光催化CO2还原的超薄层状催化剂

The acceleration of industrialization and the continuous upgradation of consumption structure has increased the atmospheric content of CO₂ far beyond the past levels, leading to a serious global environmental problem. Photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ is one of the most promising methods to solve the problem of rising atmospheric CO₂ content. The core of this technology is to develop efficient, environment-friendly, and affordable photocatalysts. A photocatalyst is a semiconductor that can absorb photons from sunlight and produce electron-hole pairs to initiate a redox reaction. Owing to their low specific surface areas, significant electron-hole recombination, and less surface-active sites, bulk photocatalysts are not satisfactory. Ultrathin layered materials have shown great potential for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction owing to their characteristics of large specific surface area, a large number of low-coordination surface atoms, short transfer distance from the inside to the catalyst surface, along with other advantages. Photoexcited electrons only need to cover a short distance to transfer to the nanowafer surface, and the speed of migrating electrons on the nanowafer surface is much higher than that in the layers or in the bulk catalyst. The ultrathin structure leads to significant coordinative unsaturation and even vacancy defects in the lattice structure of the atoms; while the former can be used as active sites for CO₂ adsorption and reaction, the latter can improve the separation of the electron-hole pair. This review summarizes the latest developments in ultrathin layered photocatalysts for CO₂ reduction. First, the photocatalytic reduction mechanism of CO₂ is introduced briefly, and the factors governing product selectivity are explained. Second, the existing catalysts, such as g-C₃N₄, black phosphorus (BP), graphene oxide (GO), metal oxide, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), perovskite, BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I), layered double hydroxide (LDH), 2D-MOF, MXene, and two-dimensional honeycomb-like Ge―Si alloy compounds (gersiloxenes), are classified. In addition, the prevalent preparation methods are summarized, including mechanical stripping, gas stripping, liquid stripping, chemical etching, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), template method, self-assembly of surfactant, and the intermediate precursor method of lamellar Bi-oleate complex. Finally, we introduced the strategy of improving photocatalyst performance on the premise of maintaining its layered structure, including the factors of thickness adjustment, doping, structural defects, composite, etc. The future opportunities and challenges of ultrathin layered photocatalysts for the reduction of carbon dioxide have also been proposed.     

Bi2MoO6纳米薄膜的制备及其光电性能

采用非晶态配合物法在ITO导电玻璃上制备了Bi2MoO6薄膜. 采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、激光拉曼光谱(LRS)、紫外-可见漫反射谱(DRS)、光电流响应谱、光电转换量子效率(IPCE)等技术研究了Bi2MoO6薄膜的制备工艺、形貌、结构与薄膜光电性能的关系. 结果表明, 500 ℃、1 h焙烧后的Bi2MoO6薄膜为γ-Bi2MoO6晶相, 沿(131)晶面方向生长, 薄膜厚度约为69 nm. 随着焙烧温度的升高和焙烧时间的延长, Bi2MoO6薄膜的平均颗粒度增大, 并且在525 ℃焙烧出现β-Bi2MoO6和γ’-Bi2MoO6晶相. Bi2MoO6薄膜具有可见光响应活性, 在可见光照射下可以产生光电流, 优化条件下的Bi2MoO6薄膜在400 nm的光电转换量子效率可以达到2.14%. 薄膜的光电响应和光电转换量子效率受薄膜形貌及结晶状态影响, 可以通过控制薄膜的制备条件来提高薄膜的光电转换量子效率.     

W(V)掺杂MoO3微纳米片的静电纺丝制备及光催化活性

采用静电纺丝技术结合溶胶过程制备W(V)掺杂的PVP/(NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O前躯体,经缓慢控温焙烧前躯体,600℃时获得结晶度良好的MoO3及Mo0.97W(V)0.03O3-δ微纳米片.通过热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、X-射线粉末衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)和紫外-可见分光光度计(UV-Vis)等表征手段研究W(V)掺杂对MoO3微纳米片晶体生长和结构的影响;以亚甲基蓝(MB)的光降解为模型反应研究其光催化性能.结果表明,热处理温度600℃时生成的Mo0.97W(V)0.03O3-δ纳米片光催化活性最好.     

