Slurry Sampling—An Analytical Strategy for the Determination of Metals and Metalloids by Spectroanalytical Techniques

Abstract

This article critically overviews the state-of-the-art of slurry sampling as an approach for the minimization of sample preparation prior to the determination of metals and metalloids in complex matrices by spectroanalytical techniques. Relevant factors involved in the optimization of slurry-based analytical procedures and the dependence of the quality of the results on the calibration method selected are discussed in detail. The advantages and limitations compared to solid sampling for the analysis of solid matrices are highlighted and discussed.

Analytical applications of slurry sampling reported in the literature emphasizing publications between 2004 and 2009 are comprehensively compiled covering detection by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS), cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS), hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS), hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).     

Determination of Trace Elements in Vegetable Oils and Biodiesel by Atomic Spectrometric Techniques—A Review

Abstract

The determination of trace elements in edible oils and biodiesel using atomic spectrometric methods is reviewed. Problems related to sample pretreatment for appropriate sample introduction and calibration are addressed as well as the strategies to overcome them. Recent trends aimed at simplifying sample manipulation are presented. The applications and scope of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), flame optical emission spectrometry (F-OES), inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) techniques for the determination of trace metals in edible oils and biodiesel are discussed, as well as some current instrumental new developments.     

Application of Multivariate Techniques in Optimization of Spectroanalytical Methods

Abstract

The present article describes fundamentals and applications of multivariate techniques used for the optimization of analytical procedures and systems involving spectroanalytical methods such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), considering the main steps of a chemical analysis. This way, applications of experimental designs in optimization of sampling systems, digestion procedures, preconcentration procedures, instrumental parameters of quantification steps of analytical methods, and robustness tests have been summarized in this work.     

Molybdenum,Platinum, and Tantalum Metal Atomizers or Vaporizers in Analytical Atomic Spectrometry

Abstract

The application of metal (tantalum, molybdenum, and platinum) devices in analytical atomic spectrometry is reviewed in this article. These metal devices have been employed in various analytical atomic spectrometric techniques for more than three decades, mainly as electrothermal atomizers or electrothermal vaporizers, in various physical shapes, such as tubes, platforms, loops, and wires (or coils/filaments). Their application spans from atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), atomic emission spectrometry (AES) atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES) to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). The analytical figures of merit and the practical applications reported for these metal devices are reviewed, and the atomization mechanism on these metal atomizers is briefly summarized, too. In addition, other applications of the metal devices are discussed, including analyte preconcentration by electrodeposition and sequential metal vapor elution analysis (SMVEA). Furthermore, the application of these metals in graphite furnaces encompasses the schemes with the metals in the form of furnace linings, platforms, or impregnated salts.     

Multielement Analytical Spectroscopy in Plant Ionomics Research

Abstract: The study of the ionome (ionomics) is defined as quantitative and simultaneous measurement of the element composition of living organisms and changes in this composition in response to physiological stimuli, development stage, and genetic modifications (Salt et al., Ann. Rev. Plant Biol., Vol. 59, 2008). The necessity of understanding the regulation processes of elements in the organisms demands determination of many elements in the organism, tissue, and cell (Baxter, Plant Biol., Vol. 12, 2009). A prospect for ionomics is environmental pollution where great variety of conditions and pollutants exist resulting in concentration and interelemental changes in the plant ionome. The capabilities of and problems with several multielement analytical techniques, including instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), X-ray fluorescence, inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), which are adequate and most promising in ionomic and environmental studies of plants, are reviewed. References are confined mainly to the last 10–15 years. Information about concentrations, roles, binding forms, and pollution sources of the elements and comparison between methods with respect to limits of detection, determined elements, interferences, and economic considerations are tabulated. Some combinations of instrumental techniques supplementing each other are highly valued, namely, ICP-MS and ICP-AES and INAA and AAS or ICP-AES.     

应用ICP-MS和GFAAS测定藻类食品中铅、镉的方法研究及比较

建立微波消解-电感耦合等离子体-质谱法(ICP-MS)测定藻类食品中铅、镉含量的方法,并与国家标准方法石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GFAAS)进行了比较.样品经过微波消解,分别使用ICP-MS和GFAAS测定藻类食品裙带菜和海带中铅、镉含量,各元素校正曲线的相关系数均大于0.9991,样品分析结果RSD均小于3.6%(n=6...     

