Thermoelastic damping in micro-beam resonators

Thermoelastic damping is recognized as a significant loss mechanism at room temperature in micro-scale beam resonators. In this paper, the governing equations of coupled thermoelastic problems are established based on the generalized thermoelastic theory with one relaxation time. The thermoelastic damping of micro-beam resonators is analyzed by using both the finite sine Fourier transformation method combined with Laplace transformation and the normal mode analysis. The vibration responses of deflection and thermal moment are obtained for the micro-beams with simply supported and isothermal boundary conditions. The vibration frequency is analyzed for three boundary condition cases, i.e., the clamped and isothermal, the simply supported and isothermal, and the simply supported and adiabatic. The analytic results show that the amplitude of deflection and thermal moment are attenuated and the vibration frequency is increased with thermoelastic coupling effect being considered. In addition, it can be found from both the analytic results and the numerical calculations that these properties are size-dependent. When the thickness of the micro-beam is larger than its characteristic size, the effect of thermoelastic damping weakens as the beam thickness increases. The size-effect induced by thermoelastic coupling would disappear when the thickness of the micro-beam is over a critical value that depends on the material properties and the boundary conditions.     

Laser-induced vibrations of micro-beams under different boundary conditions

In this study, the vibration phenomenon during pulsed laser heating of a micro-beam is investigated. The beam is made of silicon and is heated by a non-Gaussian laser beam with a pulse duration of 2 ps, which incites vibration due to the thermoelastic damping effect. The coupling between the temperature field and stress field induces energy dissipation and converts mechanical energy into heat energy, which is irreversible. An analytical–numerical technique based on the Laplace transform is used to calculate the vibration of the deflection and thermal moment. A general algorithm of the inverse Laplace transform is developed. The validation of this algorithm is obtained through comparison with numerical results obtained by the FEMLAB software package. The effect of laser pulse energy absorption depth is studied. The size effect and the effect of different boundary conditions are also analyzed. Finally, the damping ratio and resonant frequency shift ratio of beams due to the air damping effect and the thermoelastic damping effect are compared.     

Thermoelastic coupled modeling for a thermal bimorph actuator

This paper presents a theoretical thermoelastic coupled model for a thermal bimorph actuator driven by a harmonically varying thermal load in micro-electro-mechanical systems. The thermoelastic coupling, which arises from the coupling of the strain rate to the temperature field of the heat transport, is considered in this model. The frequency responses are simulated using the theorem of eigenmode expansion. The effects of thermoelastic coupling on the resonant frequency and the quality factor Q for each eigenmode resonance of the deflection are calculated and compared with the same effects resulted from air damping. It shows that for the example of an aluminum–polysilicon thermal bimorph actuator, the resonant frequencies are generally shifted downward with the order larger than that of air damping, whereas the influence of thermoelastic coupling on the Q is more significant than that of air damping under high vacuum level.     

Frequency lock-in during nonlinear vibration of an airfoil coupled with van der Pol Oscillator

The frequency lock-in during the nonlinear vibration of a turbomachinery blade is modeled using a spring-mounted airfoil coupled with a van der Pol Oscillator (VDP) oscillator. The proposed reduced-order model uses the nonlinear VDP oscillator to represent the oscillatory nature of wake dynamics caused by the vortex shedding. The damping term in the VDP oscillator is assumed to be nonlinear. The coupled equations governing the pitch and plunge motion of an airfoil are used to approximate the vibration of a turbomachinery blade. Springs having cubic-order nonlinearity for their stiffnesses are used to mount the airfoil. The unsteady lift acting on the blade is modeled using a self-excited nonlinear wake oscillator. The model for wake dynamics takes into account the influence of blade inertia. The nonlinear coupled three degrees of freedom (dof) aeroelastic system is studied for instability resulting in the frequency lock-in phenomenon. The equations are transformed into non-dimensional form, and then the frequencies of the coupled system are plotted to demonstrate the frequency lock-in. Further, the method of multiple scales is used to derive modulation equations which represent the amplitude and phase of the oscillation. The results obtained using the method of multiple scales are compared with direct numerical solutions to verify the present modeling method. The steady-state amplitudes of the response are plotted against the detuning parameter, which represents the frequency response curve. Further, the sensitivity of non-dimensional parameters such as coupling coefficients, mass ratio, reduced velocity, static unbalance, structural damping coefficient and the ratio of uncoupled pitch and plunge natural frequencies on the frequency response is investigated. The study revealed that parameters such as mass ratio, reduced velocity, structural damping coefficient, and coupling coefficients have a stronger influence in suppressing the amplitude of vibration. Meanwhile, parameters such as the frequency ratio, static unbalance, reduced velocity, and mass ratio significantly affect the range of frequency in which the lock-in phenomenon happens. Further, linear perturbation analysis is done to understand the qualitative effect of the system parameters such as coupling coefficients, mass ratio, frequency ratio, and static unbalance on the range of lock-in.     

