外电场下交联聚乙烯电介质材料分子结构变化及其电老化微观机理研究

为了从微观角度分析交联聚乙烯(XLPE)材料的电树枝老化,本文采用分子模拟方法计算并优化得到了XLPE分子结构.沿着聚乙烯链施加不同大小电场强度,分析交联聚乙烯分子的几何结构、偶极矩、极化率、电荷分布、前线轨道能量和红外光谱变化规律.计算结果表明,随着外电场的增大,交联聚乙烯分子红外光谱发生较大变化;当外施电场达到0.026a.u.后,红外光谱图中出现虚频,表明分子空间结构不再稳定,易发生断键;另外从前线轨道图的变化可以看出断键现象最先发生在交联聚乙烯链端部;沿着电场方向,原子所带电荷量由交联处向端部转移,当外施电场达到0.029a.u.后,链端部的C-H和C-C键断裂产生H·和CH_3·自由基.游离的自由基会形成空间电荷并发生积聚,产生局部较大场强,从而进一步影响交联聚乙烯链的空间结构.而电介质内部微观特性的变化必定会导致交联聚乙烯材料绝缘性能的下降,这些变化对揭示交联聚乙烯电缆电树枝形成的微观规律具有重要研究意义.     

Effect of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing atoms on the C–H…Y hydrogen bond in model X3CH…YZ (X = B,F; YZ = BF,CO, N2) complexes

A computational study of model complexes X₃CH…YZ (X = B, F; YZ = BF, CO, N₂) was undertaken to assess the effect of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing X atoms on the properties of the C–H…Y hydrogen bond. Sequential substitution of the B atoms in B₃CH by F atoms to produce F₃CH allowed for the elucidation of interesting trends in the corresponding hydrogen-bonded complexes. The dipole moments and the dipole moment derivative with respect to C–H bond displacement for the proton donors and the chemical hardness of the Y atom of the proton acceptor YZ were found to be useful parameters for understanding these trends. It was found that a positive dipole derivative favours red-shifted hydrogen bonds, whereas a negative dipole derivative favours blue-shifted hydrogen bonds. However, decreasing hardness of Y (which correlates with increasing intermolecular attraction) modifies the interaction such that either greater C–H bond extensions/red shifts or smaller C–H bond compressions/blue shifts are obtained.     

Vibrational Band Intensities of Hydrocarbons

Abstract

The experimental observables of a vibrational spectrum are depicted either in the form of their positions, i.e., frequency relating the energy required in a given quantum transition, or as the intensities of absorption and scattering related to their transition probabilities. Expressed in terms of molecular parameters, the frequencies depend on the geometry, atomic masses, and intramolecular forces [11 while the band intensities [2] reflect changes in dipole moment (infrared) or polarizabilities (Raman) which are caused during a vibrational displacement and are related to movement of electronic charges within the individual bonds. The mathematical basis for determining vibrational frequencies was well established as early as 1940 by Wilson [3] and others [4, 51. Applying the interpretation of vibrational spectra has become routine in the multitudinous disciplines of chemical literature [6–26]. Accounts of infrared and Raman spectra [27–29], collection of literature [30], and reasonable sets of intramolecular forces [31, 321 are now available for the prediction of normal frequencies of hydrocarbons.     

Calculations of molecular multipole electric moments of a series of exo-insaturated four-membered heterocycles,Y = CCH2CH2X

The influence of ring puckering angle on the multipole moments of sixteen four-membered heterocycles (1-16) was theoretically estimated using MP2 and different DFTs in combination with the 6-31+G(d,p) basis set. To obtain an accurate evaluation, CCSD/cc-pVDZ level and, the MP2 and PBE1PBE methods in combination with the aug-cc-pVDZ and aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets were performed on the planar geometries of 1-16. In general, the DFT and MP2 approaches provided an identical dependence of the electrical properties with the puckering angle for 1-16. Quantitatively, the quality of the level of theory and basis sets affects significant the predictions of the multipole moments, in particular for the heterocycles containing C=O and C=S bonds. Convergence basis sets within the MP2 and PBE1PBE approximations are reached in the dipole moment calculations when the aug-cc-pVTZ basis set is used, while the quadrupole and octupole moment computations require a larger basis set than aug-cc-pVTZ. On the other hand, the multipole moments showed a strong dependence with the molecular geometry and the nature of the carbon-heteroatom bonds. Specifically, the C-X bond determines the behavior of the μ(?), θ(?) and ?(?) functions, while the C=Y bond plays an important role in the magnitude of the studied properties.     

