3-甲基-2-戊烯-4-炔醛的合成新方法

化合物3-甲基-2-戊烯-4-炔-1-醛两端均为活性官能团,在分子连接及成环反应中能够起到非常重要的作用,是合成轮烯酮[1-7],脱落酸[8]和二苯基二苯并环辛烯[9]等的重要中间体.     

非晶态Co-P-B催化剂在1-辛烯氢甲酰化反应中的应用

通过化学还原法制备了不同Co/P和P/B摩尔比的Co-P-B非晶态催化剂. 采用XRD, ICP-Mass和氮气吸附-脱附等温线对催化剂的性质进行了表征. 在5.0 MPa和120 ℃条件下, 以1-辛烯的氢甲酰化为模型反应, 对Co-P-B催化剂的活性进行了评价, 并与Co-B及Co-P催化剂进行了比较. 结果表明, 非晶态Co-P-B催化剂对1-辛烯氢甲酰化反应具有良好的活性和选择性. 催化剂中P, B和Co的摩尔比、结构及比表面积等性质影响催化剂的活性和选择性, 添加适量的P有助于提高转化率和选择性. 在Co-P-B(Co摩尔分数为85.4%, P摩尔分数为3.3%)催化剂上, 1-辛烯的转化率为97.2%, C9-醛的选择性达到99.5%.     

硅胶键合膦的制备及其对铑络合物催化1-辛烯氢甲酰化反应的影响

以硅胶为载体, 采用键合接枝法将2-(二苯膦基)乙基三乙氧基硅烷(DPPES)共价键合于硅胶表面, 制备了性能优良的硅胶键合型膦配体(以SiO₂(PPh₂)表示). 以SiO₂(PPh₂)为配体, Rh(acac)(CO)₂ (acac:乙酰丙酮)为催化前体, 负载铑膦络合物催化剂(SiO₂(PPh₂)/Rh)在1-辛烯氢甲酰化反应中原位生成. 对生成的负载型催化剂和硅胶键合型膦配体进行了傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱表征, 考察了膦/铑摩尔浓度比([P]/[Rh])、温度等因素对铑催化的长链1-辛烯氢甲酰化反应的影响. 结果表明, 膦/铑摩尔浓度比的增加能显著提高反应的成醛选择性, 降低铑的流失. 在[P]/[Rh]=12、363 K、2.0 MPa、1.5 h 的温和反应条件下, 1-辛烯转化率和成醛选择性分别可达98.4%和95.3%, 其催化活性与DPPES或三苯基膦(TPP)作配体时的均相铑催化相近. 催化剂循环4 次后, 反应活性无明显下降, 1-辛烯转化率均在97.0%左右, 经电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)检测,有机相中铑流失低于0.1%.     

1,3-二烯烃的羰基化反应研究进展

1,3-丁二烯是石脑油裂解过程C_4馏分中最主要的组分,通过羰基化反应合成的下游产品己二醛、己二酸、己二酸二甲酯在尼龙、增塑剂、医药中间体等的生产上有重要应用.但是如何高效高化学/区域选择性合成这类高附加值产品一直是有机化学研究以及工业化生产的难题.综述了近年来1,3-二烯类化合物(特别是1,3-丁二烯)发生羰基化反应(氢甲酰化反应、氢酯化反应、氢羧基化反应)构建高附加值化学品的研究进展,并对该方法存在的难点以及未来发展方向进行了阐述和展望.     

4,4'',6,6''-四甲氧基-2,2''-二(二苯膦基)-1,1''-联吡啶(P-Phos)铑配合物催化苯乙烯不对称氢甲酰化反应

不对称氢甲酰化反应是以烯烃为原料制备光学活性醛的一种简便有效方法,所获得的光学活性醛则是合成手性药物、农药和食品添加剂等高附加值产物的重要中间体[1],不对称氢甲酰化反应中使用的膦配体在溶液中通常都对氧气非常敏感,少许的氧气就会导致反应活性和对映选择性的大幅降低[2],所以要求实验操作条件非常苛刻。本文报道双膦配体(R) P Phos[4,4’,2’,6,6’ 四甲氧基 2,2’ 二(二苯膦基) 1,1’ 联吡啶]和催化剂前体Rh(acac)(CO)2原位形成的催化剂对苯乙烯不对称氢甲酰化反应的催化性能。考察了反应温度、压力、膦/铑比等对反应的…     