Research on coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical dynamic response characteristics of saturated porous deep-sea sediments under vibration of mining vehicle

The excessive deformation of deep-sea sediments caused by the vibration of the mining machine will adversely affect the efficiency and safety of mining. Combined with the deep-sea environment, the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical problem for saturated porous deep-sea sediments subject to the vibration of the mining vehicle is investigated. Based on the Green-Lindsay(G-L) generalized thermoelastic theory and Darcy's law, the model of thermo-hydro-mechanical dynamic responses for saturated porous deep-sea sediments under the vibration of the mining vehicle is established. We obtain the analytical solutions of non-dimensional vertical displacement, excess pore water pressure, vertical stress, temperature, and change in the volume fraction field with the normal mode analysis method, and depict them graphically. The normal mode analysis method uses the canonical coordinate transformation to solve the equation, which can quickly decouple the equation by ignoring the modal coupling effect on the basis of the canonical mode. The results indicate that the vibration frequency has obvious influence on the vertical displacement, excess pore water pressure, vertical stress, and change in volume fraction field. The loading amplitude has a great effect on the physical quantities in the foundation, and the changes of the physical quantities increase with the increase in loading amplitude.     

Micromechanical analysis of the fully coupled finite thermoelastic response of rubber-like matrix composites

A micromechanical analysis for the prediction of the coupled thermoelastic response of multiphase composites that include rubber-like phases is presented. Rubber-like solids are highly nonlinear thermoelastic materials that exhibit anomalous behavior referred to as the thermoelastic inversion effect. Results are presented which show that the derived micromechanical model is capable of predicting this effect in nylon/rubber composites subjected to appropriate thermal loadings assuming one-way coupling. For full thermomechanical coupling, the nonlinear response and induced temperatures under several types of mechanical loading are investigated.     

Wave propagation in a generalized thermoelastic solid cylinder of arbitrary cross-section

In this article, the wave propagation in a generalized thermoelastic solid cylinder of arbitrary cross-section is discussed, using the Fourier expansion collocation method. The solid medium is assumed to be linear, isotropic, and dependent on the rate of temperature. Three displacement potential functions are introduced, to uncouple the equations of motion and the heat conduction. By imposing the continuity conditions the frequency equation corresponding to the problem is obtained using the Fourier expansion collocation method based on Suhubi’s generalized theory [Suhubi, E.S., 1975. Thermoelastic Solids. In: Eringen, A.C. (Ed.), Continuum Physics, vol. 2. Academic, New York, Chapter 2]. To compare the model with the existing literature, the results of a generalized thermoelastic solid cylinder are obtained and they are compared with the results of Erbay and Suhubi [Erbay, E.S., Suhubi, E.S., 1986. Longitudinal wavepropagationed thermoelastic cylinder. J. Thermal Stresses 9, 279–295]. It shows very good degree of agreement. The computed non-dimensional wavenumbers are presented in figures for various values of the material parameters. The general theory can be used to study any kind of cylinders with proper geometrical relations.     

