionf, for which we can invoke the additional geometric condition that yielding can result from infinite contraction or expansion of a macro-element. Thus theJacobian of the mapping must take on the singular values zero or infinite. These concepts give rise to the yield condition in the strain tensor field in the form 8J ₃ – 4J ₂ + 2J ₁ 1.If generalized measure of strain is used, which is necessary for creep problems, this takes the formn ³ J ₃ –n ² J ₂ +nJ ₁ 1.n being a real constant, which is equal to 2 for theAlmansi measure. These conditions do not depend on either the isotropicity or homogeneity of the field, and hence should be used for all types of yield conditions.     

Direct calculation of AGMA geometry factor J by making use of polynomial equations

The available sources and procedures for determination of AGMA geometry factor J are tables, charts and semi-analytical methods. When computerized gear design is considered, usage of tables requires a number of interpolations; usage of charts requires curve fitting; and usage of semi-analytical methods needs a numerical algorithm and may have convergence problems. As an alternative to these, polynomial equations for direct calculation of AGMA geometry factor J are derived for external spur gears. Thus, it is made possible to evaluate the J factor easily and with minimum process time. J factors are determined being independent of the highest point of single tooth contact (HPSTC). Derived equations can be used to calculate the tooth root stresses corresponding to loads acting on any point on the involute tooth profile. Thus, cases where the center distance is increased for providing backlash or for operating the gears at a desired exact center distance can easily be handled by determining the corresponding new HPSTC. A computer program is developed to demonstrate the usage of the derived equations. The method can also be used for determination of the J factors for gears with non-standard proportions.     

J-integral and crack driving force in elastic–plastic materials

This paper discusses the crack driving force in elastic–plastic materials, with particular emphasis on incremental plasticity. Using the configurational forces approach we identify a “plasticity influence term” that describes crack tip shielding or anti-shielding due to plastic deformation in the body. Standard constitutive models for finite strain as well as small strain incremental plasticity are used to obtain explicit expressions for the plasticity influence term in a two-dimensional setting. The total dissipation in the body is related to the near-tip and far-field J-integrals and the plasticity influence term. In the special case of deformation plasticity the plasticity influence term vanishes identically whereas for rigid plasticity and elastic-ideal plasticity the crack driving force vanishes. For steady state crack growth in incremental elastic–plastic materials, the plasticity influence term is equal to the negative of the plastic work per unit crack extension and the total dissipation in the body due to crack propagation and plastic deformation is determined by the far-field J-integral. For non-steady state crack growth, the plasticity influence term can be evaluated by post-processing after a conventional finite element stress analysis. Theory and computations are applied to a stationary crack in a C(T)-specimen to examine the effects of contained, uncontained and general yielding. A novel method is proposed for evaluating J-integrals under incremental plasticity conditions through the configurational body force. The incremental plasticity near-tip and far-field J-integrals are compared to conventional deformational plasticity and experimental J-integrals.     

The effect of T-stress on crack–inclusion interaction under mode I loading

A closed-form solution has been developed to predict the effect of T-stress on the crack–inclusion interaction. As validated by several numerical examples, the approximate solution has satisfactory accuracy for different inclusion shapes and modulus ratios between inclusion and matrix under different T-stress levels. Thus the role of T-stress in crack–inclusion interaction can be predicted quantitatively.     

反向Qm6非协调元

为通过强式分片试验,Qm6单元对Q6单元非协调部分的[G]矩阵进行了特殊的计算处理,但抗畸变性能下降,本文提出对有关处理反向进行,以恢复甚至提高抗畸变性能。分析了Qm6单元的原理,指出其实质是修改雅可比矩阵[J]的伴随矩阵[J*],在非协调部分[G]矩阵的计算时,把[J*]看成可变量,由Qm6的对应点向Q6方向进行反向搜索,查找有利的计算点。进行了典型和苛刻的算例测试,结果表明反向调整是有效的,调整系数取镜像值-1以及扩展到-2时,新单元的抗畸变性能优于原Q6和Qm6,其中取-2对消除剪切闭锁是最优点;除弱式分片试验外,总体性能和精度接近各类4节点四边形单元的最好水平。由于方法和原理简便,实现以及推广到三维问题都有显著优势。     

