离子液体表/界面性质与结构

离子液体与气体、溶剂等物质组成的多相体系为吸收、萃取、两相催化等技术的发展提供了新的平台。离子液体的表/界面性质与结构是含离子液体多相体系的重要科学问题,可在介观尺度下显著影响多相体系反应和分离过程的效率。近年来,离子液体表/界面性质和结构的研究得到了广泛的关注。本文综述了离子液体及其与水、有机溶剂组成的混合物的表/界面张力及结构研究进展,介绍了现有的研究方法、研究对象与研究成果,归纳了离子液体及其混合物表/界面张力及结构的变化规律,分析了表/界面结构与表/界面张力之间的关系,探讨了离子液体表/界面研究存在的问题和未来的发展方向。     

多相聚合物体系相界面研究进展

综述了多相聚合物体系相界面的形成、界面层状态的表征、界面层性质及其对体系性能的影响。重点论述了不同类型增容剂对界面行为的影响，其中对嵌段型增容剂的分子量、浓度等因素对界面行为的影响建立了定量关系；而对接枝型和无规增容剂对界面行为的影响研究较少，有待发展。指出了在界面张力、界面层厚度与多相聚合物体系性能，尤其是力学性能之间建立量化关系是高分子物理领域一个可以期待的发展方向。     

染料敏化太阳电池中多相接触界面电子转移机制和动力学过程

采用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究了染料敏化太阳电池(DSC)中由导电玻璃、 纳米多孔TiO₂薄膜和电解质构成的多相复杂接触界面的电子转移机制和动力学过程. 通过沉积聚合物薄膜简化多相接触界面结构, 根据接触界面结构和电子转移途径的变化, 分析了不同偏压下多相接触界面电子转移机制, 构建与之对应的等效电路, 获得了DSC内部各个主要接触界面的电子转移动力学常数. 结果表明, 通过外加偏压的控制和多相接触界面结构的简化, 可以区别分析多相复杂接触界面电子转移机制与动力学过程.     

隐藏高分子界面及生物界面分子结构的和频振动光谱研究

界面的分子结构决定界面的性质.为了以优化界面的结构来改进材料的性质,原位实时地研究界面的分子结构是很重要的.近年来和频振动光谱已发展成为一个很有效及独特的手段来研究隐藏界面的分子结构,例如液/液界面、固/液界面及固/固界面等.这篇综述讨论了和频振动光谱在研究高分子界面及生物界面等复杂界面的分子结构上的应用.具体说来,本文论述了高分子表面在水里的分子结构变化,高分子及模型粘合促进剂硅烷在界面相互作用的分子机理和隐藏的高分子/高分子及高分子/金属界面的结构.另外,此文还将介绍不同二级结构的多肽及几个有代表性的蛋白分子在界面的结构.界面在诸如化学、生物、物理、材料科学及工程和纳米技术等许多领域都很重要.发展一个独特的能原位研究隐藏界面的分子结构的技术会有力地促进这些领域的研究及跨学科研究的发展.     

外延X射线吸收精细结构(EXAFS)谱——一种结构测定新技术

一、引言X 射线结晶学从二十年代以来,一直作为物质结构研究中的一个重要工具。但是,随着科学技术的发展,越来越要求对像无定形材料、多相催化剂、催化剂载体及化学性质不稳定的原子簇等的结构有精确的了解。而对这些一般难以获得单晶的物质,X 射线结晶学所能提供的结构信息是极其有限的。近年发展起来的新     

X射线小角散射法测定Rh／TiO2多相体系间的相界面

Ｘ射线小角散射法测定Ｒｈ／ＴｉＯ_２多相体系间的相界面金安定，李钢，王甲亮（南京师范大学理化实验中心，南京，２１００９７）关键词Ｘ射线，小角散射，多相体系的界面固态多相体系中，相与相之间界面的大小是影响体系性质的重要因素。通常测比表面的方法只能测固相?..     

先进功能分子体系的设计与组装——从低维到多维

在设计、合成功能分子基元的基础上,综合考虑能量、结构和性质匹配的原则及小尺度下复杂的物理化学现象等关键科学问题,建立了自组装新方法,发展了尺寸与结构可控的分子聚集态结构材料定向、定维自组装技术,构建了大面积、高有序分子聚集态结构材料.并研究了有序异质和同质结构以及表界面问题,特别是界面活性、界面连接等关键科学问题.证明了分子聚集态材料中的性质和性能与形貌、尺寸和维数的强烈依赖关系.从合成化学新的视角出发,建立了合成碳的新同素异形体——石墨炔的新方法,并研究了石墨炔在信息技术、电子、能源、催化以及光电等领域的应用.这些研究对化学、材料科学、物理学、微电子学等基础科学研究以及基于这些学科的交叉研究具有重大的科学意义.     

