Pioneering space research in the ussr and mathematical modelling of large problem of radiation transfer

This review is to recall to scientists of the older generation about some historical pages of our memory and about many famous researchers, teachers and colleagues. As to the younger researchers and foreign colleagues, it will be useful for them to get to know about pioneer advancements of the Soviet scientists in the field of information and mathematical supply for cosmonautic problems on the eve of the space era. Main attention is paid down to the scientific experiments conducted on the piloted space vehicles and the research collectives who created the information and mathematical tools for the first space projects. The role of Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh, the Major Theoretician of cosmonautics, is in particular emphasized, who determined in the most degree the basic directions of development of space research and remote sensing of the Earth and planets that are shortly called as REMOTE SENSING.     

Cold atoms in space and atomic clocks: ACES

In this article, the interest of space environment for cold atoms is outlined. After a brief review of cooling techniques and Bose–Einstein condensation, the case of atomic clocks in microgravity is discussed. The scientific objectives of the European mission ACES are presented. ACES will fly onboard the international space station in 2005–2006.     

Gravitational wave astronomy

We are entering a new era of gravitational-wave astronomy. The ground-based interferometers have reached their initial design sensitivity in the audio band. Several upper limits have been set for anticipated astrophysical sources from the science data. The advanced detectors in the US and in Europe are expected to be operational around 2015. New advanced detectors are also planned in Japan and in India. The first direct detections of gravitational waves are expected within this decade. In the meanwhile, three pulsar timing array projects are forming an international collaboration to detect gravitational waves directly in the nanoHertz range using timing data from millisecond pulsars. The first direct detection of nanoHertz gravitational waves are also expected within this decade. In this paper, we review the status of current gravitational-wave detectors, possible types of sources, observational upper limits achieved, and future prospects for direct detection of gravitational waves     

Square Roots and Inverses in E-Rings

An e-ring is a pair (R, E) consisting of an associative ring R with unity l together with a subset E ⊆ R of elements, called eflects, with properties suggested by the so-called effect operators on a Hilbert space. Examples are given in which R is a unital C*-algebra, the ring of finite elements in an ordered field, the ring of continuous functions on a compact Hausdorff space, or the ring of measurable functions on a Borel space. We review the basic facts about e-rings and give a structure theorem for the case in which E satisfies the descending chain condition. Motivated by the notion of sequential observation of effects in quantum mechanics, we study the existence and uniqueness of square roots in an e-ring, we apply some of the same techniques to give conditions for the existence of multiplicative inverses, and we make contact with the theory of Jordan algebras.     

Do Neutron Star Gravitational Waves Carry Superfluid Imprints?

Isolated neutron stars undergoing non-radial oscillations are expected to emit gravitational waves in the kilohertz frequency range. To date, radio astronomers have located about 1,300 pulsars, and can estimate that there are about 2×10⁸ neutron stars in the galaxy. Many of these are surely old and cold enough that their interiors will contain matter in the superfluid or superconducting state. In fact, the so-called glitch phenomenon in pulsars (a sudden spin-up of the pulsar's crust) is best described by assuming the presence of superfluid neutrons and superconducting protons in the inner crusts and cores of the pulsars. Recently there has been much progress on modelling the dynamics of superfluid neutron stars in both the Newtonian and general relativistic regimes. We will discuss some of the main results of this recent work, perhaps the most important being that superfluidity should affect the gravitational waves from neutron stars (emitted, for instance, during a glitch) by modifying both the rotational properties of the background star and the modes of oscillation of the perturbed configuration. Finally, we present an analysis of the so-called zero-frequency subspace (i.e., the space of time-independent perturbations) and determine that it is spanned by two sets of polar (or spheroidal) and two sets of axial (or toroidal) degenerate perturbations for the general relativistic system. As in the Newtonian case, the polar perturbations are the g-modes which are missing from the pulsation spectrum of a non-rotating configuration, and the axial perturbations should lead to two sets of r-modes when the degeneracy of the frequencies is broken by having the background rotate.     