Analytical solution of the strong evaporation (condensation) problem

An exact solution of the model Boltzmann equation with BGK (Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook) collision operator is obtained in the problem of strong evaporation (condensation) from a plane surface. The generalized eigenvectors of the corresponding characteristic equation are found. The existence and uniqueness of the expansion of the solution in eigenvectors of the continuous and discrete spectra are demonstrated. This expansion reduces to a vector Riemann-Hilbert boundary-value problem with matrix coefficient. An apparatus for the diagonalization and factorization of the boundary-value problem coefficient is developed. The matrix diagonalizing the problem coefficient has branch points in the complex plane which depend parametrically on the evaporation (condensation) rateu. The solution of the problem is investigated in terms ofu and the physical characteristics of the evaporation process are described.Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No.6, pp. 143–155, November–December, 1993.     

Calculation for path-domain independentJ integral with elasto-viscoplastic consistent tangent operator concept-based boundary element methods

This paper presents an elasto-viscoplastic consistent tangent operator (CTO) based boundary element formulation, and application for calculation of path-domain independentJ integrals (extension of the classicalJ integrals) in nonlinear crack analysis. When viscoplastic deformation happens, the effective stresses around the crack tip in the nonlinear region is allowed to exceed the loading surface, and the pure plastic theory is not suitable for this situation. The concept of consistency employed in the solution of increment viscoplastic problem, plays a crucial role in preserving the quadratic rate asymptotic convergence of iteractive schemes based on Newton's method. Therefore, this paper investigates the viscoplastic crack problem, and presents an implicit viscoplastic algorithm using the CTO concept in a boundary element framework for path-domain independentJ integrals. Applications are presented with two numerical examples for viscoplastic crack problems andJ integrals. The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (9713008) and Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation Special Funds No. RC.9601     

Extraction of cohesive-zone laws from elastic far-fields of a cohesive crack tip: a field projection method

A solution method of an inverse problem is developed to extract cohesive-zone laws from elastic far-fields surrounding a crack-tip cohesive zone. The solution method is named the “field projection method (FPM).” In the process of developing the method a general form of cohesive-crack-tip fields is obtained and used for eigenfunction expansions of the plane elastic field in a complex variable representation. The closing tractions and the separation-gradients at the cohesive zone are expressed in terms of orthogonal polynomial series expansions of the general-form complex functions. The series expansion forms a set of cohesive-crack-tip eigenfunctions, which is complete and orthogonal in the sense of the interaction J-integral in the far field as well as at the cohesive-zone faces. The coefficients of the eigenfunctions in the J-orthogonal representation are extracted directly, using interaction J-integrals in the far field between the physical field of interest and auxiliary probing fields. The path-independence of the interaction J-integral enables us to identify the cohesive-zone variables, i.e. tractions and separations, and thus the cohesive-zone constitutive laws uniquely from the far-field data. A set of numerical algorithms is developed for the inversion method and the results from numerical experiments suggest that the proposed algorithms are well suited for extracting cohesive-zone laws from the far-field data. The set includes methods to find the position and size of a cohesive zone. Further included are discussions on error analysis and stability of the inversion scheme.     

Bending of Nonthin Transversally Isotropic Plates with Curvilinear Openings

The problem on the spatial stress–strain state of a nonthin transversally isotropic plate with a curvilinear nearly circular opening is considered. The plate is assumed to be subject to bending moments on the opening contour and at infinity. To solve the problem, it is proposed to make mutual use of two well-know methods — expansion of the displacement and stress components into Fourier series in Legendre polynomials of the thickness coordinate and boundary-shape perturbation. The equations and recurrent relations necessary for solution of the problem in an arbitrary approximation are presented     