ZnCuAl-LDH/Bi2MoO6纳米复合材料的构建及其可见光催化降解性能

In this study, pure Bi₂MoO₆ was synthesized via a solvothermal method. A ZnCuAl-layered double hydroxide (LDH)/Bi₂MoO₆ (denoted as LDH/Bi₂MoO₆) nanocomposite was synthesized via a steady-state co-precipitation route using Bi₂MoO₆ as the matric material. LDH was deposited on the surface of Bi₂MoO₆ with a close contact interface. The specific surface area of the resulting LDH/Bi₂MoO₆ composite increased up to 19.1 m²∙g⁻¹ owing to the stacking arrangement between LDH and the Bi₂MoO₆ nanosheets, resulting in the generation of a large number of reactive sites. In addition, the light absorption region of the LDH/Bi₂MoO₆ composite was larger than those of pure LDH and Bi₂MoO₆ because of the formation of a heterojunction structure and the possible quantum size effect. The photocatalytic performance of the as-prepared samples was evaluated by carrying out the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) using them under visible light irradiation. Compared to pure LDH and Bi₂MoO₆, the LDH/Bi₂MoO₆ nanocomposite exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity for the degradation of RhB. With an increase in the LDH content, the photocatalytic activity of the LDH/Bi₂MoO₆ composite first increased and then decreased. Although the addition of an optimum amount of LDH was beneficial for the generation of electron-hole pairs, excessive LDH on the surface of Bi₂MoO₆ decreased the visible light absorption ability of both the components, thus reducing photocatalytic activity of the composite. This indicates that an appropriate LDH:Bi₂MoO₆ molar ratio is necessary for obtaining LDH/Bi₂MoO₆ composites with excellent photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, the LDH/Bi₂MoO₆ composite showed high photocatalytic stability and reusability. The structure of the LDH/Bi₂MoO₆ composite remained almost unchanged even after four photodegradation cycles. The enhanced photocatalytic performance of the composite can be attributed to the combined effect of its heterojunction structure and high specific surface area, which are beneficial for effective separation of photogenerated charge carriers and the availability of a large number of active sites for photocatalysis. It was found that •OH and O₂^•− were the main reactive species, while e⁻ and h⁺ contributed little to the photodegradation process. The generation, transfer, and separation of photoinduced electrons and holes in the composites were investigated by transient photocurrent responses, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Nyquist plots, and photoluminescence measurements. The results showed that the heterojunction structure of the composites played a key role in enhancing their photocatalytic activity. A possible photodegradation mechanism was proposed for the composite. This study will provide a facile approach for the preparation of LDH- and/or Bi₂MoO₆-based nanocomposites. The LDH/Bi₂MoO₆ nanocomposite prepared in this study showed huge potential to be used as a visible-light photocatalyst for degrading environmental pollutants.     

g-C3N4表面改性及其光催化制H2与CO2还原研究进展

Solar energy is the largest renewable energy source in the world and the primary energy source of wind energy, tidal energy, biomass energy, and fossil fuel. Photocatalysis technology is a sunlight-driven chemical reaction process on the surface of photocatalysts that can generate H₂ from water, decompose organic contaminants, and reduce CO₂ into organic fuels. As a metal-free polymeric material, graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) has attracted significant attention because of its special band structure, easy fabrication, and low costs. However, some bottlenecks still limit its photocatalytic performance. To date, numerous strategies have been employed to optimize the photoelectric properties of g-C₃N₄, such as element doping, functional group modification, and construction of heterojunctions. Remarkably, these modification strategies are strongly associated with the surface behavior of g-C₃N₄, which plays a key role in efficient photocatalytic performance. In this review, we endeavor to provide a comprehensive summary of g-C₃N₄-based photocatalysts prepared through typical surface modification strategies (surface functionalization and construction of heterojunctions) and elaborate their special light-excitation and response mechanism, photo-generated carrier transfer route, and surface catalytic reaction in detail under visible-light irradiation. Moreover, the potential applications of the surface-modified g-C₃N₄-based photocatalysts for photocatalytic H₂ generation and reduction of CO₂ into fuels are summarized. Finally, based on the current research, the key challenges that should be further studied and overcome are highlighted. The following are the objectives that future studies need to focus on: (1) Although considerable effort has been made to develop a surface modification strategy for g-C₃N₄, its photocatalytic efficiency is still too low to meet industrial application standards. The currently obtained solar-to‑hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency of g-C₃N₄ for H₂ generation is approximately 2%, which is considerably lower than the commercial standards of 10%. Thus, the regulation of the surface/textural properties and electronic band structure of g-C₃N₄ should be further elucidated to improve its photocatalytic performance. (2) Significant challenges remain in the design and construction of g-C₃N₄-based S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts by facile, low-cost, and reliable methods. To overcome the limitations of conventional heterojunctions thoroughly, a promising S-scheme heterojunction photocatalytic system was recently reported. The study further clarifies the charge transfer route and mechanism during the catalytic process. Thus, the rational design and synthesis of g-C₃N₄-based S-scheme heterojunctions will attract extensive scientific interest in the next few years in this field. (3) First-principle calculation is an effective strategy to study the optical, electrical, magnetic, and other physicochemical properties of surface strategy modified g-C₃N₄, providing important information to reveal the charge transfer path and intrinsic catalytic mechanism. As a result, density functional theory (DFT) computation will be paid increasing attention and widely applied in surface-modified g-C₃N₄-based photocatalysts.     

