Conformational studies by dynamic NMR. 90. Structure and stereodynamics of the rotamers of di- and tri-alpha-naphthylphenyl derivatives

The crystal structure of 1,3,5-tris(4-methylnaphth-1-yl)benzene, 1, shows one naphthyl substituent in an anti relationship to the other two. On the other hand, low temperature (-70 degrees C) (1)H NMR spectra in solution show the presence of a second rotational conformer (rotamer) having all the three naphthyl substituents in a syn relationship. The interconversion barrier between the anti (77%) and syn (23%) rotamers of 1 was determined by line shape simulation of the temperature-dependent NMR spectra (Delta G(++) = 12.1 kcal mol(-1)). In the analogous disubstituted meta and paraderivatives, that is, 1,3- and 1,4-bis(4-methylnaphth-1-yl)benzene (2 and 3, respectively), the presence of both the anti and syn rotamers was also detected by low-temperature NMR spectroscopy. In the latter compounds, the proportions of the anti and syn forms are nearly equal, and the corresponding anti to syn interconversion barriers were found to be lower (11.4 and 11.1(5) kcal mol(-1), respectively) than those of the trisubstituted derivative 1.     

Solid-phase synthesis of 5-amino-1-(substituted thiocarbamoyl)pyrazole and 1,2,4-triazole derivatives via dithiocarbazate linker

A general method is reported for the parallel solid-phase synthesis of 5-amino-1-(substituted thiocarbamoyl)pyrazole and 1,2,4-triazole derivatives based on the cyclization of polymer-bound dithiocarbazate 3 with various electrophiles, such as 3-ethoxyacrylonitriles 8 and cyanocarboimidates 9. The polymer-bound dithiocarbazate 3, produced by nucleophilic reaction with carbon disulfide and Fmoc-hydrazine on the Merrifield resin, served as the key intermediate for subsequent heterocycle diversification. Further nucleophilic substitution on these polymer-bound 5-amino-1-dithiocarboxypyrazoles 4 and 1,2,4-triazoles 6 with various amines under thermal cleavage condition produced the desired 5-amino-1-(substituted thiocarbamoyl)pyrazoles 5 and 1,2,4-triazoles 7. The progress of reactions could be monitored as polymer-bound intermediates by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy on single bead. The final compounds, obtained in good four-step overall yields and high purities upon cleavage from the resins, were characterized by LC/MS, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy.     

Solution dynamics of 5-fluorouracil entrapped in poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microsphere—A study with 1D selective NMR methods

In this report, our main focus is to introduce a set of one-dimensional (1D) NMR methods based on chemical shift, relaxation, and magnetization transfer, namely, NOE and chemical exchange involving selective pulse excitation to study the solution dynamics of drug in free and encapsulated state within polymeric microsphere. In this regard 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microspheres are prepared as model system via standard water-in-oil-in-water emulsification method. One-dimensional ¹H and ¹⁹F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of 5-FU in presence of PLGA microspheres presented a significant change in linewidth and relaxation rates compared with free 5-FU confirming encapsulation. Furthermore, loss of coupling pattern in ¹H and ¹⁹F NMR of PLGA encapsulated 5-FU as compared with free 5-FU suggests an enhanced –NH and –H₂O protons exchange dynamics in the interior of the microsphere indicating hydrated microsphere cavity. Quantification of exchange dynamics in case of free and PLGA-encapsulated 5-FU was attempted employing 1D selective NOESY and 1D multiply selective inversion recovery experiments. Analysis of the exchange rates confirmed existence of more than one kind of water population within the cavity as mentioned in an earlier solid state NMR report.     