Determination of Cadmium in Biological Samples

Abstract

Even though normal exposure levels to Cd may be small, the human body is inefficient at excreting the heavy metal, so it slowly accumulates over the period of a lifetime. Eventually, the Cd level in the body may become toxic and give rise to harmful effects. Cadmium exposure could therefore be linked to diseases associated with aging such as osteoporosis, prostate cancer, and pancreatic cancer. These potential links have driven the development of a myriad of analytical techniques for the determination of Cd in biological samples. Natural biological Cd concentrations are typically low, so preconcentration steps and sensitive instruments are frequently a necessity. In addition, the complex matrices of biological specimens such as blood, urine, serum, and tissue often require a form of matrix modification or separation. This review provides an overview of these methods with 200 references from the literature published between 1995 and 2005. The analytical methods for the determination of Cd in biological samples include: spectrophotometry, atomic emission spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic fluorescence spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and electrochemistry. In addition, Cd speciation techniques, using high‐performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis, are briefly discussed.     

Performance of TXRF among other competitors' analytical techniques

The main purpose of this presentation was to evaluate the performance of total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) among conventional analytical techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry ICP-MS). In order to perform the study, one sample and a blank acidified with nitric acid (2.0%–2.5% v/v) were distributed among 10 laboratories. The investigated analytes were arsenic, chromium, nickel, and lead within 0.050 to 1.50-mg/L concentration range. A guide protocol was elaborated for the participants in order to normalize the manipulation of the samples. In the particular case of arsenic, atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) was incorporated. The “E_n” statistical test was performed in order to evaluate the results reported by each participant against the assigned value of the sample. Results show an excellent performance of TXRF among the mentioned analytical techniques.     

Procedures of Separation and Pre‐concentration for Molybdenum Determination Using Atomic Spectrometry—a Review

Abstract

The literature concerning the improvement of atomic and ionic procedures for molybdenum determination through separation and pre‐concentration were updated. Analytical procedures based on flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAAS), electrothermal or graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were reviewed taking into consideration the preliminary steps, which can enhance the selectivity and sensitivity based on co‐precipitation, solvent extraction, and solid‐phase extraction. Both in‐batch and on‐line procedures were considered.     

大气颗粒物重金属元素分析技术研究进展

大气颗粒物已经成为当前大气环境首要污染物,而其中重金属由于具有非降解性和滞后性,严重威胁人类生命和自然环境,已成为当前研究热点。对分析大气颗粒物中重金属元素所用原子吸收光谱法、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法、荧光光谱法、中子活化法、辉光放电原子发射光谱法、微波等离子体原子发射光谱法和激光诱导击穿光谱法进行了综述,并尝试对这些技术的不足之处提出一些改进建议：连续光源原子吸收光谱法同时测定多种元素,原子发射光谱法直接测定颗粒物,高分辨率激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱法测定固体样品,低散射同步加速荧光法测定大气颗粒物和k₀中子活化法测定对流层发射性元素。大气颗粒物重金属元素的时空分布差异和人类对环境空气质量要求的提高以及现代仪器科学技术的高速发展促使大气颗粒物重金属元素分析技术朝着实时、快速、检出限低、直接测定和操作简便的方向发展。     

Dry Ashing Preparation of (Quasi)solid Samples for the Determination of Inorganic Elements by Atomic/Mass Spectrometry

Abstract:

This work presents an overview of the development of dry ashing preparation techniques for solid and quasisolid sample analysis by atomic and inorganic mass spectrometry, including flame/graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, chemical vapor generation atomic absorption/fluorescence spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission/mass spectrometry. This article also summarizes all of the dry ashing methods reported in the past 20 years. The dry ashing methods applied to sample preparation are classified as electrothermal ashing, microwave ashing, oxygen combustion, and other special ashing methods including laser, ultraviolet (UV)/ozone, and plasma. Moreover, the development of relevant devices is discussed in context.     

Sample Preparation for the Determination of Metals in Food Samples Using Spectroanalytical Methods—A Review

Abstract

The present article gives an overview of recent publications and modern techniques of sample preparation for food analysis employing atomic and inorganic mass spectrometric techniques, such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry, chemical vapor generation atomic absorption and atomic fluorescence spectrometry, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Among the most frequently applied sample preparation techniques for food analysis are dry ashing, usually with the addition of an ashing aid, and acid digestion, preferably with the assistance of microwave energy. Slurry preparation, particularly with the assistance of ultrasound, is increasingly used to reduce acid consumption and sample preparation time. Direct analysis of solid samples is gaining importance in the field of food analysis as it offers the highest sensitivity, avoids the use of acids and other aggressive reagents, makes possible the analysis of micro‐samples, and can be applied for fast screening analysis, e.g., of fresh meat.     