原位制备氧化钛/氮掺杂石墨烯空心球光催化剂及其光催化CO2还原性能研究

利用光催化技术将二氧化碳转化为化学燃料是缓解温室效应以及能源危机的理想途径之一.因此,开发高效的光催化剂是当务之急.氧化钛由于具有优异的物理化学稳定性、成本低廉、无毒性以及环境友好等优点,近年来被广泛关注.此外,空心球结构光催化剂具有短的载流子扩散距离、良好的光散射性以及较大的比表面积等优点,从而成为光催化二氧化碳还原最有潜力的候选材料.但纯的氧化钛空心球由于较快的光生载流子复合速率从而导致低的光催化效率.因此,为了应对这一挑战,我们尝试在氧化钛空心球表面负载助催化剂用以促进光生载流子的分离,从而提高光催化二氧化碳还原转换效率.在各种助催化剂中,贵金属被证明是有效的.然而,高成本以及稀缺性限制了贵金属的广泛应用.因此,有必要设计成本低廉的助催化剂替代品.石墨烯以其优异的导电性、较大的功函数以及来源丰富而备受关注.当石墨烯与n型半导体光催化剂结合在一起时,能够显著促进光生电子从半导体光催化剂向石墨烯的定向迁移,从而有效地抑制光生电子与空穴的复合.当石墨烯中掺杂氮元素时,石墨烯骨架中的电子密度会进一步提高,同时,氮原子中的孤对电子更加有利于石墨烯骨架中的电子传输.此外,氮掺杂石墨烯中不同的氮位点(吡啶氮、吡咯氮和石墨氮)作为路易斯碱位点,能够用以二氧化碳分子的吸附以及活化.然而,迄今为止,最常用的制备半导体/氮掺杂石墨烯纳米复合光催化剂的方法是在氮掺杂石墨烯表面生长半导体光催化剂.所制备的光催化剂与氮掺杂石墨烯之间界面接触有限,不利于光生载流子的快速传递与分离.此外,助催化剂和光催化剂之间建立高质量的界面接触可以有效地抑制光生电子与空穴的复合.因此,有必要绕开传统制备方法的弊端,从而设计与光催化剂之间具有大的接触面积和紧密的界面接触以及具有丰富活性位点的高质量氮掺杂石墨烯助催化剂.本文提出了一种新的策略,以吡啶为氮掺杂石墨烯的前驱体,通过化学气相沉积方法在氧化钛空心球表面原位生长超薄氮掺杂石墨烯层(1～2层).此外,在高温状态下,吡啶分子脱氢生成具有优异扩散性质的脱氢吡啶自由基气相分子,随着反应的进行,氧化钛表面的每个纳米颗粒基元表面都能够与吡啶分子充分接触,从而保障两者之间大面积以及紧密的界面接触.光催化二氧化碳还原性能测试结果表明,优化后的氧化钛/氮掺杂石墨烯空心球纳米复合材料的二氧化碳光催化总转化率(一氧化碳、甲醇和甲烷的总产率)为18.11 μmol g-1 h-1,是空白氧化钛空心球的4.6倍和商业P25的10.7倍.高分辨透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱以及拉曼光谱结果表明,成功构建了氧化钛与氮掺杂石墨烯之间紧密接触的界面.同时,氮掺杂石墨烯的引入能够显著增强复合光催化剂的表面光热效应以及氧化钛与氮掺杂石墨烯界面肖特基势垒的形成均有助于促进光催化二氧化碳还原反应的进行.因此,本文为石墨烯基光助催化剂的原位构建提供了一种行之有效的策略.     