Synthesis of polymer-bound 4-acetoxy-3-phenylbenzaldehyde derivatives: applications in solid-phase organic synthesis

Aminomethyl polystyrene resin was reacted with 4-(5'-formyl-2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoic acid and 4-(5'-formyl-2'-hydroxyphenyl)phenyl propionic acid, respectively, in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole and 1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide to yield polymer-bound benzaldehydes. The phenolic group in resins was acetylated with acetic anhydride to afford two polymer-bound 4-acetoxybenzaldehydes. The reductive amination of polymer-bound linkers by amines and sodium triacetoxyborohydride, followed by sulfonylation with arylsulfonyl chloride derivatives in the presence of pyridine and the cleavage with TFA/DCM/H2O, produced pure sulfonamides.     

含氟偶氮苯光响应性聚合物的合成及性能

以1,2,3,4,5-五氟苯胺为原料, FeSO-4?7H2O负载的KMnO4为氧化剂, 制得全氟代偶氮苯, 在KOH作用下醇解, 进行丙烯酰化反应, 得到光响应性的功能单体4-甲基丙烯酰氧基九氟偶氮苯, 用GC-MS, 元素分析及NMR等方法对功能单体进行表征, 并研究了其光异构化性能. 以4-甲基丙烯酰氧基九氟偶氮苯(MANFAB)为功能单体, 与十字交联剂三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯(TRIM)在自由基引发下合成了光响应性的三维交联聚合物, 并研究了其光响应性质.     

Photoisomerizable azobenzene-containing oxacalixarenes

The first examples of photo-responsive azobenzene-containing oxacalixarenes have been synthesized via a 3+1 macrocyclization approach. Introduction of the photoresponsive unit was achieved by using 4-phenylazoresorcinol or (E)-4-(4′-nitrophenylazo)resorcinol as the nucleophilic component in the macrocyclization reaction. These novel macrocycles have been characterized by means of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations (B3LYP/6-31G(d)). According to thermal and photoisomerization studies, tetranitro-oxacalix[4]arenes are less prone to E→Z isomerization than oxacalix[2]arene[2]triazines and, within the two series, p-nitrophenylazo derivatives are more unwilling to isomerize than their phenylazo analogues.     

Selectivity in the photodimerization of 6-alkylcoumarins

Coumarin and 6-alkylcoumarins (alkyl = C(1) to C(16)) were photodimerized in homogeneous solvents differing in polarity and in aqueous micellar solutions. The four possible photodimers, syn head-to-head (hh), anti head-to-head, syn head-to-tail (ht), and anti head-to-tail, were identified through a combination of X-ray analysis and NMR spectroscopy. In 6-methylcoumarin the concentration-corrected dimerization (quantum) yield increases with decreasing concentration of the educt; anti-hh was formed exclusively in nonpolar solvents and upon triplet sensitization and was the main product under all conditions except for ionic micellar systems, which direct to preferred syn-hh dimerization. Long alkyl substituents, however, lead to anti-hh in polar solvents and in micelles, too. Predominating ht dimer formation was observed for nonsubstituted coumarin in polar solvents only. Thus, syn/anti and hh/ht selectivity can be steered by varying the 6-alkyl substituent. Syn-hh photodimers of 6-methylcoumarin can be photochemically split into the monomers; they partly proved thermally unstable against acids, bases, methanol, and on SiO(2) surfaces.     

Dimerization of A-alpha-[SiNb(3)W(9)O(40)](7-) by pH-controlled formation of individual Nb-mu-O-Nb linkages