多孔聚合物担载Pd催化剂在偶联反应中的高催化活性和循环利用性能

偶联反应如Suzuki、Heck、Negishi以及Sonogashira等能够形成新的碳一碳键,在有机合成反应中具有重要的意义．通常情况下,这些反应是在均相反应中进行,然而从均相反应体系中分离并且回收贵金属Pd是很困难的．这种困难以及流失的Pd所引起的环境和经济效益严重阻碍了这些催化剂在大规模生产中的应用．为了解决这个问题,将Pd负载在固体载体中,使反应在多相体系中进行．常见的载体有嵌段聚合物、分子筛、碳、水滑石、介孔二氧化硅等．相比有机载体,纳米孔型的无机载体具有较大的比表面积和孔容、三维的孔结构,这些都有利于催化反应中的传质,但是无机载体在碱性条件下的稳定性差,并且难以修饰有机功能基团,因此制备高活性的多相偶联反应催化剂仍然是一个挑战．我们最近报道了一种新型的多孔聚合物（PDVB）,该材料在酸碱条件下都比较稳定,而且易于修饰有机功能基团．我们成功地将Schiff碱修饰到多孔聚合物,并成功地将Pd（Ⅱ）同Schiff碱配位,合成了新型的多相催化剂,在一系列偶联反应中都表现出了高的催化活性和循环使用性能．     

自组装单分子层在电池中的应用展望

<正>高能量密度是电池技术发展的主要趋势之一，也是规模储能、新能源汽车等快速发展的重大需求之一。使用高能量密度的电极活性材料是研制高比能电池最直接的方法。然而，高能量密度材料通常具有不稳定的界面化学，极大地影响电池的循环寿命和安全性能。例如，高镍正极材料1和金属锂负极2对空气环境的敏感性，以及二者在电化学循环中的性能衰减行为，都显著受到其界面化学性质的影响。对界面进行稳定化调控成为高比能电池发展的重要方面。一个理想的界面调控策略，需要能够精确调控电池界面性能的同时，     

高分子复合材料自增强技术的研究进展

自增强高分子材料是一种特殊的多相体系,其基体相与增强相的化学结构相同但物理性质不同,因其界面具有良好的相容性与粘结强度而具有较大的应用价值,同时,也非常有利于材料的回收利用。本文总结了自增强高分子材料的一系列制备方法,并将其分为非原位成型法与原位成型法,具体包括纤维热压法、绷紧纤维过热法、薄膜嵌入热压法、口模拉伸、辊筒拉伸和旋转挤出法等成型方法,并着重介绍其制备工艺及存在的缺陷。最后对自增强高分子材料的前景进行了展望。     

碳氟等离子体改性PET表面的反应机制的研究

利用CF₄与cH₄/CF₄等离子体来处理涤沦膜(PET),讨论了不同摩尔比的碳氟等离子体改性PET表面的作用机制.利用变角x光电子能谱(XPS)和接触角测试技术研究了改性后PET表面的结构和性质.结果表明,碳氟等离子体的处理可以显著地改善PET表面的憎水性.不同摩尔比的碳氟混合气体的作用机制不同,其中碳氟混合气体等离子体以聚合为主,在PET表面形成均匀的改性层;而纯CF₄气体则以刻蚀为主,含氟基团主要分布在PET表面.     

碳氟等离子体处理PET表面动力学的研究Ⅳ: 静、动态接触角 及变角XPS方法的 应用

利用静、动态接触角及变角XPS来研究碳氟(CF~4/CH~4)气体等离子体处理PET表面的浸水行为,结果表明碳氟等离子体处理的PET浸水后,其表面的憎水性下降。通过PET表面的接触角及F/C比的测定,计算出表面动力学衰减常数k,三种测试方法得到的k值都可以用来表征碳氟等离子体处理PET的表面动力学行为,其中混合气体的k值最小。从而证明混合气体等离子体的改性效果更有利于保持其表面的憎水性。     

PET表面的碳氟等离子体处理改性层组分的变角XPS分析

采用CH₄/CF₄混合气体等离子体来处理PET表面.利用变角XPS研究改性后PET的表面改性层的组分随取样深度的变化.结果表明,碳氟混合气体等离子体在PET表面形成交联网络结构的改性层,改性层的化学组成随深度的变化不大;纯CF₄等离子体的改性层的化学组成不均匀,含氟基团主要分布在外面.不同混合气体等离子体在PET表面形成改性层的结构决定于CH₄的添加量.     