棒状金属有机框架结构PCN-222(Cu)/TiO2复合材料的制备及其高效光催化CO2还原性能

The photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ has attracted considerable attention owing to the dual suppression of environmental pollution and energy shortage. The technology uses solar energy to convert carbon dioxide into hydrocarbon fuel, which is of great significance for achieving the carbon cycle. The development of low-cost photocatalytic materials is critical to achieving efficient solar energy to fuels conversion. One of the most commonly employed photocatalysts is TiO₂. However, it suffers from broad band gap as well as the recombination of photo-excited holes and electron. Hence, in this work, we report the photochemical reduction of CO₂ using rod-like PCN-222(Cu)/TiO₂ composites as photocatalyst through a simple hydrothermal method, in which TiO₂ nanoparticles are anchored at the interface of the SiC rod PCN-222(Cu). Multiple characterization techniques were used to analyze the structure, morphology, and properties of the PCN-222(Cu)/TiO₂ composite. A series of characterizations including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, photo-electrochemical, and photoluminescence (PL) confirm the successful preparation of PCN-222(Cu)/TiO₂ composites. SEM reveals that the TiO₂ nanoparticles are uniformly distributed on the surface of the rod-shaped PCN-222(Cu)/TiO₂. XRD results show that PCN-222(Cu) and PCN-222(Cu)/TiO₂ composite photocatalysts with good crystal structure were successfully synthesized. According to the DRS results, the prepared PCN-222(Cu)/TiO₂ composite samples exhibit characteristic absorption peaks of metalloporphyrins in the visible region. PL spectroscopy, transient photocurrent response, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy further confirm that the rod-like PCN-222(Cu)/TiO₂ samples have high electron-hole pair separation efficiency. By controlling the mass ratio of PCN-222(Cu) and TiO₂, the photocatalytic CO₂ reduction performance test shows that the 10% PCN-222(Cu)/TiO₂ composite achieves optimal catalytic performance, yielding 13.24 μmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹ CO and 1.73 μmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹ CH₄, respectively. All the rod-like PCN-222(Cu)/TiO₂ composites exhibit better photocatalytic CO₂ activity than that of TiO₂ nanoparticles or PCN-222(Cu) under the illumination of xenon lamps, which is attributed to charge transport and electron-hole separation capabilities. After three test cycles, the catalytic activity of PCN-222(Cu)/TiO₂ photocatalyst was virtually unchanged. The reduction yield of the catalyst increased for 8 h under continuous illumination, indicating that PCN-222(Cu)/TiO₂ composites have acceptable stability. The estimation of the band gap curve and the Mote-Schottky curve test show that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital position of PCN-222(Cu) is more negative than the TiO₂ of the conduction band; hence, a possible photocatalytic reaction mechanism of the PCN-222(Cu)/TiO₂ composite is proposed. This study provides a new strategy for the integration of metal-organic frameworks and oxide semiconductors to construct efficient photocatalytic systems.     

离子交换法制备高光催化活性Bi2WO6@Bi2S3异质结纳米片

社会经济快速发展的同时, 也带来了日益严峻的环境污染问题. 半导体光催化氧化技术因节能环保而在环境领域有广阔的应用前景. 作为最具有代表性的半导体光催化材料, TiO2因为其禁带宽度(3.2 eV)比较大, 只能被紫外光激发, 因而对太阳能的利用率较低. 作为一种最简单的含铋层状氧化物, Bi2WO6的禁带宽度(2.7 eV)相对较小, 可以部分利用太阳光中的可见光, 因而受到广大研究者的青睐. 但是, Bi2WO6光催化材料的可见光响应范围较窄, 仅能被波长小于450 nm的光激发, 且激发后的光生载流子容易复合, 导致光催化效率不高. 因此, 迫切需要对Bi2WO6光催化材料进行结构修饰与改性,采用拓展其光响应范围和抑制载流子复合, 来提高其光催化活性.本文采用离子交换法原位合成了具有核-壳结构的Bi2S3@Bi2WO6纳米片, 充分利用Bi2S3优良的可见光响应性能和半导体异质结光催化剂的构建, 来提高Bi2WO6的光催化活性. 结果表明, 随着Na2S·9H2O用量从0增加到1.5 g, 所得催化剂的光活性不断提高, X3B的降解速率常数由0.40×10-3min-1增加到6.6×10-3min-1, 催化剂活性提高了16.5倍. 当进一步增加Na2S·9H2O的用量时(1.5-3.0 g), 复合催化剂的光活性下降. 这是由于过多Na2S·9H2O的引入导致在催化剂表面生成了没有光活性的NaBiS2层(Bi2S3+ Na2S = 2NaBiS2), 占据了催化剂的活性位点, 阻碍了染料分子与催化剂的直接接触. Bi2WO6@Bi2S3异质结纳米片光活性的提高, 可归因于Bi2S3的敏化作用极大拓展了复合催化剂的光响应范围; 另一方面, Bi2WO6和Bi2S3两者之间的半导体异质结效应有效促进了光生载流子在空间的有效分离, 抑制了光生电子-空穴的复合, 从而提高了复合催化剂的催化效率. 本研究为其他半导体复合材料的原位生长制备提供了新的思路.     