火星空间环境磁场探测研究——"萤火1号"磁强计的研制与应用

文章介绍了"萤火1号"卫星对火星空问环境磁场进行探测的目的、意义及采用的方式方法.研究火星的空间环境离不开火星磁场,它对于火星弓激波、磁鞘、电离层、大气等绝大多数空间环境效应都有着深刻的影响,因此"萤火1号"卫星安装了一台重要的科学探测载荷--高精度磁强计,以满足科学研究和应用目标的需求.磁强计从原理选择到具体没计,都考虑到了火星轨道严酷的工作环境和科学目标所需的测量要求.通过"萤火1号"装星前的地面标定测试实验,验证了高精度磁强计可以在-140-75℃温度范围内测量±256nT以内的磁场,分辨率达到了0.01nT,带宽内总噪声小于0.03nT,能够胜任"萤火1号"对火星空间环境探测的科学任务."萤火1号"火星探测器将于2011年与俄罗斯的"福布斯-土壤"一同飞往火星,这是人类送往火星最精密的磁场探测器之一,将对火星空间环境磁场结构和动力学过程进行精密而详细的探测.     

Torsion,Scalar Field,Mass and FRW Cosmology

In the Einstein–Cartan space U₄, an axial vector torsion together with a scalar field connected to a local scale factor have been considered. By combining two particular terms from the SO(4, 1) Pontryagin density and then modifying it in a SO(3, 1) invariant way, we get a Lagrangian density with Lagrange multipliers. Then under FRW-cosmological background, where the scalar field is connected to the source of gravitation, the Euler–Lagrange equations ultimately give the constancy of the gravitational constant together with only three kinds of energy densities representing mass, radiation and cosmological constant. The gravitational constant has been found to be linked with the geometrical Nieh-Yan density.     

Methodology for the solutions of some reduced Fokker‐Planck equations in high dimensions

In this paper, a new methodology is formulated for solving the reduced Fokker‐Planck (FP) equations in high dimensions based on the idea that the state space of large‐scale nonlinear stochastic dynamic system is split into two subspaces. The FP equation relevant to the nonlinear stochastic dynamic system is then integrated over one of the subspaces. The FP equation for the joint probability density function of the state variables in another subspace is formulated with some techniques. Therefore, the FP equation in high‐dimensional state space is reduced to some FP equations in low‐dimensional state spaces, which are solvable with exponential polynomial closure method. Numerical results are presented and compared with the results from Monte Carlo simulation and those from equivalent linearization to show the effectiveness of the presented solution procedure. It attempts to provide an analytical tool for the probabilistic solutions of the nonlinear stochastic dynamics systems arising from statistical mechanics and other areas of science and engineering.     

Orbit optimization for ASTROD-GW and its time delay interferometry with two arms using CGC ephemeris

Astrodynamical space test of relativity using optical devices optimized for gravitation wave detection (ASTROD- GW) is an optimization of ASTROD to focus on the goal of detection of gravitation waves. The detection sensitivity is shifted 52 times toward larger wavelength compared with that of laser interferometer space antenna (LISA). The mission orbits of the three spacecrafts forming a nearly equilateral triangular array are chosen to be near the Sun-Earth Lagrange points L3, L4, and L5. The three spacecrafts range interferometrically with one another with an arm length of about 260 million kilometers. In order to attain the required sensitivity for ASTROD-GW, laser frequency noise must be suppressed to below the secondary noises such as the optical path noise, acceleration noise, etc. For suppressing laser frequency noise, we need to use time delay interferometry (TDI) to match the two different optical paths (times of travel). Since planets and other solar-system bodies perturb the orbits of ASTROD-GW spacecraft and affect the TDI, we simulate the time delay numerically using CGC 2.7 (here, CGC stands for center for gravitation and cosmology) ephemeris framework. To conform to the ASTROD-GW planning, we work out a set of 20-year optimized mission orbits of ASTROD-GW spacecraft starting at June 21, 2028, and calculate the differences in optical path in the first and second generation TDIs separately for one-detector case. In our optimized mission orbits of 20 years, changes of arm lengths are less than 0.0003 AU; the relative Doppler velocities are all less than 3m/s. All the second generation TDI for one-detector case satisfies the ASTROD-GW requirement.     

