Probability Description and Entropy of Classical and Quantum Systems

Tomographic approach to describing both the states in classical statistical mechanics and the states in quantum mechanics using the fair probability distributions is reviewed. The entropy associated with the probability distribution (tomographic entropy) for classical and quantum systems is studied. The experimental possibility to check the inequalities like the position–momentum uncertainty relations and entropic uncertainty relations are considered.     

Measurement of ‘closeness’ and Distinguishability of the Quantum States in Yang-Baxter Systems

Under the actions of different Hamiltonians on the different two-qubit input states by using the quantum Yang-Baxterization approach, we investigate the behaviors of the fidelity and the trace distance as measures of ‘closeness’ and distinguishability of two quantum states. The results show that the fidelity that is the main figure of merit for any communication and computing process can be kept to high values depending on the choice of the initial states and the Hamiltonians constructed by the Yang-Baxter equation. On the other hand, by choosing the initial states and Yang-Baxter systems which are the various extensions of the Yang-Baxter equations for several matrices, these quantifiers can be adjusted as desired to achieve many quantum computing and computational tasks. Furthermore, to quantify the performance of quantum teleportation we examine the teleportation fidelity for the outputs that correspond to the different two-qubit X-type states under the actions of the different Hamiltonians. It is possible to obtain high fidelity to use the quantum teleportation process.

     

Contents of the Proceedings of the 11th International Colloquium on Quantum Groups “Quantum Groups and Integrable Systems”

Table of Contents

Contents of the Proceedings of the 11th International Colloquium on Quantum Groups Quantum Groups and Integrable Systems     

Symmetries and Algebras of a （2＋1）-Dimensional MKdV-Type System

In this paper, a （2＋1）-dimensional MKdV-type system is considered. By applying the formal series symmetry approach, a set of infinitely many generalized symmetries is obtained. These symmetries constitute a closed infinite-dimensional Lie algebra which is a generalization of w∞ type algebra. Thus the complete integrability of this system is confirmed.     

Symmetries and Strong Symmetries of the （3＋1）-Dimensional Burgers Equatio

The strong symmetries (recursion operators) and the inverse strong symmetries of a (3 1)-dimensional Burgers equation are given explicitly.Infinitely many symmetries of the considered model are obtained by acting the strong symmetries and the inverse strong symmetries on some seeds.An infinite-dimensional full Lie point symmetry algebra is also given.     

Symmetries of a （2＋1）-Dimensional Toda-like Lattice

Lie group technique for solving differential-difference equations is applied to a new (2 1)-dimensional Toda-like lattice. An infinite dimensional Lie algebra and the corresponding commutation relations are obtained.     

(2+1) Newton�CHooke Classical and Quantum Systems

We study the Newton?CHooke groups in (2+1)-dimensions. A complete classification of both classical and quantum elementary systems is achieved by explicit computation of coadjoint orbits and unitary irreducible representations of the extended (by central extensions) Newton?CHooke groups. In addition, we show the quantization à la Moyal of a classical system using the Stratonovich?CWeyl correspondence. An analysis of the origin of the ??exotic?? central extension, which only appears in (2+1)-dimensions, is presented.     

Quantum Physics and Classical Physics—In the Light of Quantum Logic

In contrast to the Copenhagen interpretation we consider quantum mechanics as universally valid and query whether classical physics is really intuitive and plausible. We discuss these problems within the quantum logic approach to quantum mechanics where the classical ontology is relaxed by reducing metaphysical hypotheses. On the basis of this weak ontology a formal logic of quantum physics can be established which is given by an orthomodular lattice. By means of the Solèr condition and Piron's result one obtains the classical Hilbert spaces. However, this approach is not fully convincing. There is no plausible justification of Solèr's law and the quantum ontology is partly too weak and partly too strong. We propose to replace this ontology by an ontology of unsharp properties and conclude that quantum mechanics is more intuitive than classical mechanics and that classical mechanics is not the macroscopic limit of quantum mechanics.     

The Soliton Solutions of A （2＋1）-Dimensional Integrable Equation of Classical Spin System

We present the bilinear equivalence expression of a （2＋1）-dimensional integrable equation of a classical spin system. Based on this, we construct its single-soliton solutions and two-soliton solutions by Hirota＇s bilinear method. Meanwhile we show the evolution and propagation manners of two-solitons of the spin system graphically.     