Construction of two-phase equilibria in a non-elliptic hyperelastic material

This work focuses on the construction of equilibrated two-phase antiplane shear deformations of a non-elliptic isotropic and incompressible hyperelastic material. It is shown that this material can sustain metastable, two-phase equilibria which are neither piecewise homogeneous nor axisymmetric, but, rather, involve non-planar interfaces which completely segregate inhomogeneously deformed material in distinct elliptic phases. These results are obtained by studying a constrained boundary value problem involving an interface across which the deformation gradient jumps. The boundary value problem is recast as an integral equation and conditions on the interface sufficient to guarantee the existence of a solution to this equation are obtained. The contraints, which enforce the segregation of material in the two elliptic phases, are then studied. Sufficient conditions for their satisfaction are also secured. These involve additional restrictions on the interface across which the deformation gradient jumps — which, with all restrictions satisfied, constitutes a phase boundary. An uncountably infinite number of such phase boundaries are shown to exist. It is demonstrated that, for each of these, there exists a solution — unique up to an additive constant — for the constrained boundary value problem. As an illustration, approximate solutions which correspond to a particular class of phase boundaries are then constructed. Finally, the kinetics and stability of an arbitrary element within this class of phase boundaries are analyzed in the context of a quasistatic motion.     

On the sensitivity of interconversion between relaxation and creep

The interconversion equation of linear viscoelasticity defines implicitly the interrelations between the relaxation and creep functions G(t) and J(t). It is widely utilised in rheology to estimate J(t) from measurements of G(t) and conversely. Because different molecular details can be recovered from G(t) and J(t), it is necessary to work with both. This leads naturally to the need to identify whether it is better to first measure G(t) and then determine J(t) or conversely. This requires an understanding of the stability (sensitivity) of the recovery of J(t) from G(t) compared with that of G(t) from J(t). Although algorithms are available that work adequately in both directions, numerical experimentation strongly suggests that the recovery of J(t) from G(t) measurements is the more stable. An elementary theoretical rationale has been given recently by Anderssen et al. (ANZIAM J 48:C346–C363, 2007) for single exponential models of G(t) and J(t). It explicitly exploits the simple algebra of such functions. In this paper, corresponding bounds are derived that hold for arbitrary sums of exponentials. The paper concludes with a discussion, from a practical rheological perspective, about the implications and implementations of the results.     

Problems and trends in mathematical modeling

Main problems and trends in mathematical modeling — a new line of research into various processes and phenomena — are formulated. The status and future prospects are analyzed using as an example the mechanics of continuous media. Emphasis is on two stages of modeling — the selection of physicomathematical models of the mechanics of continuous media and numerical algorithms of solution.     

Interaction between elliptical and ellipsoidal inclusions under bending stress fields

Summary  This paper deals with interaction problems of elliptical and ellipsoidal inclusions under bending, using singular integral equations of the body force method. The problems are formulated as a system of singular integral equations with Cauchy-type or logarithmic-type singularities, where unknown functions are densities of body forces distributed in the x,y and r,θ,z directions in infinite bodies having the same elastic constants as those of the matrix and inclusions. In order to satisfy the boundary conditions along the elliptical and the ellipsoidal boundaries, the unknown functions are approximated by a linear combination of fundamental density functions and polynomials. The present method is found to yield the exact solutions for a single elliptical or spherical inclusion under a bending stress field. It yields rapidly converging numerical results for interface stresses in the interaction of inclusions. Received 9 September 1999; accepted for publication 15 January 2000     

随机结构有限元分析的递推求解方法

提出了一种新的谱随机有限元分析方法——递推求解方法。该方法将随机结构的随机响应表示成非正交多项式展式,建立了和摄动法类似的一系列确定的递推方程,并通过确定性有限元方法对这些递推方程进行静力问题求解。算例表明,当随机量出现较大涨落时,计算结果相对于传统摄动法有不小的改进。     

A Confocally Multicoated Elliptical Inclusion under Antiplane Shear: Some New Results

The problem of a confocally multicoated elliptical inclusion in an unbounded matrix subjected to an antiplane shear is studied. Making use of the complex potentials and conformal mapping techniques, we show that the multiple coatings can be analyzed through a recurrence procedure in the transformed domain, while remaining explicit in detail and transparent overall. Particularly, the effect of the multiple confocal coatings is mathematically represented by a (2×2) array alone, resulting from a serial multiplication of matrices of the same order. Further we prove the following proposition. If the displacement prescribed at the remote boundary of the matrix is a polynomial of degree j in the position coordinates x _i , the stresses at the innermost core are polynomials of degree j–1,j–3,..., in x _i . This result is universally true provided that all elliptical interfaces are confocal, while no regard is paid to the number of coatings, their constituent properties and area fractions. Explicit expressions for the stresses at the innermost core are obtained in simple, closed forms.     

