甲醛还原Pt/TiO2催化剂用于温和条件下高效催化氧化甲醛

通过浸渍法(IM)和沉积-沉淀(DP)法制备了一系列Pt/TiO2(P25)催化剂,并分别用甲醛溶液和氢气还原处理催化剂.利用原位红外监测催化剂表面吸附物种在反应过程中的变化,探究了催化剂制备和还原条件及Pt负载量对催化剂结构和催化氧化甲醛活性的影响.结果显示,用DP法制备并用甲醛还原的Pt/P25催化剂中Pt颗粒分散均匀,并具有合适的粒径和高浓度的表面活性氧,显示出良好的甲醛氧化活性.在空速30000 ml/(g·h)、反应温度30°C和甲醛初始浓度50 mg/m3的条件下,0.4%Pt/P25(DP-HCHO)上的甲醛转化率达到98%,并能稳定运行100 h以上.相比之下, Pt/P25(DP-H2)由于表面活性氧较少,不利于甲酸盐氧化,活性较低. Pt/P25(IM-H2)虽然具有高浓度的表面活性氧,却同时具有最大的Pt颗粒粒径,在甲醛转化为甲酸盐和甲酸盐氧化两步反应中的活性均较差,因而甲醛氧化活性最差.     

甲醛还原Pt/TiO2催化剂用于温和条件下高效催化氧化甲醛

通过浸渍法(IM)和沉积-沉淀(DP)法制备了一系列Pt/TiO2(P25)催化剂,并分别用甲醛溶液和氢气还原处理催化剂.利用原位红外监测催化剂表面吸附物种在反应过程中的变化,探究了催化剂制备和还原条件及Pt负载量对催化剂结构和催化氧化甲醛活性的影响.结果显示,用DP法制备并用甲醛还原的Pt/P25催化剂中Pt颗粒分散均匀,并具有合适的粒径和高浓度的表面活性氧,显示出良好的甲醛氧化活性.在空速30000 ml/(g·h)、反应温度30°C和甲醛初始浓度50 mg/m3的条件下,0.4%Pt/P25(DP-HCHO)上的甲醛转化率达到98%,并能稳定运行100 h以上.相比之下, Pt/P25(DP-H2)由于表面活性氧较少,不利于甲酸盐氧化,活性较低. Pt/P25(IM-H2)虽然具有高浓度的表面活性氧,却同时具有最大的Pt颗粒粒径,在甲醛转化为甲酸盐和甲酸盐氧化两步反应中的活性均较差,因而甲醛氧化活性最差.     

炭黑负载Pt-Sn双金属催化剂对乙醇的电催化氧化性能

采用一步还原法(乙二醇为还原剂)与两步还原法(在聚乙烯吡咯烷酮PVP保护下,先用硼氢化钠还原制备Sn溶胶,沉积Pt后用乙二醇还原)制备了炭黑负载Pt-Sn双金属催化剂,利用循环伏安法和计时电流法考察了催化剂制备方法、Pt/Sn原子比、溶液p H值、PVP/Sn质量比、反应介质等对乙醇室温电催化氧化活性和稳定性的影响.以X光衍射、透射电镜及电化学活性面积测定对所得催化剂进行了表征.发现引入Sn明显提高了Pt催化剂对乙醇的电催化活性与稳定性,两步还原法得到的Pt3Sn/C催化剂具有更小的颗粒尺寸,更大的电化学活性面积及更高的乙醇氧化活性与稳定性.与酸性介质相比,该催化剂在碱性介质中的电化学活性更好.     

分等级结构的镍铝水滑石负载Pt催化剂高效室温催化氧化甲醛（英文）

甲醛是室内空气中常见的一种挥发性有机物,严重危害人体健康.去除室内空气中甲醛污染物对保障人体健康具有重要意义.在众多的去除甲醛方法中,室温催化氧化法能在室温条件下将甲醛彻底氧化成无毒的CO_2和H_2O,具有催化剂能重复使用、不会导致二次污染、无需额外能量输入和特殊装置等优点,因而广受关注.在该方法中,效率高和稳定性好的催化剂设计和制备是关键.目前有效的室温去除甲醛催化剂一般是负载贵金属型催化剂.据报道,载体(例如载体成分、微结构及表面羟基等)在很大程度上影响负载贵金属型催化剂的活性.我们结合镍铝水滑石含有丰富的表面羟基有利于甲醛气体的吸附和花球状多孔结构有利于反应/生成物的传输,以及Ni具有可变化学价态能与贵金属形成强烈的相互作用等优势,制备了分等级结构的镍铝水滑石(Ni Al-LDHs)负载Pt复合催化剂(Pt/NiAl-LDHs),并探讨了其在室温条件下催化分解甲醛的活性.以Ni(NO_3)_2、Al(NO_3)_3、尿素和NH4F为原料,采用水热法制备了分等级结构花球状的NiAl-LDHs,然后采用浸渍-NaBH4还原法在其表面负载Pt纳米颗粒,从而制备了Pt/NiAl-LDHs复合催化剂;研究了Ni/Al摩尔比对Pt/NiAl-LDHs催化剂室温催化分解甲醛性能的影响.采用XRD、FTIR、TG、SEM、TEM、EDS、XPS和H2-TPR等对所制样品进行表征和分析,结果表明,花球状结构的Pt/NiAl-LDHs催化剂是由交错连接的纳米片组成,沉积的Pt纳米颗粒约3–4nm.当Ni/Al比为2:1时催化剂(Pt/NiAl21)显示出最好的室温催化氧化甲醛性能.经过7次循环使用后, Pt/NiAl21催化剂仍然保持很高的甲醛去除效率,表明其具有良好的稳定性.这主要与其独特的花球状多孔结构、丰富的表面活性氧物种及较大的比表面积等有关.根据性能测试结果及原位红外光谱分析,我们认为在室温条件下, Pt/NiAl21催化剂先将甲醛氧化成甲酸盐和二氧亚甲基(DOM)中间体,然后再进一步将其氧化成CO_2和H_2O.甲酸盐和DOM中间体的氧化是甲醛催化氧化过程中的控制步骤.本文可为高效室温催化氧化甲醛复合催化剂的设计和制备提供思路.     