The reversible, stepwise formation of individual Nb-mu-O-Nb linkages during acid condensation of 2 equiv of A-alpha-[SiNb(3)W(9)O(40)](7-) (1) to the tri-mu-oxo-bridged structure A-alpha-[Si(2)Nb(6)W(18)O(77)](8-) (4) is demonstrated by a combination of X-ray crystallography and variable-pD solution (183)W and (29)Si NMR spectroscopy. Addition of DCl to a pD 8.4 solution of 1 (Li(+) salt in D(2)O) results in formation of a mono-Nb-mu-O-Nb-linked dimer, A-alpha-[Si(2)Nb(6)W(18)O(79)](12-) (2; pD = 3.0-1.3). At pD values between 1.6 and 0.3, two isomers (syn and anti) of the di-mu-oxo-bridged dimer, A-alpha-[Si(2)Nb(6)W(18)O(78)](10-) (3), are observed by (183)W NMR (C(2v) and C(2h) symmetry for the syn and anti isomers, respectively; 5 (183)W NMR signals for each isomer in the ratio 2:2:2:2:1). X-ray-quality crystals of syn-3 were isolated in 53% yield (syn-A-alpha-Cs(8)H(2)[Si(2)Nb(6)W(18)O(78)].18H(2)O, orthorhombic, Cmcm, a = 40.847(2), b = 13.2130(7), and c = 16.8179(9) A at 173K, Z = 4, final R(1) = 0.0685). At the low-pD limit of -0.08 (1.2 M DCl), 4 alone is observed. Additional supporting data are provided by variable-pD (29)Si NMR spectroscopy. Reversibility of the above processes was subsequently demonstrated by acquisition of (183)W NMR spectra after incremental additions of LiOH to D(2)O solutions of 4 to effect its stepwise hydrolysis to 2 equiv of 1.     

Oxo-hydroxy tautomerism of 5-fluorouracil: water-assisted proton transfer

Post-Hartree-Fock ab initio quantum chemical calculations were performed for 5-fluorouracil in the gas phase and in a three-water cluster. Full geometry optimizations of the 5-fluorouracil-water complexes were carried out at the MP2/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory. MP4/6-31+G(d,p)//MP2/6-31+G(d,p) and MP4/6-31++G(d,p)//MP2/6-31+G(d,p) single-point calculations were performed to obtain more accurate energies. In water solution, 5-fluorouracil exists mainly in the 2,4-dioxo form (A). We propose that the populations of the 2-hydroxy-4-oxo (B) and 4-hydroxy-2-oxo (D) tautomers are 1 x 10(-4)% and 3.9 x 10(-8)%, respectively, on the basis of the relative stabilities of the tautomers calculated at the MP4/6-31++G(d,p)//MP2/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory. A profound difference between isolated and hydrated 5-fluorouracil is noted for the height of the tautomerization barrier. In the absence of water, the process of proton transfer is very slow. The addition of water molecules decreases the barrier by 2.3 times, making the process much faster. The minimum energy path (MP2/6-31+G(d,p)) for water-assisted proton transfer in trihydrated 5-fluorouracil was followed. CNDO/S-CI calculations predict singlet pi-pi(*) electron transitions at 312 nm for B and at 318 nm for D. The fluorescence spectrum of 5-fluorouracil in water confirms the presence of the hydroxy tautomer.     

Nucleosides and nucleotides. Solid-phase synthesis of oligonucleotides on an insoluble, macroporous carrier

Insoluble, macroreticular, highly cross-linked polystyrene with projecting mono-methoxytrityl chloride groups 4 was prepared and condensed with thymidine (TD ) as well as with 1-(2′-deoxy-ß-D-ribofuranosyl)-2(1H)-pyridone (II_d) to give the polymers 5 and 6 respectively, containing approximately 465 μmoles resp. 650 μmoles of bound nucleoside per gram of polymer. A standard procedure for removal of the products from the support is described. Condensation of the polymer-bound nucleosides 5 and 6 , respectively, with 3′-O-acetyl-thymidine-5′-phosphate ( 7 ) in the presence of mesitylenesulfonyl chloride (MS) and subsequent removal from the polymer yielded the dinucleoside phosphates T_d-T_d ( 9 ) and II_d-T_d ( 11 ) respectively. Condensation of the polymer 8 with 3′-O-acetyl-thymidine-5′-phosphate ( 7 ) in the presence of MS and cleavage of the polymer linkage gave the trithymidine diphosphate (T_d-T_d-T_d) ( 13 ). Phosphorylation of the polymer-bound nucleosides 5 and 6 with ß-cyanoethyl phosphate in presence of MS took place in 3′-position. Similarly the polymer-bound dinucleoside phosphates 8 and 10 gave 16 and 17 respectively.     