二溴甲烷分子在外电场下物理性质及逐步解离特性研究

二溴甲烷在太阳光辐射下分解成破坏臭氧的溴自由基,严重危害自然环境和人类健康,研究对二溴甲烷的降解很有必要.利用密度泛函理论在B3LYP/6-311G(d, p)基组水平上研究了不同外电场(0～0.025a.u.)作用下二溴甲烷分子的物理性质,包括总能量、键长、电偶极矩、能级、能隙、红外光谱等.采用含时密度泛函理论在同样基组水平下研究了外电场对分子激发态的影响.此外,外电场下扫描两个C-Br键的势能曲线,发现外电场强度分别为0.025a.u.和0.04a.u.时两个C-Br键依次断裂分子发生逐步解离,该结果为保护环境即对二溴甲烷进行电场降解提供重要的参考依据.     

超共轭效应与甲砜的红外特征峰及有关芳砜的晶体结构

文章分为三部分：第一部分,描述通过四圆衍射仪,利用Ｘ射线单晶衍射法,所测得的芳砜ＣＨ３ＣＯＮＨ－Ｃ６Ｈ４－ＳＯ２Ｒ（Ｒ＝－ＣＨ３,－ＣＨ２ＣＯＮＨ２,－ＣＨ２ＣＨ２ＯＨ）的晶体及分子结构结果：第二部分,对分子内键角和键长的测试结果进行分析,证明了甲砜分子内超共轭效应的存在,解释了甲砜分子红外吸收的异性是由甲砜基团内超共轭效应引起的,找到了认证甲砜的红外特征峰,并揭示了超共轭效应的某些特性;第三部分     

N,N-二(8-羟基-5-喹啉甲基)甘氨酸乙酯的量子化学研究

运用分子轨道理论中的半经验AM1、PM 3方法和Hartree Fock从头算方法 ,通过能量梯度全优化率先计算了新近合成的化合物N ,N 二 (8 羟基 5 喹啉甲基 )甘氨酸乙酯的平衡几何构型、电子结构以及生成热、偶极矩等分子基本性质 ,并联系经典有机电子结构理论进行讨论。三种方法得到的结构参数基本一致 ,和实验测量的晶体结构符合较好。在稳定构型基础上 ,用AM1方法进行正则振动频率分析 ,得到C—C双键、C—N单双键、C—O单双键和羟基OH的振动基频 ,和实验测得的红外光谱特征峰吻合较好     

团簇的第一原理分子动力学计算研究：价键优选法

根据团簇价键结构的特点，结合第一原理分子动力学模拟，提出价键优选法；可以在有限的 计算量之下，得到其可计算的最大团簇体系Xm的性质，以及所有团簇Xi(i关键词： 价键优选法 团簇 第一原理分子动力学 Jahn_Teller效应 Rennet_Teller效应     

Search for singlet-triplet bistability or biradicaloid properties in polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons: a valence-bond analysis

Two classes of molecules displaying singlet-triplet biradical bistability (i.e. species having significant biradicaloid properties) can be designed as follows. Alternant conjugated polycyclic hydrocarbons with numerous fixed double bonds (double bonds that remain unchanged in all its Kekulé resonance structures), a large number of Dewar resonance structures which measures the corresponding diradical resonance, and a small HOMO-LUMO band gap which measures the ease of thermal spin inversion are candidates for singlet triplet biradical bistability. Chichibabin's hydrocarbon ( 1 ) is an example. In addition, in the search for candidate molecules having singlet triplet bistability, one should also examine polycyclic conjugated systems having nonalternant induced spin frustration. Spin frustrated nonalternant polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons will display singlet-triplet bistability (biradicaloid properties) and are generated from alternant valence-bond diradicals or Hückel molecular orbital diradicals having classical Kekulé structures by appropriate intramolecular joining of two starred or nonstarred positions with bonds, respectively.     

激发态下甘氨酸与水分子间氢键性质研究

在生物体中氨基酸通常以水作为溶剂,是形成细胞的重要成分.在该环境下,分子间氢键的产生会对氨基酸分子与水分子的结构和性质产生影响.为了研究其在基态和激发态下的性质,本文利用密度泛函理论(DFT)和含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)对甘氨酸分子和H₂O分子在基态和激发态下的分子间氢键的静电势、键长、自然键轨道(NBO)电荷、分子中的原子理论(AIM)分析、Wiberg键级b、红外(IR)光谱、空穴-电子轨道和基态与激发态之间的电子转移进行了理论研究.结果表明：分子间氢键的形成会导致分子结构的改变和红外光谱振动频率的移动.在激发态下,分子间氢键有不同程度的增强或减弱.该计算结果为氢键的形成和激发态下分子间氢键的研究提供理论依据.     