非局部广义热弹性理论下半导体微结构中波的反射研究

论文基于非局部热弹性理论,研究了纳米半导体介质中波的反射问题。首先建立了在耦合的非局部弹性理论,波型热传导理论和等离子扩散理论下问题的控制方程;然后运用谐波法,得到耗散方程的解以及反射系数率的解析表达式;最后通过数值计算给出了硅纳米结构中相速度、群速度随非局部参数的变化,讨论了非局部参数、热电耦合参数以及热弹性耦合参数对反射系数率的影响。     

COUPLED ANALYSIS FOR THE HARVESTING STRUCTURE AND THE MODULATING CIRCUIT IN A PIEZOELECTRIC BIMORPH ENERGY HARVESTER

The authors analyze a piezoelectric energy harvester as an electro-mechanically coupled system. The energy harvester consists of a piezoelectric bimorph with a concentrated mass attached at one end, called the harvesting structure, an electric circuit for energy storage, and a rectifier that converts the AC output of the harvesting structure into a DC input for the storage circuit. The piezoelectric bimorph is assumed to be driven into flexural vibration by an ambient acoustic source to convert the mechanical energies into electric energies. The analysis indicates that the performance of this harvester, measured by the power density, is characterized by three important non-dimensional parameters, i.e., the non-dimensional inductance of the storage circuit, the non-dimensional aspect ratio （length/thickness） and the non-dimensional end mass of the harvesting structure. The numerical results show that： （1） the power density can be optimized by varying the non-dimensional inductance for each fixed non-dimensional aspect ratio with a fixed non-dimensional end mass; and （2） for a fixed non-dimensional inductance, the power density is maximized if the non-dimensional aspect ratio and the non-dimensional end mass are so chosen that the harvesting structure, consisting of both the piezoelectric bimorph and the end mass attached, resonates at the frequency of the ambient acoustic source.     

热环境下功能梯度夹层双曲壳三维自由振动分析

功能梯度夹层双曲壳结构广泛应用在航空航天、海洋工程等领域中,对于该类结构的动力学特性研究非常重要。本文以热环境下功能梯度夹层双曲壳为研究对象,在三阶剪切变形理论的基础上,考虑横向拉伸作用的影响提出了一种新的位移场,假设材料的物性参数与温度有关,且沿厚度方向表示为幂律函数。利用Hamilton原理得到简支边界条件下功能梯度夹层双曲壳三维振动系统动力学方程,利用Navier法求得两种不同夹层类型的系统固有频率。研究了几何物理参数和温度场对功能梯度夹层双曲壳自由振动固有频率的影响。     

Transverse vibrations in micro-scale viscothermoelastic beam resonators

In this article, the closed form expressions for the transverse vibrations of a homogenous isotropic, thermally conducting, Kelvin–Voigt type viscothermoelastic thin beam, based on Euler– Bernoulli theory have been derived. The effects of relaxation times, thermomechanical coupling, surface conditions, and beam dimensions on energy dissipation induced by thermoelastic damping in MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems) resonators are investigated for beams under clamped and simply supported conditions. Analytical expressions for deflection, temperature change, frequency shifts, and thermoelastic damping in the beam have been derived. Some numerical results with the help of MATLAB programming software in case of Silicon Nitride have also been presented. The computer-simulated results in respect of damping factor and frequency shift have been presented graphically.     

Two-temperature generalized thermoelasticity under ramp-type heating by finite element method

In this work, a general finite element model is proposed to analyze transient phenomena in thermoelastic half-space filled with an elastic material, which has constant elastic parameters. The governing equations are taken in the context of the two-temperature generalized thermoelasticity theory (Youssef in IMA J. Appl. Math. 71(3):383–390, 2006). A linear temperature ramping function is used to more realistically model thermal loading of the half-space surface. The medium is assumed initially quiescent. A finite element scheme is presented for the high accuracy numerical purpose. The numerical solutions of the non-dimensional governing partial differential equations of the problem have been shown graphically and some comparisons have been shown in figures to estimate the effect of the ramping parameter of heating and the parameter of two-temperature.     