查尔酮曼尼希碱类衍生物的设计、合成及抗肿瘤活性研究

以丹皮酚和对氯苯甲醛为起始原料,通过Claisen-Schmidt反应得到2-羟基-4-甲氧基-4′-氯查尔酮(3),再经过Mannich反应得到10个查尔酮曼尼希碱衍生物(4a～4e, 5a～5e)。目标化合物结构均经高分辨质谱、核磁共振氢谱、碳谱进行确证。采用MTT法测试了所合成化合物对人肺癌细胞A549、人肝癌细胞HepG2的体外抗增殖活性。结果表明,目标化合物对肿瘤细胞A549、HepG2均具有较强的细胞增值抑制作用,且明显优于阳性对照药5-氟尿嘧啶。     

Novel syn intramolecular pathway in base-catalyzed 1,2-elimination reactions of beta-acetoxy esters

As part of a comprehensive investigation of electronic effects on the stereochemistry of base-catalyzed 1,2-elimination reactions, we observed a new syn intramolecular pathway in the elimination of acetic acid from beta-acetoxy esters and thioesters. 1H and 2H NMR investigation of reactions using stereospecifically labeled tert-butyl (2R*,3R*)-3-acetoxy-2,3-2H2-butanoate (1) and its (2R*,3S*) diastereomer (2) shows that 23 +/- 2% syn elimination occurs. The elimination reactions were catalyzed with KOH or (CH3)4NOH in ethanol/water under rigorously non-ion-pairing conditions. By contrast, the more sterically hindered beta-trimethylacetoxy ester produces only 6 +/- 1% syn elimination. These data strongly support an intramolecular (Ei) syn path for elimination of acetic acid, most likely through the oxyanion produced by nucleophilic attack at the carbonyl carbon of the beta-acetoxy group. The analogous thioesters, S-tert-butyl (2R*,3R*)-3-acetoxy-2,3-2H2-butanethioate (3) and its (2R*,3S*) diastereomer (4), showed 18 +/- 2% syn elimination, whereas the beta-trimethylacetoxy substrate gave 5 +/- 1% syn elimination. The more acidic thioester substrates do not produce an increased amount of syn stereoselectivity even though their elimination reactions are at the E1cb interface.     

Parallel solid-phase synthesis and structural characterization of a library of highly substituted chiral 1,3-oxazolidines

The rapid parallel synthesis and characterization of diverse chirally defined 1,3-oxazolidines is reported. Three diversity elements were incorporated in a 6 x 4 x 4 block approach to generate a 96-member 1,3-oxazolidine library. The synthetic route involved initial attachment of six nonracemic phenylglycidols, (2S,3S)1A-C and (2R,3R)-2A-C, to 2% cross-linked polystyrene resin via a chlorodiethylsilane linker (PS-DES), followed by regio- and stereoselective oxirane ring opening with four primary amines (3a-d). The key condensation reaction between the resulting polymer-bound beta-amino alcohols and four aldehydes (4a-d) was found to occur optimally in warm benzene (60 degrees C) in the presence of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Cleavage of the oxazolidines from the resin support was achieved with TBAF to give the individual members (2R,4R,5R)-5Aaa-Cdd and (2S,4S,5S)-6Aaa-Cdd in good to excellent yields (51-99%) based on mass recovery. Purities of all these crude products was generally >85% (as measured by LCMS). 1H, 13C NMR, and 1D difference nOe of the library members confirmed the structural and stereochemical integrity of the substituents around the 1,3-oxazolidine core. The asymmetric induction at C-2 (cis or trans to the C-4 substituent) ratio ranged from 4 to I to 49 to 1 across the library. This report highlights the versatility of the 1,3-oxazolidine heterocycle as a scaffold for concise parallel library construction and opens the way for high-throughput screening of such compounds in the biological sphere.     