空间引力波探测计划-LISA系统设计要点

为了验证广义相对论,世界各国竞相开展了空间引力波探测方面的研究。本文以欧洲空间引力波探测LISA(Laser Interferometer Space Antenna)计划为例,根据基线设计,对LISA系统有效载荷及主要组件的设计进行了分析和阐述。LISA主要探测和研究低频引力波辐射,其工作频段为10^-3~1 Hz,工作距离为5×10⁶ km,预计能探测到双致密星系统以及星系合并引起的超大质量并合等波源,测距精度达到pm量级。以上研究希望能对我国未来的空间引力波探测计划有一定启示。     

Tetrad Fields,Reference Frames,and the Gravitational Energy–Momentum in the Teleparallel Equivalent of General Relativity

The concept and definitions of the energy–momentum and angular momentum of the gravitational field in the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity (TEGR) are reviewed. The importance of these definitions is justified by three major reasons. First, the TEGR is a well established and widely accepted formulation of the gravitational field, whose basic field strength is the torsion tensor of the Weitzenböck connection. Second, in the phase space of the TEGR there exists an algebra of the Poincaré group. Not only the definitions of the gravitational energy–momentum and 4-angular momentum satisfy this algebra, but also the first class constraints related to these definitions satisfy the algebra. And third, numerous applications of these definitions lead to physically consistent results. These definitions follow from a well established Hamiltonian formulation, and rely on the idea of localization of the gravitational energy. In this review, the concept of localizability of the gravitational energy is revisited, in light of results obtained in recent years. The behavior of free particles is studied in the space–time of plane fronted gravitational waves (pp-waves). Free particles are here understood as particles that are not subject to external forces other than the gravitational acceleration due to pp-waves. Since these particles acquire or loose kinetic energy locally, the transfer of energy from or to the gravitational field must also be localized. This theoretical result is considered an important and definite argument in favor of the localization of the gravitational energy–momentum, and by extension, of the gravitational 4-angular momentum.     

High-frequency gravitational waves having large spectral densities and their electromagnetic response

Various cosmology models, brane oscillation scenarios, interaction of interstellar plasma with intense electromagnetic radiation, and even high-energy physics experiments （e.g., Large Hadron Collider （LHC）） all predict high frequency gravitational waves （HFGWs, i.e., high-energy gravitons） in the microwave band and higher frequency region, and some of them have large energy densities. Electromagnetic （EM） detection to such HFGWs would be suitable due to very high frequencies and large energy densities of the HFGWs. We review several typical EM detection schemes, i.e., inverse Gertsenshtein effect （G-effect）, coupling of the inverse G effect with a coherent EM wave, coupling of planar superconducting open cavity with a static magnetic field, cylindrical superconducting closed cavity, and the EM sychro-resonance system, and discuss related minimal detectable amplitudes and sensitivities. Furthermore, we give some new ideas and improvement ways enhancing the possibility of measuring the HFGWs. It is shown that there is still a large room for improvement for those schemes to approach and even reach up the requirement of detection of HFGWs expected by the cosmological models and high-energy astrophysical process.     

Photonic zitterbewegung and its interpretation

In terms of the volume-integrated Poynting vector, we present a quantum field-theory investigation of the zitterbewegung (ZB) of photons, and show that this ZB occurs only in the presence of virtual longitudinal and scalar photons. To present a heuristic explanation for such a ZB, by assuming that the space time is sufficiently close to the flat Minkowski space, we show that the gravitational interaction can result in the ZB of photons.     