亚硫酸盐协助中空Bi2WO6微球的光催化性能

本文利用亚硫酸盐与Bi2WO6协同作用,有效地提升其光催化活性。以甲基橙和抗生素环丙沙星(CIP)作为被降解物对该体系的光催化降解性能和机理进行了研究。结果表明:光催化活性增强主要原因为亚硫酸盐能与Bi2WO6的光生空穴及羟基自由基反应,不仅能生成新的活性物质亚硫酸自由基(SO3^2-),还能促进Bi2WO6光生电子—空穴对的分离。此外,还考察了催化剂的用量、和污染物的浓度对该体系光催化性能的影响。     

Selective Production of Secondary Amine by the Photocatalytic Cascade Reaction Between Nitrobenzene and Benzyl Alcohol over Nanostructured Bi2MoO6 and Pd Nanoparticles Decorated with Bi2MoO6

The synthesis of secondary amine by the photoalkylation of nitrobenzene with benzyl alcohol using a simple light source and sunlight is a challenging task. Herein, a one-pot cascade protocol is employed to synthesize secondary amine by the reaction between nitrobenzene and benzyl alcohol. The one-pot cascade protocol involves four reactions: (a) photocatalytic reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline, (b) photocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde, (c) reaction between aniline and benzaldehyde to form imine, and (d) photocatalytic reduction of imine to a secondary amine. The cascade protocol to synthesize secondary amine is accomplished using Bi₂MoO₆ and Pd nanoparticles decorated Bi₂MoO₆ catalysts. The surface characteristics, oxidation states, and elemental compositions of the materials are characterized by several physicochemical characterization techniques. Optoelectronic and photoelectrochemical measurements are carried out to determine the bandgap, band edge potentials, photocurrents, charge carrier's separation, etc. An excellent yield of secondary amine is achieved with simple household white LED bulbs. The catalyst also exhibits similar or even better activity in sunlight. The structure-activity relationship is established using catalytic activity data, control reactions, physicochemical, optoelectronic characteristics, and scavenging studies. Bi₂MoO₆ and Pd nanoparticles decorated Bi₂MoO₆ exhibit excellent photostability and recyclability. The simple catalyst design with a sustainable and economical light source for the synthesis of useful secondary amine from the nitrobenzene and benzyl alcohol would attract the researchers to develop similar catalytic protocols for other industrially important chemicals.     

Fe (III)‐grafted Bi2MoO6 nanoplates for enhanced photocatalytic activities on tetracycline degradation and HMF oxidation

Fe (III)‐grafted Bi₂MoO₆ nanoplates (Fe (III)/BMO) with varying small quantity of Fe (III) clusters modification were fabricated through a simple hydrothermal and impregnation process. The characterization results indicate that the modification of Fe (III) clusters on the surface of Bi₂MoO₆ nanoplates with intimate interfacial contact is beneficial to the expansion of visible light absorption range and the separation of photoinduced carriers during the interface charge transfer process. The photocatalytic properties of the samples were studied by degradation of tetracycline (TC) and selective aerobic oxidation of biomass‐derived chemical 5‐hydroxymethylfuraldehyde (HMF) under visible light. The 1.5 wt% Fe (III) clusters‐grafted Bi₂MoO₆ nanoplates exhibited optimum photocatalytic activity, which is the TC degradation kinetic rate constant is 5.3 times higher than that of bare BMO, and the highest HMF conversion of 32.62% can be obtained with a selectivity of 95.30%. Furthermore, a possible visible light photocatalysis mechanism over Fe (III)/BMO sample has been proposed. This study may supply some insight for the development of visible‐light‐driven Bi₂MoO₆‐based photocatalysts applicable to both environmental remediation and biomass‐derived chemical transformation.     

网状钼酸铋的可见光催化活性

采用无助剂、无模板的水热法成功合成网状Bi2MoO6. pH值对这一形貌的形成起重要作用. 所制备的网状Bi2MoO6样品表现出优异的可见光催化活性,其光催化活性比固相法合成的块状Bi2MoO6样品高得多.     