A Hierarchy of Integrable Nonlinear Lattice Equations and New Integrable Symplectic Map

A discretespectral problem is discussed.and a hierarchy of integrable nonlinear lattice equations related to this spectral problem is devised.The new integrable symplectic map and finite-dimensional integrable systems are given by nonlinearization method.The binary Bargmann constraint gives rise to a Baecklund transformation for the resulting integrable lattice equations.     

‘Quantum jumps’ observed in the fluorescence of a single ion

The laser-excited resonance fluorescence of a single Ba⁺ ion at 493 nm shows interruptions of macroscopic time durations when the ion drops into a dark state by off-resonant Raman scattering, or by weak excitation of the ²P_3/2 level. We manipulate the ion out of the state by auxiliary laser light and prove that state to be the metastable ²D_5/2 level. Fluorescence from three ions displays an enhanced rate of multiple “jumps” which reveals cooperative ionic interaction with the light.     

Improvement on ‘Cryptanalysis and Improvement of a Multiparty Quantum Direct Secret Sharing of Classical Messages with Bell States and Bell Measurements’

Recently, Liu (Int J Theor Phys: pp.1–6, 2018) pointed out that Song et al.’s multiparty quantum direct secret sharing protocol (Int J Theor Phys: 57, 1559, 2018) suffers from several attacks and then an improved quantum direct secret sharing protocol was hence proposed. However, this study shows that Liu’s protocol still suffers from an intercept-resend attack. To solve this problem, a modification is proposed here.

     

Classical Projections of Quantum Mechanics and the Limit ħ → 0

The convergence of the dynamics of classical projection to the dynamics of the classical limit is investigated for 0. A mistake from a previous paper is pointed out, and the correct version of the result is given. A new, similar result is presented if the function generating the Hamiltonian of both the classical projection and the classical limit is a polynomial.     

Symmetries and Similarity Reductions of a New （2＋1）-Dimensional Shallow Water Wave System

The symmetries of a （2＋1）-dimensional shallow water wave system, which is newly constructed through applying variation principle of analytic mechanics, are researched in this paper. The Lie symmetries and the corresponding reductions are obtained by means of classical Lie group approach. The （1＋1） dimensional displacement shallow water wave equation can be derived from the reductions when special symmetry parameters are chosen.     

Integrable Coupling of （2＋1）-Dimensional Multi-component DLW Integrable Hierarchy and Its Hamiltonian Structure

A new multi-component Lie algebra is constructed, and a type of new loop algebra is presented. A （2＋1）-dimensional multi-component DLW integrable hierarchy is obtained by using a （2＋1）-dimensional zero curvature equation. Furthermore, the loop algebra is expanded into a larger one and a type of integrable coupling system and its corresponding Hamiltonian structure are worked out.     

Symmetries of Vector Exterior Differential Systems and the Inverse Problem in Second-Order Ostrograds’kii Mechanics

Abstract

Symmetries for variational problems are considered as symmetries of vector-valued exterior differential systems. This approach is applied to equations for the classical spinning particle.     

Fisher Information of Wavefunctions： Classical and Quantum

A parametric quantum mechanical wavefunction naturally induces parametric probability distributions by taking absolute square, and we can consider its classical Fisher information. On the other hand, it also induces parametric rank-one projections which may be viewed as density operators, and we can talk about its quantum Fisher information. Among many versions of quantum Fisher information, there are two prominent ones. The first, defined via a quantum score function, was introduced by Helstrom in 1967 and is well known. The second, defined via the square root of the density operator, has its origin in the skew information introduced by Wigner and Yanase in 1963 and remains relatively unnoticed. This study is devoted to investigating the relationships between the classical Fisher information and these two versions of quantum Fisher information for wavefunctions. It is shown that the two versions of quantum Fisher information differ by a factor 2 and that they dominate the classical Fisher information. The non-coincidence of these two versions of quantum Fisher information may be interpreted as a manifestation of quantum discord. We further calculate the difference between the Helstrom quantum Fisher information and the classical Fisher information, and show that it is precisely the instantaneous phase fluctuation of the wavefunctions.     

Lie Symmetries and Non-Noether Conserved Quantities of Nonholonomic Systems

A new conservation theorem of the nonholonomic systems is studied. The conserved quantity is only constructed in terms of a general Lie group of transformation vector of the dynamical equations. Firstly, we establish the dynamical equations of thc nonholonomic systcms and the determining equations of Lie symmetry. Next, the theorem of non-Noether conserved quantity is deduced. Finally, we give an example to illustrate the application of the result.