表面接枝含氟苯乙烯共聚物的聚酯薄膜制备与表征

利用表面引发原子转移自由基聚合(SI-ATRP)在聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)薄膜表面接枝苯乙烯和4-氟苯乙烯的共聚物.研究不同反应时间和不同配比下接枝共聚物对聚酯薄膜表面组成、结构和性能的影响.通过傅利叶变换红外光谱仪(ATR/FTIR),X-射线光电子能谱仪(XPS),凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对接枝改性前后PET薄膜的表面组成,结构和形貌进行分析;利用接触角测试和表面能计算对比研究接枝改性前后PET薄膜的表面性能.结果表明反应时间和单体百分含量对接枝百分率及接触角有一定的影响,随着反应时间的增长,聚酯薄膜表面接枝百分率增大,接触角增加,表面自由能下降.     

顺丁橡胶膜的卤代烷等离子体表面改性及其气体透过性能

本研究采用CF_2Cl_2、CF_2ClCF_2Cl及CF_4等离子体对顺丁橡胶膜表面进行了改性,改性后的复合膜用SEM、水的静态接触角以及XPS进行了表征,并测定了膜的气体透过性能。     

Surface characterization of plasma‐modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) film surfaces

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film surfaces were modified by argon (Ar), oxygen (O₂), hydrogen (H₂), nitrogen (N₂), and ammonia (NH₃) plasmas, and the plasma‐modified PET surfaces were investigated with scanning probe microscopy, contact‐angle measurements, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy to characterize the surfaces. The exposure of the PET film surfaces to the plasmas led to the etching process on the surfaces and to changes in the topography of the surfaces. The etching rate and surface roughness were closely related to what kind of plasma was used and how high the radio frequency (RF) power was that was input into the plasmas. The etching rate was in the order of O₂ plasma > H₂ plasma > N₂ plasma > Ar plasma > NH₃ plasma, and the surface roughness was in the order of NH₃ plasma > N₂ plasma > H₂ plasma > Ar plasma > O₂ plasma. Heavy etching reactions did not always lead to large increases in the surface roughness. The plasmas also led to changes in the surface properties of the PET surfaces from hydrophobic to hydrophilic; and the contact angle of water on the surfaces decreased. Modification reactions occurring on the PET surfaces depended on what plasma had been used for the modification. The O₂, Ar, H₂, and N₂ plasmas modified mainly CH₂ or phenyl rings rather than ester groups in the PET polymer chains to form C? O groups. On the other hand, the NH₃ plasma modified ester groups to form C? O groups. Aging effects of the plasma‐modified PET film surfaces continued as long as 15 days after the modification was finished. The aging effects were related to the movement of C?O groups in ester residues toward the topmost layer and to the movement of C? O groups away from the topmost layer. Such movement of the C?O groups could occur within at least 3 nm from the surface. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 3727–3740, 2004     

含氟硅丙烯酸酯乳液超疏水膜中疏水基团的梯度分布与表面微观结构研究

利用含氟疏水基团的梯度分布,结合草莓形纳米SiO2粒子提供的双重粗糙表面,制备了具有类"荷叶效应"的超疏水涂膜,水接触角达(174.2±2)°,滞后角几乎接近0°.通过原子力显微镜、扫描电镜和水接触角的测试对膜表面形貌及疏水性能进行了表征;探讨了其表面微观结构与表面疏水性能的关系.草莓形复合粒子在膜表面的无规则排列赋予涂膜表面不同等级的粗糙度,使水滴与涂膜表面接触时能够形成高的空气捕捉率,这种微观结构与疏水基团的梯度分布相结合,赋予了含氟硅丙烯酸酯乳液涂膜表面超疏水性能.     