Facile Synthesis of Bi2MoO6 Nanosheets@Nitrogen and Sulfur Codoped Graphene Composites for Sodium-ion Batteries

Recently,sodium-ion batteries gradually become the promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries because of cost considerations.In this work,a kind of Bi2MoO6 nanosheets@N,S codoped graphene composite is designed and fabricated for sodium storage applications.Detailed characterizations are employed to investigate its morphology,structure and chemical compositions.When evaluated as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries,the as-prepared composite is able to display a specific capacity of 254 mA·h/g after 50 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A/g,and 186 mA·h/g at 1.6 A/g during the rate capability test.As a result,the further morphology and structure optimization is still required for high performance sodium-ion batteries.     

溶剂热合成可调控氧空位的Bi2MoO6纳米晶及其光催化氧化制喹啉和抗生素降解

近年来,半导体光催化在环境净化和有机合成领域的研究引起了广泛的重视.其中,在有机合成领域中,光催化技术已经应用在醇类、环己烷以及芳香族化合物的选择性氧化研究.而另一类具有特殊结构的有机物——N-杂环芳烃,在药物化学和材料科学中具有重要意义.而传统用于合成N-杂化芳烃的脱氢催化氧化反应通常需要高温高压的苛刻环境,传统方法通常还需要使用贵金属催化剂,这也增加了N-杂化芳烃的合成成本;另外,如果合成是均相催化过程,则催化剂难以实现回收利用.因此,开发室温常压条件下的非贵金属多相光催化技术具有巨大的应用前景.本文以能够被可见光驱动的钼酸铋半导体为催化剂,利用氧缺陷策略来提升钼酸铋的光催化氧化性能.不同于传统氧缺陷制备方法(氢气还原热处理、离子掺杂等),本文采用一种低成本的乙二醛辅助溶剂热的方法合成具有可调控的含氧空位Bi₂MoO₆催化剂(OVBMO).通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜、透射电镜、紫外可见漫反射吸收光谱、氮气物理吸附脱附、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、电子自旋共振光谱、光致发光光谱及电化学测试等技术对制备的OVBMO材料进行了物理化学性质及能带研究.XPS,XRD,Raman和FT-IR结果表明,氧空位存在于[Bi₂O₂]²⁺和MoO₆八面体的层间.紫外可见漫反射结果表明,随着氧空位的引入,Bi₂MoO₆的光吸收范围扩大,带隙变窄.结合莫特肖特基和VBXPS分析获得OVBMO的能带位置,发现氧空位的存在不仅会导致禁带中出现缺陷带能级,还会导致价带顶位置上移,促进光生空穴的迁移.PL和电化学结果表明,氧空位的存在使得载流子浓度、载流子的分离能力与界面电荷迁移能力都有较大提升,这是因为氧空位引入的缺陷能级可以浅势捕获电子,抑制光催化剂中的电子与空穴的复合,改变化学反应的速率.同时,氧空位有助于捕获分子氧,分子氧与捕获的光生电子发生反应,产生更多的超氧自由基(·O₂)和空穴(h⁺),从而极大地提升光催化剂的氧化性能.因此,OVBMO在1,2,3,4-四氢喹啉脱氢氧化产生喹啉及系列抗生素(环丙沙星、四环素、盐酸土霉素)的降解反应中,表现出较好的光催化氧化性能.结合多种表征分析,本文还进一步阐明了OVBMO催化剂将1,2,3,4-四氢喹啉脱氢氧化为喹啉的自由基参与的多相催化反应机理.     