Collocated discrete least squares meshless (CDLSM) method for the solution of transient and steady‐state hyperbolic problems

A collocated discrete least squares meshless method for the solution of the transient and steady‐state hyperbolic problems is presented in this paper. The method is based on minimizing the sum of the squared residuals of the governing differential equation at some points chosen in the problem domain as collocation points. The collocation points are generally different from nodal points, which are used to discretize the problem domain. A moving least squares method is employed to construct the shape functions at nodal points. The coefficient matrix is symmetric and positive definite even for non‐symmetric hyperbolic differential equations and can be solved efficiently with iterative methods. The proposed method is a truly meshless method and does not require numerical integration. Advantages of the collocation points are shown to be threefold: First, the collocation points are shown to be responsible for stabilizing the method in particular when problems with shocked solution are attempted. Second, the collocation points are also shown to improve the accuracy of the solution even for problems with smooth solutions. Third, the collocation points are shown to contribute to the efficiency of the method when solving steady‐state problems via faster convergence of the resulting algorithm. The ability of the method and in particular the effect of collocation points are tested against a series of one‐dimensional transient and steady‐state benchmark examples from the literature and the results are presented. A sensitivity analysis is also carried out to investigate the effect of the base polynomials on the accuracy and convergence characteristics of the method in solving steady‐state problems. The results show the ability of the proposed method to accurately solve difficult hyperbolic problems considered. The method is also shown to be particularly stable for problems with shocked solution due to the inherent stabilizing mechanism of the method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nonstationary motion of a viscous fluid in a long tube

A number of problems are solved for the nonstationary motion of a viscous compressible fluid in a tube with elastic walls. It is assumed that the tube is semi-infinite, its axis horizontal, and that at one of its ends the flow rate of the fluid can change. The solution of each of the problems is reduced to the finding a generalized solution to a nonlinear system of partial differential equations for two functions — the mean values of the velocity and pressure in the tube section — with certain constant or null initial conditions and with a boundary condition specifying the time dependence of some function of the velocity and the pressure at the end of the tube. It is noted that the same problems can be solved by successive approximation.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 35–43, November–December, 1980.     

流体饱和多孔介质动力问题的显式时域解法

为了简化分析,Zienkiewicz等基于Biot理论,在忽略流体相对于土骨架运动的加速度条件下,建立了以土骨架位移u和孔隙流体压力p为基本变量的u-p格式饱和两相介质动力方程。针对该u-p方程,在空间上,采用伽辽金法有限元离散,并结合对角化形式的质量矩阵和流体压缩矩阵,忽略相邻结点间的惯性和流体压缩量间的耦合作用。在时域内,基于杜修力等提出的显式算法和Euler预估-校正法,建立了一种具有二阶精度的全显式时域积分法。采用一维饱和土模型,对比提出算法的数值解与Simon方法的解析解,发现两者吻合良好,验证了本文方法的正确性。并分析了饱和土二维动力问题,以及渗透系数和排水条件对饱和土动力响应的影响。     

Asymptotic integration of elasto-plastic constitutive relation for isotropic hardening material and its computational precision

In this paper, an asymptotic expansion solution of the constitutive equation of hardening materials is presented. Its 1st asymptotic integration can give an approximate one with good enough accuracy and the second asymptotic one improves the precision of solutions further. The steps of its algorithms are fairly simple and clear, and its computational workload is considerably reduced. It can be easily incorporated into a general purpose finite element program.The Chinese original of this article was published in the Chinese edition ofActa Mechanica Solida Sinica, No. 1, 1986.