超声分子束中中性态和离子态吡咯烷的红外光谱

本文应用真空紫外光电离结合红外光解离以及飞行时间质谱技术获得超声分子束中吡咯烷单体在中性态和离子态的红外光谱. 研究发现,吡咯烷在中性态和离子态的CH伸缩振动均有不同程度的红移现象. 在中性态吡咯烷中,由于NH的电偶极矩较小,没有观察到NH伸缩振动峰. 而电离后的吡咯烷NH伸缩振动峰有很大的增强,并与其他实验相比出现红移现象. 通过理论计算发现中性态和离子态的CH伸缩振动的红移分别是由反超共轭和正超共轭现象引起的. 而NH峰的增强和红移则是由于N原子上的电子被电离所引起的. 通过计算分子的气态酸碱度发现,在离子态中,CH的酸性比NH的酸性略强.     

Raman signatures of strong and weak hydrogen bonds in binary mixtures of phenol with acetonitrile,benzene and orthodichlorobenzene

The present study aims at investigating the effect of hydrogen bonds of phenol in binary mixtures of phenol with three solvents viz. acetonitrile, orthodichlorobenzene and benzene respectively in order of decreasing hydrogen bond strength. Raman spectroscopy in correlation with density functional theory (DFT) calculations has led to a profound understanding of changes in structure, energy, dipole moment and other physical and chemical properties of phenol pertaining to hydrogen bond formation in solution. The spectral variation in wavenumber and linewidth of ring deformation, ring stretching, C≡N stretching and C―H stretching modes have been analyzed in detail. The breaking of self association of phenol in solution and formation of strong or weak hydrogen bonds depending on the nature of the solvent has been discussed by comparing the Raman and DFT results for three different solvents. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

外电场对CO分子及离子性质的调制和降解

基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP方法,在6-311G++基组水平上,计算研究外加电场下CO分子及离子物理性质,包括总能量、键长、电荷分布、能级分布和红外光谱,并根据势能曲线研究CO外加电场下的降解。随着外电场逐渐增大(- 0.015 a. u.~0.015 a. u.),CO的性质发生明显的变化, 电场增大到一定程度时可实现CO分子降解。同样,CO⁺离子的总能量随电场的增大逐渐减小,键长变长,偶极矩逐渐变大,分子能隙在Alpha轨道中逐渐减小,在Beta轨道中逐渐增大,红外光谱的强度相应逐渐增大。电场从0.0 a. u增大到0.150 a. u.时,势能曲线的变化同样表明CO⁺离子离解能减小。电场增大到一定程度时可实现CO⁺离子降解。     

FTIR spectroscopy and calorimetry of the amorphous state

These investigations are directed at identifying the microscopic polymer characteristics which determine the properties and relaxation behavior of amorphous polymers. In addition to the molecular structure, the number of holes (free volume) and the fraction of flexed bonds (i. e., gauche states) can be used as a starting point for the specification of the states of the glass. In addition, the effect of pressure is used to influence the number of holes and the fraction of flexed bonds frozen in the glass. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has been used to follow the trans to gauche populations as a function of temperature and pressure.     

基于密度泛函理论的外电场下双酚A型环氧树脂分子的结构及特性

采用密度泛函m062x的方法在6-31g(d)基组上对双酚A型环氧树脂分子进行优化得到了它的稳定结构,并且研究了不同外电场(0-0.013 a.u., 1 a.u.=5.142×10~(11) V/m)作用下双酚A型环氧树脂分子的分子结构、电偶极矩和分子总能量,偶极矩、极化率、前线轨道的能级和成分,原子之间的键能和红外光谱的变化.研究表明:随着外加电场的增大,双酚A型环氧树脂分子从倒V型结构逐渐变成线性结构,总能量降低,偶极矩和极化率都升高,且双酚A型环氧树脂分子的稳定性随着外加电场的增大而降低;最高占据轨道能级随着外加电场的增大而增大,沿逆电场方向分子链端表现出亲核反应活性,最低空轨道能级随着外加电场的增大而减小,沿电场方向分子链端表现出亲电反应;位于分子两端环氧基团上的C-C,C-O容易发生断裂,进而破环了双酚A型环氧树脂分子的稳定性;分子红外光谱在高频区的吸收峰出现了明显的红移现象.     

Enhancement of water self-diffusion at super-hydrophilic surface with ordered water

It has been well acknowledged that molecular water structures at the interface play an important role in the surface properties, such as wetting behavior or surface frictions. Using molecular dynamics simulation, we show that the water self-diffusion on the top of the first ordered water layer can be enhanced near a super-hydrophilic solid surface. This is attributed to the fewer number of hydrogen bonds between the first ordered water layer and water molecules above this layer, where the ordered water structures induce much slower relaxation behavior of water dipole and longer lifetime of hydrogen bonds formed within the first layer.     