有机胺表面修饰的一维CdSe0.8S0.2-DETA/二维SnNb2O6S型异质结及其可见光光催化CO2还原性能

近年来,随着人口的增加,汽车尾气的排放和化石燃料的燃烧加剧,大气中的二氧化碳含量持续增加.光催化技术是根本上解决上述问题的有效方法之一.但目前光催化技术存在催化效率低、载流子易复合等缺点.二维SnNb₂O₆纳米片能够有效缩短光生电子从材料内部到材料表面的传输距离,减少电子和空穴在光催化剂中的复合.但SnNb₂O₆的带隙较宽,导致可见光吸收率较低,而且在单一的半导体材料中,强氧化还原能力和高可见光吸收能力难以共存.CdSe_xS_1-x-DETA是一种直接带隙半导体,在可见光范围内可调节带隙.为了提高SnNb₂O₆的光催化活性和光吸收范围,在两种半导体材料之间设计异质结是一种有效的方法.其中,梯型(S型)异质结可以有效促进光生电子-空穴对的分离和转移,并保持强大的氧化和还原能力,在有效降低电子空穴对的复合速率的同时,增强光催化剂的活性和稳定性.本文通过溶剂热法设计制备了S型Cd Se_0.8S_0.2-DETA/SnNb₂O₆异质结构材料,利用X射线衍射(XRD)可以观察到除Cd Se_0.8S_0.2-DETA和SnNb₂O₆物相外,没有其它组分.采用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜(TEM)进一步观察了光催化剂的结构和形貌,结果表明,一维的Cd Se_0.8S_0.2-DETA生长在二维SnNb₂O₆纳米片上;能谱分析也证实该催化剂仅包含Cd Se_0.8S_0.2-DETA和SnNb₂O₆中的元素,无其它杂质;TEM的晶格条纹进一步表明两种物质是复合在一起的,不是机械的混合物.紫外可见光漫反射光谱(UV-Vis)结果表明,Cd Se_0.8S_0.2-DETA和SnNb₂O₆的吸收带边分别为1.71和2.52 e V.随着复合样品中Cd Se_0.8S_0.2-DETA含量的增加,其可见光吸收范围增大.光电流和阻抗响应图谱表明,Cd Se_0.8S_0.2-DETA/SnNb₂O₆复合材料具有较高的光响应和较低的阻抗,有利于电子空穴的运输.光催化CO₂还原测试结果表明,30%Cd Se_0.8S_0.2-DETA/SnNb₂O₆催化CO₂还原生成CO的产率(17.31μmol·g^-1·h^-1)最高,分别是SnNb₂O₆(6.2μmol·g^-1·h^-1)和Cd Se_0.8S_0.2-DETA(3.6μmol·g^-1·h^-1)的2.8倍和4.8倍.XRD测试结果表明,反应后光催化剂的与新鲜光催化剂的衍射峰基本相符.催化剂经过4次循环测试后催化性能基本稳定,说明光催化剂具有较好的稳定性.XPS表征结果显示,相对于纯的Cd Se_0.8S_0.2-DETA与SnNb₂O₆,复合材料中Cd,Se与S的结合能降低,周围的电子密度增大,而复合材料中Sn,Nb与O的结合能增加,周围的电子密度降低,这表明电子从SnNb₂O₆到Cd Se_0.8S_0.2-DETA的转移路径遵循S型异质结机理.综上,本文提供了一种简单的制备S型光催化方法,可以优化能带结构以促进光生载流子的分离,从而实现高效率的二氧化碳还原.     

新型间接Z字结型g-C3N4/Bi2MoO6/Bi空心微球等离子共振增强光吸收和光催化性能（英文）

半导体光催化技术是目前最有前景的绿色化学技术,可通过利用太阳光降解污染物或制氢.作为有潜力的半导体催化剂,钼酸铋具有合适的带隙(2.58 eV).但是,由于低的量子产量,钼酸铋的光催化性能并不理想.为了提高钼酸铋的光催化性能,研究者多考虑采取构造异质结的方式.石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)能带位置合适,与多种光催化半导体能带匹配,是构造异质结的常用选择.因此,本文选用g-C3N4与钼酸铋复合,构造异质结结构.为了进一步提高光催化性能,多采用负载贵金属(Pt,Au和Pd)作为助催化剂,利用贵金属特有的等离子共振效应,增加光吸收,促进载流子分离,但贵金属价格昂贵.Bi金属单质价格便宜,具备等效的等离子共振效应,是理想的贵金属替代物.钼酸铋可以采取原位还原的方式还原出Bi单质,构造更紧密的界面结构,更有利于载流子传输.Bi的等离子共振效应可以有效提高材料的光吸收能力和光生载流子分离率.本文采用溶剂热和原位还原方法成功合成了一种新型三元异质结结构g-C3N4/Bi2MoO6/Bi(CN/BMO/Bi)空心微球.结果显示,三元异质结结构的最佳配比为0.4CN/BMO/9Bi,该样品表现出最好的光催化降解罗丹明B效率,是纯钼酸铋的9倍.通过计算DRS和XPS的价带数据,0.4CN/BMO/9Bi是一种Z字型异质结.牺牲试剂实验也提供了Z字型异质结的有力证据,测试显示超氧自由基·O^2-(在-0.33 eV)是光催化降解的主要基团.但是,钼酸铋的导带位置低于-0.33 eV,g-C3N4的导带高于-0.33 eV,因此g-C3N4的导带是唯一的反应位点,从而证明了光生载流子的转移是通过Z字型异质结结构实现的.TEM图显示金属Bi分散在钼酸铋表面.DRS和PL图分析表明金属Bi增加了材料的光吸收能力,同时扮演了中间介质的角色,促进钼酸铋导带的电子和g-C3N4价带的空穴快速复合.因此,g-C3N4/Bi2MoO6/Bi的优异光催化性能主要归功于Z字型异质结和Bi金属的等离子共振吸收效应,提高了材料的光吸收能力和光生载流子分离率.     