高分子药物研究——Ⅲ.主链含5-氟尿嘧啶聚酯的合成及其药效的初步测定

本文报道四种新的主链含5-氟尿嘧啶聚酯型高分子抗肿瘤药物的合成及其中一种聚酯PFuE-Ⅱ-4药效的初步测定。结果表明,它具有较好的抗肿瘤活性,毒副作用小和缓释长效的特点。     

Trimethylsilylated allyl complexes of nickel. The stabilized bis(pi-allyl)nickel complex [eta3-1,3-(SiMe3)2C3H3]2Ni and its mono(pi-allyl)NiX (X=Br, I) derivatives

Reaction of 2 equiv of K[1,3-(SiMe3)2C3H3] with NiBr2(dme) in THF at -78 degrees C produces the orange pi-allyl complex [1,3-(SiMe3)2C3H3]2Ni (1). Unlike the pyrophoric (C3H5)2Ni, the trimethylsilylated derivative only slowly decomposes in air (from hours to days). Both eclipsed (1a) and staggered (1b) conformations are found in solution; the eclipsed form irreversibly converts to the thermodynamically more stable staggered conformation when heated above 85 degrees C. Single-crystal X-ray structures obtained for both 1a and 1b confirm that the allyl ligands are bound in a trihapto manner to the metals and that trimethylsilyl substituents are in syn, anti arrangements. Density functional theory calculations performed on the bis(allyl)nickel complexes indicate that the substituents exert little effect on the basic metal-ligand geometries. Trimethylphosphine is converted to tetramethyltetraphosphane, (MeP)4, on reaction with 1. In toluene, 3-bromo-1,3-bis(trimethylsilyl)propene reacts with (COD)2Ni to produce the dimeric purple complex {[1,3-(SiMe3)2C3H3]NiBr}2 (2a). Both NMR and X-ray crystallographic data establish that the allyl ligands are staggered and that the trimethylsilyl substituents are in a syn, syn conformation. NMR data indicate that the reaction of one equivalent of 1 with Br2 in benzene produces an analogous complex (2b) with the allyl ligand substituents in a syn, anti configuration. When 1 equiv of 1 is treated with I2 in hexanes, the dark red dimeric complex {[1,3-(SiMe3)2C3H3]NiI}2 (3) is formed. Its X-ray crystal structure demonstrates that both eclipsed (3a) and staggered (3b) allyl conformation are present. The trimethylsilyl groups on the allyl ligands are in syn, anti arrangements in the two forms.     

含氨基酸席夫碱的5-氟尿嘧啶衍生物的合成及其抗肿瘤活性

以N 1-(2-四氢呋喃烷基)-5-氟尿嘧啶为原料, 与1,4-二溴丁烷反应, 得到N¹-(2-四氢呋喃烷基)-N³-(4-溴丁基)-5-氟尿嘧啶(2), 最后与氨基酸席夫碱的钾盐缩合, 得到13个新的目标化合物3. 其结构经IR, ¹H NMR, MS和元素分析确证. 初步的体外抗肿瘤试验结果表明, 目标化合物具有一定的抗肿瘤活性.     

Interaction of 5-trifluoromethyluracil with sodium poly-α,L-glutamate

The purpose of our research is to obtain an understanding of the binding mechanism and to the correlations in term of chemical structure and the potentiactive drug activity. The interaction of 5-trifluoromethyluracil (although 5-trifluoromethyluracil do not used as anticancer drug, the structure of the compound has similar structure with 5-fluorouracil) with sodium poly-α,L-glutamate in aqueous solution was studied with a spectral method and viscosity measurement. From the binding data, the molar change in enthalpy, entropy and the number of binding sites on polymer were calculated. It is very interesting that the value ofδH? of 5-trifluoromethyluracil is very larger than that of anticancer drug 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil. The change of entropy is very large to positive value and so the hydrophobic bonding is probably the predominant factor.     