Solid damping in micro electro mechanical systems

This paper focuses on the problem of the numerical evaluation of dissipation induced by thermoelastic coupling in microelectromechanical systems. An ad hoc conceived, FE based, numerical procedure for the evaluation of the thermoelastic dissipation is proposed and the numerical results are compared with analytical solutions. In order to introduce in the numerical response a dependence on the size of the resonating devices, which is experimentally observed at very small dimensions, a new enhanced non-local coupled thermoelastic model is proposed and the first results are discussed. An erratum to this article can be found at     

ANLYTICAL SOLUTION OF THERMOELASTIC DAMPING IN RECTANGULAR MINDLIN MICRO PLATES 1)

首次给出了四边简支的 Mindlin 矩形微板热弹性阻尼的解析解. 基于考虑一阶剪切变形的 Mindlin 板理论和单向耦合热传导理论建立了微板热弹性耦合自由振动控制微分方程. 忽略温度梯度在面内的变化,在上下表面绝热边界条件下求得了用变形几何量表示的温度场的解析解. 进一步将包含热弯曲内力的结构振动方程转化为只包含挠度振幅的四阶偏微分方程. 利用特征值问题之间在数学上的相似性,在四边简支条件下给出了用无阻尼 Kirchhoff 微板的固有频率表示的 Mindlin 矩形微板的复频率解析解,从而利用复频率法求得了反映热弹性阻尼水平的逆品质因子. 最后,通过数值结果定量地分析了剪切变形、材料以及几何参数对热弹性阻尼的影响 规律. 结果表明,Mindlin 板理论预测的热弹性阻尼小于 Kirchhoff 板理论预测的热弹性阻尼. 两种理论预测的热弹性阻尼之间的差值在临界厚度附近十分显著. 另外,随着微板的边/厚比增大,Mindlin 微板的热弹性阻尼最大值单调增大,而 Kirchhoff 微板的热弹性阻尼最大值却保持不变.     

Mindlin 矩形微板的热弹性阻尼解析解

首次给出了四边简支的 Mindlin 矩形微板热弹性阻尼的解析解. 基于考虑一阶剪切变形的 Mindlin 板理论和单向耦合热传导理论建立了微板热弹性耦合自由振动控制微分方程. 忽略温度梯度在面内的变化,在上下表面绝热边界条件下求得了用变形几何量表示的温度场的解析解. 进一步将包含热弯曲内力的结构振动方程转化为只包含挠度振幅的四阶偏微分方程. 利用特征值问题之间在数学上的相似性,在四边简支条件下给出了用无阻尼 Kirchhoff 微板的固有频率表示的 Mindlin 矩形微板的复频率解析解,从而利用复频率法求得了反映热弹性阻尼水平的逆品质因子. 最后,通过数值结果定量地分析了剪切变形、材料以及几何参数对热弹性阻尼的影响 规律. 结果表明,Mindlin 板理论预测的热弹性阻尼小于 Kirchhoff 板理论预测的热弹性阻尼. 两种理论预测的热弹性阻尼之间的差值在临界厚度附近十分显著. 另外,随着微板的边/厚比增大,Mindlin 微板的热弹性阻尼最大值单调增大,而 Kirchhoff 微板的热弹性阻尼最大值却保持不变.      

Reflection of plane waves from an elastic solid half-space under hydrostatic initial stress without energy dissipation

In this paper, the basic governing equations for isotropic and homogeneous generalized thermoelastic half-space under hydrostatic initial stress are formulated in the context of the Green and Naghdi theory of types II and III. These governing equations are solved analytically to obtain the dimensional velocities in an xy-plane. It is shown that there exist three plane waves, namely a thermal wave, a P-wave and an SV-wave. The reflection from an insulated and isothermal stress-free surface is studied to obtain the reflection amplitude ratios of the reflected waves for the incidence of P- and SV-waves. Numerical computations are carried out and comparisons made with the results predicted in the presence and absence of hydrostatic initial stress. Also the effect of the thermoelastic coupling parameter and the thermal condition on amplitude ratios are shown graphically.     