SiO_2负载的磺化三苯膦铑配合物催化高碳烯氢甲酰化及反应中的氘逆同位素效应

水溶性磺化三苯膦铑配合物担载在SiO_2表面制得的负载化水溶性Wilkinson催化剂具较大的比表面积,当1-己烯、1-辛烯、1-庚烯和十一烯酸甲酯等液态高碳烯烃在这种催化剂上于固定床加压流动态反应器中连续进行氢甲酰化催化反应时,产物醛的选择性98～100%,并可在适当过量配体存在下保持较高的催化活性.在这种催化剂上分别于CO用/H_2和CO/D_2气氛下进行烯烃氢甲酰化反应,可观察到显著的氘逆同位素效应.根据分析,初步认为酰基物中间体氢解反应可能是SiO_2负载的磺化三苯膦铑配合物催化剂上高碳烯氢甲酰化的速控步骤.     

不饱和醛选择性加氢高效催化剂的研究

不饱和醛的选择性加氢作为一类重要的精细化学品加工转化过程,在香精香料、药物食品生产、农产品加工等领域具有广泛应用。但是目前所应用催化剂的反应活性仍有待提高,需对催化剂进行进一步调控。本文总结了提高催化剂加氢选择性的三种策略,包括：改变金属活性位点的电子性质、增强金属活性位点与亲电位点之间的协同作用和利用结构效应来改变催化剂对于C=O键或C=C键的吸附能力和加氢活性。概括了氢源种类、反应溶剂、反应温度和氢气压力等反应条件对催化性能的影响。并归纳了不饱和醛选择性加氢有关的密度泛函理论计算、反应的动力学模型及反应中的构效关系。最后,讨论了不饱和醛选择性加氢催化剂面临的问题和挑战,并提出了可行的解决方案。     

高温水中2,3-二氢喹唑啉-4(1H)-酮衍生物的合成反应研究

为发展绿色化学,减少化学反应中有毒害溶剂的使用,本文以高温水为溶剂,在未使用任何有机溶剂及催化剂的条件下,以2-氨基苯甲酰胺与醛为底物,成功合成了2,3-二氢喹唑啉-4(1H)-酮衍生物。研究了反应温度、反应时间及芳环上取代基对反应的影响。在摩尔比1∶1、温度为130℃、反应时间1h的优化条件下,收率为32. 4%～85. 7%。     

Co/Al2O3催化剂上3-甲基-2-丁烯醛选择性加氢反应

3-甲基-2-丁烯醛(3-MeCal)是一种典型的α,β-不饱和醛,其C=O加氢产物3-甲基-2-丁烯醇(3-MeCol)作为重要的有机中间体,在医药、香料、农药等生产领域有着广泛的应用.我们采用沉积沉淀法制备了Co/Al2O3催化剂,将其应用于3-MeCal液相选择性加氢反应中,考察了反应温度、H2初始压力、催化剂焙烧温度和还原温度对3-MeCal选择性加氢反应的影响.发现反应温度为80℃,H2初始压力为1×106Pa下,加氢反应效果良好.通过H2-TPR与XRD表征了焙烧温度对催化剂的影响,发现适当焙烧温度能增强Co物种与载体Al2O3间作用力.焙烧温度为600℃,还原温度为550℃下制备的催化剂反应48 min后转化率为23.0%,3-MeCol选择性达到88.6%.制备的Co/Al2O3催化剂具有良好的磁性,在外磁场作用下可与液相反应体系实现高效分离,循环使用3次后,催化性能没有明显下降,表现出良好的循环使用性能.     

柠檬醛及中间体的合成

以异戊烯醛和异戊烯醇为原料,经异戊烯酸催化缩醛化反应得到3-甲基-2-丁烯醛二异戊烯基缩醛,再经磷酸二氢铵催化消除反应得到顺/反-异戊二烯基-3-甲基丁二烯醚,并进一步热重排获得柠檬醛。研究了缩醛化反应条件和消除反应条件对转化率的影响。结果表明,以0.3%异戊烯酸为酸性催化剂,70～75℃共沸脱水反应8 h,异戊烯醛的单程转化率达到63%～64%,处理后可得含量为97.5%的3-甲基-2-丁烯醛二异戊烯基缩醛,收率96.8%;以0.2%～0.5%磷酸二氢铵为催化剂,100～130℃,2.66 kPa下反应并及时将反应产物蒸出,处理后得到含量为95.9%的顺/反-异戊二烯基-3-甲基丁二烯醚,收率97.0%。顺/反-异戊二烯基-3-甲基丁二烯醚在120～130℃重排反应1 h,其反应产物柠檬醛含量97.5%,收率90.2%。     

Phosphabenzenes as monodentate pi-acceptor ligands for rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation

A new class of phosphinine/rhodium catalysts for the hydroformylation of terminal and internal alkenes is presented in this study. A series of phosphabenzenes 1-14 has been prepared by condensation of phosphane or tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphane with the corresponding pyrylium salt. Trans-[(phosphabenzene)2RhCl(CO)] complexes 21-25 have been prepared and studied spectroscopically and by X-ray crystal-structure analysis. The hydroformylation of oct-1-ene has been used to identify optimal catalyst preformation and reaction conditions. Hydroformylation studies with 15 monophosphabenzenes have been performed. The catalytic performance is dominated by steric influences, with the phosphabenzene 8/rhodium system being the most active catalyst. Turnover frequencies of up to 45370 h(-1) for the hydroformylation of oct-1-ene have been determined. In further studies, hydroformylation activity toward more highly substituted alkenes was investigated and compared with the standard industrial triphenylphosphane/rhodium catalyst. The reactivity differences between the phosphabenzene and the triphenylphosphane catalyst increase on going to the more highly substituted alkenes. Even tetrasubstituted alkenes reacted with the phosphabenzene catalyst, whereas the triphenylphosphane system failed to give any product. In situ pressure NMR experiments have been performed to identify the resting state of the catalyst. A monophosphabenzene complex [(phosphinine 8)Ir(CO)3H] could be detected as the predominant catalyst resting state.     

羰基铑簇合物衍生的多相烯烃氢甲酰化催化剂的性能及红外表征

在常压下,Rh_4(CO)_(12)或Rh_6(CO)_(16)簇合物衍生的Rh/SiO_2对乙烯,丙烯氯甲酰化反应表现出良好的催化活性和选择性,并有利于直线醛的形成.乙烯氢甲酰化体系的表面催化比活性与Rh分散性的关系表明.乙烯氢甲酰化反应具有结构敏感性,而乙烯加氢反应具有结构非敏感性,高分散的金属表面有利于主反应的选择性.通过红外光谱跟踪,发现表面Rh在反应气氛中显示零价.根据接触时间对催化反应的影响,推测多相烯烃氢甲酰化及加氢反应都在Ph~0活性中心上进行.另外,担载羰基铑簇合物的热分解红外研究结果指出,表面羰基化合物金属中心上的配位不饱和性对氢甲酰化催化活性似乎起着重要影响,簇合物只有完全脱羰才能提供高活性的催化中心.在反应气氛和CO气氛中,担载Rh_6(CO)_(16)表现出一致的热稳定性,说明反应气中的CO对稳定羰基物起着主导作用.     

Diastereoselective and enantiospecific synthesis of gamma-substituted alpha,beta-unsaturated nitriles from O-protected allylic cyanohydrins

gamma-Functionalized alpha,beta-unsaturated nitriles are prepared diastereoselectively and enantiospecifically from enantioenriched cyanohydrin-O-phosphates and carbonates derived from alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes, either by palladium or iridium-catalyzed nucleophilic allylic substitution reactions with different nucleophiles. Appropriate reaction conditions for dibenzylamine, benzylamine, sodium azide, NaOAc, tetra-n-butylammonium acetate (TBAA), the corresponding sodium salts of phenol and N-hydroxysuccinimide and the carbonucleophile sodium dimethyl malonate are described. Different substituted O-protected cyanohydrins, such as carbonates and phosphates, derived from crotonaldehyde, (E)-hex-2-enal, oct-2-enal, 2-methylbut-2-enal, and cinnamaldehyde are used as allylic substrates. The substitution takes place with total retention of the configuration for the (E)-gamma-functionalized nitriles and with inversion of the configuration for the Z-isomers. In general, cyanohydrin-O-phosphates are the materials of choice to get the highest E-diastereoselectivity. Dibenzylamine is the best nucleophile for the synthesis of gamma-nitrogenated alpha,beta-unsaturated nitriles in the presence of either palladium or iridium catalysts when aliphatic compounds and cinnamaldehyde derivative are used (up to 98% dr). For the synthesis of gamma-oxygenated alpha,beta-unsaturated nitriles sodium or TBAA the reagents are selected to avoid epimerizations in up to 76% dr. Finally, the Tsuji-Trost reaction with sodium malonate works only under palladium catalysis in up to 70% dr.     