含氮杂冠醚双亲聚合物纳米球的制备及性能

设计、合成了含氮杂冠醚和腺嘌呤的双亲聚合物,聚[N,N-二乙氧基-1,10-二氮杂-18冠-6-5-甲基-腺嘌呤-异酞酸酯](PCASE).SEM观测到在水溶液中该聚合物与5-氟尿嘧啶(5-flu)小分子识别后自发聚集成直径约140～210nm的纳米球,用动态光散射测得水溶液中PCASE/5-flu纳米球的粒径主要集中在120～230nm范围内,FTIR研究了PCASE/5-flu纳米球内聚合物PCASE中腺嘌呤与底物5-氟尿嘧啶的分子识别,结果表明,识别后5-氟尿嘧啶环上C(2)=O伸缩振动峰从1724cm-1位移至1718cm-1,且聚合物中腺嘌呤NH2峰3324cm-1消失,出现了一个新的NH2峰3432cm-1,说明5-氟尿嘧啶环上C(2)=O与聚合物PCASE中腺嘌呤上NH2间形成了氢键.变温红外谱显示,识别后的羰基峰1718cm-1随温度的升高逐渐向高波数回移,并最终稳定在5-氟尿嘧啶环上C(2)=O识别前的1724cm-1处,且识别后产生的新NH2峰3432cm-1随温度的升高逐渐减弱至消失,表明所形成的氢键断裂.     

Self-assembly of N2-modified guanosine derivatives: formation of discrete G-octamers

In the presence of Na(+) ions, two N(2)-modified guanosine derivatives, N(2)-(4-n-butylphenyl)-2',3',5'-O-triacetylguanosine (G1) and N(2)-(4-pyrenylphenyl)-2',3',5'-O-triacetylguanosine (G2), are found to self-associate into discrete octamers that contain two G-quartets and a central ion. In each octamer, all eight guanosine molecules are in a syn conformation and the two G-quartets are stacked in a tail-to-tail fashion. On the basis of NMR spectroscopic evidence, we hypothesize that the pi-pi-stacking interaction between the N(2)-side arms (phenyl in G1 and pyrenyl in G2) can considerably stabilize the octamer structure. For G1, we have used NMR spectroscopic saturation-transfer experiments to monitor the kinetic ligand exchange process between monomers and octamers in CD(3)CN. The results show that the activation energy (E(a)) of the ligand exchange process is 31 +/-5 kJ mol(-1). An Eyring analysis of the saturation transfer data yields the enthalpy and entropy of activation for the transition state: DeltaH(not =)=29 +/-5 kJ mol(-1) and DeltaS(not =)=-151 +/-10 J mol(-1) K(-1). These results are consistent with an associative mechanism for ligand exchange.     

基于原子转移自由基聚合技术的偶氮苯星形液晶聚合物的合成与表征

利用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)技术合成了含不同端基取代基的偶氮苯三臂星形侧链液晶聚合物. 均苯三酚与2-溴异丁酰溴通过酯化反应制备三官能团引发剂, 引发偶氮苯单体6-[4-(4-甲氧基苯基偶氮)酚氧基]己基甲基丙烯酸酯(MMAzo)或6-[4-(4-乙氧基苯基偶氮)酚氧基]己基甲基丙烯酸酯(EMAzo)的ATRP反应. 利用核磁共振氢谱(¹H NMR)、凝胶色谱(GPC)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)和偏光显微镜(POM)等手段对星形聚合物进行表征. 星形聚合物的液晶性与相应均聚物相似, 但偶氮苯端基取代基的不同导致星形聚合物的液晶性差别显著. 在紫外/可见光照射下星形聚合物呈现明显的异构化转变.