Response of welded thermoelastic solids to the rapid motion of thermomechanical sources parallel to the interface

The analysis of rapidly-moving thermomechanical surface sources is extended to the study of buried thermomechanical sources that move parallel to the interface of two welded dissimilar thermoelastic half-spaces at a constant subcritical speed. The sources are manifest as body force line loads in the coupled equations of thermoelasticity, and a 2-D steady-state situation is treated. Exact integral transform solutions are obtained, and expressions for the displacements and temperature changes are generated by analytical inversion of robust asymptotic versions of the transforms.These expressions show that thermoelastic coupling effects increase with source speed, and that the thermal source is always manifest in combination with a component of the mechanical source, i.e. an effective thermal source term exists. The expressions also exhibit component functions that are in effect hybrids of functions that are seen in purely thermal and isothermal elastic solutions.The critical source speed is defined as the minimum of the two asymptotic thermoelastic Rayleigh speeds in the half-spaces and, when it exists, the asymptotic thermoelastic Stoneley speed. Exact expressions for these speeds are given, and used to present some typical values.     

Lateral dynamic flight stability of hovering insects: theory vs. numerical simulation

In the present paper, the lateral dynamic flight stability properties of two hovering model insects are predicted by an approximate theory based on the averaged model, and computed by numerical simulation that solves the complete equations of motion coupled with the Navier-Stokes equations. Comparison between the theoretical and simulational results provides a test to the validity of the assumptions made in the theory. One of the insects is a model dronefly which has relatively high wingbeat frequency (164 Hz) and the other is a model hawkmoth which has relatively low wingbeat frequency (26 Hz). The following conclusion has been drawn. The theory based on the averaged model works well for the lateral motion of the dronefly. For the hawkmoth, relatively large quantitative differences exist between theory and simulation. This is because the lateral non-dimensional eigenvalues of the hawkmoth are not very small compared with the non-dimensional flapping frequency (the largest lateral non-dimensional eigenvalue is only about 10% smaller than the non-dimensional flapping frequency). Nevertheless, the theory can still correctly predict variational trends of the dynamic properties of the hawkmoth’s lateral motion.     

考虑热流固耦合作用的多孔介质孔隙尺度两相流动模拟

为了研究深层油气资源在岩石多孔介质内的运移过程, 使用一种基于Darcy-Brinkman-Biot的流固耦合数值方法, 结合传热模型, 完成了Duhamel-Neumann热弹性应力的计算, 实现了在孔隙模拟多孔介质内的考虑热流固耦合作用的两相流动过程. 模型通过求解Navier-Stokes方程完成对孔隙空间内多相流体的计算, 通过求解Darcy方程完成流体在岩石固体颗粒内的计算, 二者通过以动能方式耦合的形式, 计算出岩石固体颗粒质点的位移, 从而实现了流固耦合计算. 在此基础上, 加入传热模型考虑温度场对两相渗流过程的影响. 温度场通过以产生热弹性应力的形式作用于岩石固体颗粒, 总体上实现热流固耦合过程. 基于数值模型, 模拟油水两相流体在二维多孔介质模型内受热流固耦合作用的流动过程. 研究结果表明: 热应力与流固耦合作用产生的应力方向相反, 使得总应力比单独考虑流固耦合作用下的应力小; 温度的增加使得模型孔隙度增加, 但当注入温差达到150 K后, 孔隙度不再有明显增加; 温度的增加使得水相的相对渗流能力增加, 等渗点左移.      

Fractional-order generalized thermoelastic diffusion theory

The present work aims to establish a fractional-order generalized themoelastic diffusion theory for anisotropic and linearly thermoelastic diffusive media. To numerically handle the multi-physics problems expressed by a sequence of incomplete differential equations, particularly by a fractional equation, a generalized variational principle is obtained for the unified theory using a semi-inverse method. In numerical implementation, the dynamic response of a semi-infinite medium with one end subjected to a thermal shock and a chemical potential shock is investigated using the Laplace transform. Numerical results, i.e., non-dimensional temperature, chemical potential, and displacement, are presented graphically. The influence of the fractional order parameter on them is evaluated and discussed.