Enhanced super-hydrophobic and switching behavior of ZnO nanostructured surfaces prepared by simple solution--immersion successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction process

A simple and cost-effective successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method was adopted to fabricate hydrophobic ZnO nanostructured surfaces on transparent indium-tin oxide (ITO), glass and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. ZnO films deposited on different substrates show hierarchical structures like spindle, flower and spherical shape with diameters ranging from 30 to 300 nm. The photo-induced switching behaviors of ZnO film surfaces between hydrophobic and hydrophilic states were examined by water contact angle and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. ZnO nanostructured films had contact angles of ~140° and 160°±2 on glass and PET substrates, respectively, exhibiting hydrophobic behavior without any surface modification or treatment. Upon exposure to ultraviolet (UV) illumination, the films showed hydrophilic behavior (contact angle: 15°±2), which upon low thermal stimuli revert back to its original hydrophobic nature. Such reversible and repeatable switching behaviors were observed upon cyclical exposure to ultraviolet radiation. These biomimetic ZnO surfaces exhibit good anti-reflective properties with lower reflectance of 9% for PET substrates. Thus, the present work is significant in terms of its potential application in switching devices, solar coatings and self-cleaning smart windows.     

Liquid phase formation of alkyl- and perfluoro-phosphonic acid derived monolayers on magnesium alloy AZ31 and their chemical properties

Alkyl- and perfluoro-phosphonic acid derived SAMs were successfully formed on Mg alloy by liquid phase method for the first time. The chemical and anticorrosive properties of the prepared SAMs on magnesium alloys were characterized using contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and electrochemical measurements. Water contact angle measurements revealed that the maximum advancing/receding water contact angles of n-octyl (OP: CH(3)(CH(2))(7)PO(OH)(2)), n-dodecyl (DP: CH(3)(CH(2))(11)PO(OH)(2)), n-octadecyl (ODP: CH(3)(CH(2))(17)PO(OH)(2)) phosphonic acid, and 2-(perfluorohexyl)ethyl (PFEP: CF(3)(CF(2))(5)CH(2)CH(2)PO(OH)(2)) phosphonic acid were 105.1/64.7°, 108.3/69.6°, 111.9/75.2°, and 115.2/67.4° respectively. In the case of alkylphosphonic acid SAMs (OP, DP, and ODP), the advancing and receding water contact angles increased with an increase in the preparation time. The angle-resolved XPS (AR-XPS) data revealed that the film thicknesses of the OP, DP, ODP, PFEP on Mg alloy were estimated to be 0.8, 1.2, 1.7, and 1.1 nm, respectively. The XPS O 1s data support that the phosphonic acid derived SAM is covalently bound to the oxide or hydroxide surface of the Mg alloy in a monodenate or bidenate manner. Chemical stability of the alkyl- and perfluoro-phosphonic acid modified Mg alloy surfaces was investigated using aqueous solutions at pH=4.0, 7.0, and 10.0. The contact angles of OP, DP, and PFEP modified Mg surface decreased rapidly within the first 5 min after immersion in all the aqueous solutions and were less than 20°. On the other hand, the contact angles of the ODP modified Mg alloy after immersion in aqueous solutions at pH 4, 7 and 10 for 5 min were 45.1°, 89.3,° and 85.5°, respectively. The ODP modified Mg alloy had highest chemical stability in four types of the phosphonic acid derived SAMs used in this study, indicating that the molecular density of ODP on Mg alloy would be higher than those of OP, DP, PFEP on Mg alloy. The corrosion resistance of ODP modified Mg alloy was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization curve measurements. The ODP modified Mg alloy exhibits protective properties in a solution containing Cl(-) ions compared to unmodified Mg alloy.     

Multitechnique surface spectroscopic studies of plasma modified polymers III. H2O and O2/H2O plasma modified poly(methyl methacrylate)s

The surfaces of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films modified by O₂H₂O and H₂O radio-frequency glow discharge plasmas were studied using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA or XPS), low energy ion scattering (LEISS or ISS), Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR) with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) sampling, and critical surface energy from contact angle measurements. The extent and nature of modification with respect to promotion of a hydrophilic surface compared to the hydrophobic surface of the unmodified PMMA has been probed. Results show drastic decreases in C/O ratio at the near surface, which increases to that of the unmodified PMMA as deeper cross sections are analyzed. In addition peak fitting of ESCA data correlated with FTIR functional group information allows for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the resulting bonding and structure of the modified layer. From these results combined with the polarity and surface energy differences obtained from contact angle measurements, the structural changes are discussed with respect to plasma reaction mechanisms and differences in the structure of the modified polymer films.