对称照明在傅里叶叠层成像中的应用

傅里叶叠层成像技术是一种全新的能够恢复出大视场下高分辨率图像的技术,而较长的采样时间限制了傅里叶叠层成像的实际应用.本文阐述了一种利用对称照明提高傅里叶叠层成像速度的方法,研究了傅里叶叠层成像在空域和频域上的对称性,指出在不考虑相位的情况下,利用对称照明可提高照明强度,减少傅里叶叠层成像所需要的图像数,同时可以提高傅里叶叠层成像图像重建的速度.实验表明使用对称照明可以在不改变算法复杂性的前提下,得到与传统傅里叶叠层成像同样的高分辨率,且所需的图像数减少约50%,采样时间减少约70%,图像重建时间减少约50%.基于对称照明的方法将促进傅里叶叠层成像技术在实时成像中的应用.     

Improvement of the off-state breakdown voltage with field plate and low-density drain in AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistors

We present an AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor(HEMT) device with both field plate(FP) and lowdensity drain(LDD). The LDD is realized by the injection of negatively charged fluorine(F-) ions under low power in the space between the gate and the drain electrodes. With a small-size FP and a LDD length equal to only 31% of the gate-drain spacing, the device effectively modifies the electric field distribution and achieves a breakdown voltage enhancement up to two times when compared with a device with only FP.     

Thermal conductivity: Recent developments

The detailed spectral energy distribution of the radiation emitted by stars provides information on their composition and physical parameters. Many of the astpophysically important spectral lines of neutral and ionized atoms whose study can lead to a better understanding of the processes occurring in stellar atmosphere and in the interstellar gas lie in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum.

Since ultraviolet radiation from the stars is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, observations must be made from space vehicles. In this article some scientific objectives of a programme in ultraviolet astronomy are considered, and a review made of the types of space vehicles and attitude control systems employed. A brief discussion is made of some recent results and their interpretation.     

单分子物理与化学的新进展

本文对新兴边缘学科-单分子物理与化学的一些研究进展进行简要综述。在对单分子科学中几类基本实验技术如扫描隧道显微术和光镊技术等作了简要介绍之后,重点评述了单分子实验技术和研究方法在物理、化学、生物和分子电子学等学科领域的应用和影响。基于扫描隧道显微术和电子结构计算,列举了最近几个关于单分子高分辨表征、单分子器件和单分子量子调控等方面的研究实例。最后对单分子物理与化学的发展前景进行了展望。     

Fokker-Planck equation for interacting waves: Dispersion law renormalization and wave turbulence

The multiple timescale method for removing secularities is used to generate the Fokker-Planck (“FP”) equation for a system of interacting waves. This FP equation describes diffusion in the phase space of the angle, as well as the action, variables of all underlying modes. The first moment of the FP equation gives a kinetic (or Boltzmann-type) equation governing the averaged actions, and describing the diffusion of action in time. Angle diffusion leads to a renormalization of the dispersion law. Stationary solutions for the average action (or so-called spectral intensity) are derived for equilibrium and for the driven off-equilibrium state corresponding to a cascade of wave energy from low to high frequencies (wave turbulence). The reduced distribution function for these states is derived.The derivation of the FP equation from the Liouville equation, as well as the derivation of the kinetic equation from the FP equation, requires that the distribution of modes be sufficiently dense. In this limit, cumulants that are initially zero increase at a rate that is thermodynamically sm all. A Langevin equation, governing the evolution of a distinguished oscillator, that is applicable even in off-equilibrium conditions, is derived. The concept of winding numbers is extended to the general phase space motion of action-angle variables through the introduction of a multiple-valued probability density.     

Test of the equivalence principle in space

Summary Any violation of the equivalence principle (EP) between test masses in the near-Earth orbit is about 500 times bigger than on the ground, which makes the case for a space experiment very strong. Indeed, ESA and NASA (the European Space Agency and the American National Aeronautics and Space Administration) are currently studying at Phase A level the space mission STEP, whose main goal is to test the universality of free fall to 1 part in 10¹⁷ by means of a combination of very advanced technologies (drag free with proportional thrusters, superfluid-He temperature, SQUID sensors). We discuss the key features of STEP as well as some novel ideas about the possibility of testing the equivalence principle at room temperature in a non-drag-free satellite. Paper presented at the 6th Cosmic Physics National Conference, Palermo, 3–7 November 1992.