An Overview of the Use of Yttrium for Internal Standardization in Inductively Coupled Plasma–Atomic Emission Spectrometry

Abstract

Internal standardization is a widely used method for compensating nonspectral interference in inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry. Emphasis is given on the choice of the suitable element and its specific spectral line as an efficient internal standard. This choice is the result of multi-variable evaluations and analytical applications. In inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and other spectrometric techniques several spectral lines of the same or different elements have been evaluated as potential internal standards. Yttrium spectral lines fulfill certain prerequisites and they are favored by a large number of researchers. In our discussed review, we present several reports of ICP-AES techniques that employ yttrium as the internal standard. These reports are classified according to specific sample origin and aim of the research.     

Accuracy Studies in Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry Determination of Eight Elements in Standard Steel and Nickel Alloy High Solid Solutions

Abstract

The determination of Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, and Ti in digested stainless steel and nickel alloys using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry with dual analytical lines was performed. Accuracy of the high solid solutions was assessed by comparison to standard values and found to be excellent.     

原子光谱学进展的综述

综述了包括原子吸收光谱,原子荧光光谱,原子发射光谱,电感耦合等离子体质谱,原子光谱分析的进样及预富集系统,元素成分分析及其形态分析,过程分析化学以及用于无机元素分析的传感器。     

原子光谱/元素质谱在生命分析中的应用进展

原子光谱/元素质谱是元素分析的强有力手段,其在生命分析领域的应用也越来越广泛。在单细胞元素分析方面,相关研究工作主要关注元素在单细胞中的分布和形态变化;在元素标记策略分析领域,利用原子光谱（atomic spectrometry, AS）和电感耦合等离子体质谱（inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS）实现对小分子、核酸、蛋白质等目标分析物的高灵敏检测是研究热点;在金属药物分析领域,ICP-MS为研究金属药物在生物体中的摄入、分布、代谢和排泄等过程提供了便利,也为进一步阐明药物作用机理以及金属药物的设计和改进提供了数据支持;在生物元素成像领域,ICP-MS与激光剥蚀技术（laser ablation, LA）联用,可以对生物样品进行原位分析和微区分析,结合有机质谱实现元素相关生物过程的分子机制研究;与相关分离方法联用,原子光谱和元素质谱还可以对生物组织中元素进行形态分析,研究其在相关过程中的生物转化过程。本文从单细胞元素分析、元素标签标记策略、金属药物转运与代谢以及生物组织中元素分布分析等方面,评述了原子光谱和ICP-MS在生命分析中的应用实例,并对该领域的发展前景进行了展望。     

铝土矿中微量镓的分析方法进展

综述了近几年国内铝土矿中镓分析方法的研究进展,叙述了用于微量镓分析测定的光度法、伏安法、原子吸收光谱法、电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法、电感耦合等离子体-质谱法、X射线荧光光谱法等分析方法,对方法的优缺点进行了评述,并对今后微量镓分析测定方法进行了展望.     

竹炭分离富集铋及氢化物发生原子荧光和等离子体质谱法测定

以竹炭为固相萃取材料,建立了顺序注射在线微填充柱固相萃取分离富集痕量铋的方法,吸附在微填充柱上的铋(络合物)可用稀硝酸溶液(2.5 mol·L-1)洗脱回收.洗脱液与硼氢化钠溶液混合进行氢化物发生(HG)反应,氢化物经气液分离后与原子荧光(AFS)联用,或直接将洗脱液引入电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS),实现了对生...     

Application of Preconcentration and Separation Techniques in Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

Abstract

With 135 references, this review presents the recent application of various preconcentration and separation techniques in atomic fluorescence spectrometry for the sensitive determination and speciation of various elements and their species. It focuses on sample pretreatment, separation, and enrichment-related techniques, including liquid–liquid extraction, solid-phase (micro)extraction, microwave/ultrasound-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, as well as chemical vapor generation. In this review, the historical development and overview of these preconcentration and separation methodologies are briefly discussed, together with a comprehensive collection of application of these methods in combination with atomic fluorescence spectrometry for determination of ultratrace amounts of elements and their species in various sample matrices (liquids and solids).     

Recent Advance of Hydride Generation–Analytical Atomic Spectrometry: Part I—Technique Development

Abstract Hydride generation is the most popular and widely used chemical vapor generation technique and is interesting to analytical chemists as an effective sample introduction method, especially for elemental determination and speciation analysis by analytical atomic spectrometry. The present review provides a literature survey on the hydride generation technique coupled to analytical atomic spectrometry during the past several years, covering the literature on both tetrahydroborate-based hydride generation and non-tetrahydroborate-based hydride generation techniques. Development of other related methods coupled to hydride generation for better analytical performance of analytical atomic spectrometry is included as well.