ZnIn2S4@CNO多级纳米片用于光催化分解水制氢和还原CO2（英文）

光催化分解水制氢和还原CO2是太阳能利用领域的研究热点,对清洁能源的转化具有重要意义.石墨相氮化碳(CN)作为一种非金属半导体,是一种非常有开发潜力的光催化材料.然而限于其聚合物本质,光催化效率仍有待进一步提高.原位非金属掺杂可以利用元素电子结构调控电荷分布,优化光生电荷传输性能.同时,半导体复合,尤其是2D层状复合结构的构筑,可充分发挥2D半导体的优势,合适的能带交错有利于光生电荷的传输,可在一定程度上加速催化反应的进行.本文首先以草酸为氧掺杂源,采用二步煅烧法合成氧掺杂氮化碳纳米片催化剂(CNO).在二次煅烧和氧掺杂共同作用下,增大了CN层间距和多孔性,颗粒尺寸减小,同时增强了对光的吸光性,拓展了可见光吸收范围.接下来采用一步水热合成法得到ZnIn2S4@CNO(ZC)复合材料,在可见光照射下通过分解水制氢和CO2还原反应对复合材料进行光催化还原性能评价.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、荧光光谱(PL)、光电化学测试等方法对ZC进行详细的结构表征和分析.XRD和XPS结果表明,经过一步直接水热可得到层状ZC复合材料,高倍TEM进一步证实二者形成均一的2D异质复合材料.N2-吸附-脱附曲线表明,复合材料具有较大的比表面积和均一的孔结构分布,主要得益于O掺杂CNO纳米片的多孔性结构.光电性质测试结果表明,相比于CNO,复合材料具有降低的荧光发射强度和延长的荧光寿命,表明复合产物显著抑制了光生电荷的复合.电化学测试进一步表明,复合异质结的构筑有利于光生载流子的产生,同时降低了界面电荷转移电阻,提高了电荷迁移速率.因此,多孔2D异质结构的构筑对促进CN基半导体光催化还原具有重要作用.在可见光照射下(λ>400 nm),复合材料表现出优异的光催化还原性能,且随着CNO含量的增加催化活性不断提高,其中ZC 40%(CNO质量比40%)具有最佳的催化活性,其产氢速率达188.4μmol/h,约是ZnIn2S4和CNO的2.1倍.同时,光催化还原CO2测试表明,复合材料具有显著提高的CO和CH4产率,其中CO为主要反应产物.ZC40%的CO产生速率为12.69μmol/h,分别是ZnIn2S4和CNO的2.2倍和14.0倍.对催化剂进行连续光反应,结果表明,复合催化剂具有优异的结构稳定性和活性稳定性,能够持续发生光还原反应制取H2和CO.     

Pr掺杂Bi_2MoO_6/TiO_2复合纳米纤维的制备及可见光催化性能

以电纺TiO_2纳米纤维为基质,采用溶剂热法制备了稀土Pr掺杂Bi_2MoO_6/TiO_2复合纳米纤维,利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、紫外-可见-近红外分光光度计和荧光光谱仪等对不同样品的物相、形貌和光学性能等进行表征,以甲基橙为模拟有机污染物,考察了样品的光催化性能.结果表明,在复合样品中,Pr~(3+)进入Bi_2MoO_6晶格,部分取代Bi~(3+)形成施主能级,导致能级带隙变窄,不仅有利于提高样品的可见光催化活性,抑制光生电子-空穴对复合,而且还提高了Bi_2MoO_6/TiO_2的光催化活性和稳定性.当Pr的掺杂量为3%(摩尔分数)时,光催化降解甲基橙的效果最佳,可见光照射180 min时降解率达到93.8%,比纯Bi_2MoO_6/TiO_2的降解率有明显提高.