Absence of charged states in the U(1) Higgs lattice gauge theory

We show that a sequence of dipole states of finite energy introduced by Fredenhagen and Marcu is chargeless upon removal of one of the charges to spatial infinity in certain subsets of the phase diagram of the U(1)-Higgs lattice gauge theory. It is also explicitly seen how this phenomenon is related to the existence of exponential clustering (i.e., of a mass gap). Related properties of dipole states are briefly discussed.Supported by the Fundacão de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP). Address after September 1985: II. Institut für Theoretische Physik der Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-2000 Hamburg 50, Federal Republic of GermanySupported by FAPESP. Permanent address: Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil     

Dipole moments induced in three interacting molecules

Fluids composed of infrared inactive molecules, such as homonuclear diatomics, absorb infrared radiation by virtue of dipole moments induced by molecular interactions. The induced dipoles of two colliding molecules and their associated absorption spectra are generally well known, both from theory and experiment. More recently, empirical models of the most significant dipole components of three interacting molecules have been obtained which permit semi-quantitative predictions of the intensities of the various spectroscopic observations of the ternary spectra, e.g., third virial coefficients of collision-induced absorption spectra, triple transitions, and intercollisional dips. Both the pairwise-additive and the irreducible dipole components are considered. These ternary components should affect the spectra and optical properties also of liquids. It is suggested that the accounting for these effects gives novel information on the structure of liquids through a better understanding of the triple distribution function.     

How universal are hydrogen bond correlations? A density functional study of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in low-energy conformers of α-amino acids

Hydrogen bonding is one of the most important and ubiquitous interactions present in Nature. Several studies have attempted to characterise and understand the nature of this very basic interaction. These include both experimental and theoretical investigations of different types of chemical compounds, as well as systems subjected to high pressure. The O–H..O bond is of course the best studied hydrogen bond, and most studies have concentrated on intermolecular hydrogen bonding in solids and liquids. In this paper, we analyse and characterise normal hydrogen bonding of the general type, D–H...A, in intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions. Using a first-principles density functional theory approach, we investigate low energy conformers of the twenty α-amino acids. Within these conformers, several different types of intramolecular hydrogen bonds are identified. The hydrogen bond within a given conformer occurs between two molecular groups, either both within the backbone itself, or one in the backbone and one in the side chain. In a few conformers, more than one (type of) hydrogen bond is seen to occur.

Interestingly, the strength of the hydrogen bonds in the amino acids spans quite a large range, from weak to strong. The signature of hydrogen bonding in these molecules, as reflected in their theoretical vibrational spectra, is analysed. With the new first-principles data from 51 hydrogen bonds, various parameters relating to the hydrogen bond, such as hydrogen bond length, hydrogen bond angle, bond length and vibrational frequencies are studied. Interestingly, the correlation between these parameters in these bonds is found to be in consonance with those obtained in earlier experimental studies of normal hydrogen bonds on vastly different systems. Our study provides some of the most detailed first-principles support, and the first involving vibrational frequencies, for the universality of hydrogen bond correlations in materials.     

哈龙1301分子在外电场中的光谱特征和解离特性

哈龙1301(三氟溴甲烷)在太阳光辐射下解离生成破坏臭氧的溴自由基, 严重破坏大气臭氧层, 采用有效的措施对哈龙1301排放前进行降解很有必要。利用密度泛函理论(DFT)在B3LYP/6-311G++(d,p)水平上研究了外电场(0～0.03 a.u.)作用下哈龙1301分子的解离特性和光谱特征, 包括总能量, 键长, 电偶极矩, LUMO-HOMO能隙, 红外光谱以及解离势能面等。计算结果表明,在C—Br键连线Z方向上, 外电场从0逐渐增加到0.03 a.u.时, 分子体系能量逐渐减小, 偶极矩在刚开始表现为减小然后单调增大, HOMO-LUMO能隙E_G呈现单调递减的趋势, C—Br键键长逐渐增大, C—F键键长逐渐减小。外电场对CF₃Br分子不同振动模式的红外光谱影响不同。在外电场作用逐渐增强下, 解离特性表现为: CF₃Br分子的C—Br键方向扫描得到的势能曲线的束缚状态逐渐被消除, 势垒逐渐变小最后消失。计算发现强度为0.03 a.u.的外电场足够使得CF₃Br分子发生C—Br键断裂而降解, 该结果为保护环境而对哈龙进行电场降解提供重要参考依据。