Pt/洋葱状富勒烯催化剂的结构表征及生成机理研究

采用化学气相沉积法（CVD）制备了洋葱状富勒烯(onion-like fullerenes, OLFs)，并通过硝酸处理法对其进行了预处理。采用浸渍还原法，使用三种不同含量的甲醛（HCHO）为还原剂，制备了Pt/OLFs催化剂。XRD谱图表明使用过量HCHO有助于Pt晶粒的生长。高分辨透射电镜（HRTEM）分析结果表明使用过量甲醛作还原剂制备的Pt/OLFs催化剂中Pt颗粒分散均匀、直径分布在2.5～3.5nm之间。实验证明过量HCHO在洋葱状富勒烯负载Pt过程中起到了重要的还原作用。     

Pt纳米催化剂在质子交换膜燃料电池催化层中的尺寸效应研究

以XC-72碳黑为载体, H2[PtCl6]为前驱体, 采用浸渍还原法并结合后续高温处理, 制备出不同尺寸Pt颗粒(3～8 nm)的Pt/C催化剂. 在基于质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)单电池的电化学电解池中, 对实际PEMFC催化层中燃料电池反应的Pt催化剂尺寸效应进行了研究. 结果表明, 在PEMFC催化层环境中, Pt/C纳米催化剂对氢氧化和氧还原反应均有显著的粒度尺寸效应. 随着Pt粒度减小, 氢氧化和氧还原反应的表面积活性均降低.     

氢水液相交换反应用高分散度Pt/C/FN疏水催化剂制备及Pt粒径效应研究

以乙二醇代替常规的异丙醇为分散溶剂, H₂PtCl₆为前驱体溶剂, 甲醛为还原剂, 采用改进浸渍还原法制备Pt/C催化剂, 用XRD, TEM和XPS对其进行表征. 改进浸渍还原法容易制备高分散度Pt/C催化剂, 催化剂Pt粒径大小可通过改变溶液pH值控制, pH值从1.6增加至11.3, 铂纳米粒子的平均粒径由3.3 nm减小到1.8 nm. pH值11.3时催化剂中Pt(0), Pt(II)和Pt(IV)的含量分别为43.3%, 30.8%和25.9%. 选择不同Pt粒径大小的Pt/C催化剂与聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)一起负载于泡沫镍(FN), 得到Pt/C/FN疏水催化剂, 考查其对氢水液相交换反应的催化活性, Pt粒径越小, 催化剂活性越高.     

活性炭负载Pt-Ni双金属催化剂上甘油水溶液原位加氢反应性能

采用KBH4液相还原法制备了系列活性炭(AC)负载的Pt-M(M=Fe,Ni,Co,Zn,Cu)双金属催化剂,考察了该系列催化剂对甘油水溶液原位加氢制备1,2-丙二醇反应的催化性能.结果表明,当Pt负载量(质量分数)为2.0%,Pt/Ni质量比为1∶1时,在220℃和1.0 MPa氮气压力下反应8 h,2%Pt-2%Ni/AC催化剂上甘油转化率和1,2-丙二醇选择性分别达到98.7%和60.5%;且在5次重复使用过程中,催化剂保持较高的稳定性.采用氮气物理吸附-脱附实验、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、选区电子衍射(SAED)及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等对催化剂的结构和形貌进行了表征.结果表明,粒径约为2 nm的纳米颗粒在活性炭载体上均匀分散,纳米粒子中金属多以还原态形式存在,Ni原子进入Pt晶格中形成的Pt-Ni物种使Pt与Ni之间表现出强相互作用力.通过比较Pt/AC,Ni/AC与Pt-Ni/AC双金属催化剂的催化性能,推断Pt能够促进甘油水溶液重整而Ni有利于氢解反应,Pt-Ni金属间协同作用是Pt-Ni/AC催化剂对甘油原位加氢反应具有优良催化性能的重要原因.     

蒽醌法生产过氧化氢用新型氢化催化剂的制备

 采用水合肼液相还原法制备了负载型镍催化剂，对其催化蒽醌加氢反应的活性进行了考察，采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱、X射线衍射以及H2化学吸附等手段对催化剂进行了表征，并与用氢气还原法制备的催化剂进行了对比．结果表明，用水合肼还原制备的催化剂的Ni粒子较大，Ni分散度及H2吸附量较低，但其催化蒽醌氢化反应的活性高得多．     

苯选择加氢制环己烯Ru-Co-B/ZrO2催化剂的研究

对苯选择加氢制环己烯催化剂的研究,关键是选择性,这方面已经有不少文献报道[1,2],但具有工业应用价值的甚少。此外,载体也是影响环己烯选择性的一个重要因素。本文用化学还原法制备了Ru Co B/ZrO2催化剂,研究了助剂Co和载体ZrO2含量及还原剂对苯选择加氢制环己烯催化性能的影响。1　实验部分1 1　催化剂制备分别用KBH4和甲醛作还原剂,采用化学还原法制备出Ru Co B/ZrO2和Ru Co/ZrO2催化剂。其中RuCl3·xH2O和过渡金属Co盐分别作为活性组分和助剂的前体,纳米级ZrO2作分散剂,所得催化剂为黑色固体粉末。1 2　催化剂性能测试F…     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。