水/有机两相体系中单萜烯烃的氢甲酰化反应

考察了水溶性铑膦络合物RhCl(CO)(TPPTS)2(TPPTS为间-三苯基膦三磺酸钠)在水/有机两相体系中对不同单萜烯的氢甲酰化反应的催化性能.结果表明,添加表面活性剂对催化活性影响很大.在8.0 MPa,100℃的条件下,该催化体系对萜烯氢甲酰化反应具有较好的催化活性,月桂烯、莰烯和艹宁烯的转化率可分别达到92%,72%和86%.反应完成后,含水溶性铑膦络合物的水溶液与含产物的有机相分离方便,催化剂重复使用8次,其活性和选择性均未明显下降,易于实现催化剂的循环使用.     

Styrene Hydroformylation with In Situ Hydrogen: Regioselectivity Control by Coupling with the Low-Temperature Water–Gas Shift Reaction

The hydroformylation of olefins is one of the most important homogeneously catalyzed industrial reactions for aldehyde synthesis. Various ligands can be used to obtain the desired linear aldehydes in the hydroformylation of aliphatic olefins. However, in the hydroformylation of aromatic substrates, branched aldehydes are formed preferentially with common ligands. In this study, a novel approach to selectively obtain linear aldehydes in the hydroformylation of styrene and its derivatives was developed by coupling with a water–gas shift reaction on a Rh single-atom catalyst without the use of ligands. Detailed studies revealed that the hydrogen generated in situ from the water–gas shift is critical for the highly regioselective formation of linear products. The coupling of a traditional homogeneous catalytic process with a heterogeneous catalytic reaction to tune product selectivity may provide a new avenue for the heterogenization of homogenous catalytic processes.     

Styrene Hydroformylation with In Situ Hydrogen: Regioselectivity Control by Coupling with the Low‐Temperature Water–Gas Shift Reaction

The hydroformylation of olefins is one of the most important homogeneously catalyzed industrial reactions for aldehyde synthesis. Various ligands can be used to obtain the desired linear aldehydes in the hydroformylation of aliphatic olefins. However, in the hydroformylation of aromatic substrates, branched aldehydes are formed preferentially with common ligands. In this study, a novel approach to selectively obtain linear aldehydes in the hydroformylation of styrene and its derivatives was developed by coupling with a water–gas shift reaction on a Rh single‐atom catalyst without the use of ligands. Detailed studies revealed that the hydrogen generated in situ from the water–gas shift is critical for the highly regioselective formation of linear products. The coupling of a traditional homogeneous catalytic process with a heterogeneous catalytic reaction to tune product selectivity may provide a new avenue for the heterogenization of homogenous catalytic processes.     

新型水溶性膦铑络合物催化烯烃的氢甲酰化反应研究

新型水溶性膦铑络合物催化烯烃的氢甲酰化反应研究燕远勇，左焕培，金子林（大连理工大学化工学院，大连１１６０１２）关键词烯烃，水溶性膦铑络合催化剂，氢甲酰化，醛．１．前言为克服催化剂的流失和与反应产物的分离困难，近年来均相催化的一个重要进展是开发了以磺化...     

The use of carboranylphosphite ligands in Rh-catalyzed hydroformylation of alkenes in supercritical carbon dioxide

Novel carborane-containing phosphites were synthesized. The efficiency of the ligands was tested in the Rh-catalyzed hydroformylation of styrene, hept-1-ene, and oct-1-ene in super-critical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) and toluene. The use of scCO₂ as the reaction medium allows one to attain higher conversions and regioselectivities compared to toluene.     

Organic Ligand‐Free Hydroformylation with Rh Particles as Catalyst†

Summary of main observation and conclusion An efficient and organic ligand-free heterogeneous catalytic system for hydroformylation of olefins is highly desirable for both academy and industry.In this study,simple Rh black was employed as a heterogeneous catalyst for hydroformylation of olefins in the absence of organic ligand.The Rh black catalyst showed good catalytic activity for a broad substrate scope including the aliphatic and aromatic olefins,affording the desired aldehydes in good yields.Taking the hydroformylation of ethylene as an example,86%yield of propanal and TOF of 200 h-1 were obtained,which was superior to the reported homogeneous catalytic systems.In addition,the catalyst could be reused five times without loss of activity under identical reaction conditions,and the Rh leaching was negligible after each cycle.     

Sequential reactions from catalytic hydroformylation toward the synthesis of amino compounds

Different families of new amino compounds were efficiently synthesized, through optimized sequential processes, involving rhodium catalyzed hydroformylation as the key step. The selection of appropriate hydroformylation catalytic systems and reaction conditions allowed obtaining aldehydes derived from several n-alkyl olefins, cholest-4-ene and 3-vinyl-1H-indole, which were subsequently transformed, in one-pot, in to α-amino acids via hydroformylation/Strecker reaction, and in to tertiary amines via hydroaminomethylation, with excellent yields.