Controllable fabrication of periodic hexagon lattice on glass by interference of three replicas split from single femtosecond laser pulse

Two-dimensional periodic hexagon lattice is fabricated on silica glass by the interference of three non-coplanar beams originating from a single femtosecond laser pulse. The Atom Force Microscopy (AFM) characterizations indicate the elongation ratio R of periodic hexagon lattice can be conveniently controlled by changing colliding angles of the three beams and the angles difference. Controllable formation of periodic hexagon lattice on glass could be well interpreted by the theoretical simulation based on three-dimensional intensity distribution formed by the spatial interference of three non-coplanar beams.     

三光束飞秒激光干涉在GaP,ZnSe表面诱导二维复合纳米-微米周期结构

报道了三光束飞秒激光干涉在GaP和ZnSe晶体表面诱导二维复合纳米-微米周期结构.改变三束光的偏振组合方式,可以得到不同的纳米-微米复合结构.理论计算了相应偏振条件下光场强度分布、椭偏度分布和偏振方向分布.实验和理论计算结果表明,烧蚀斑上的微米长周期结构是由三光束干涉的强度花样决定,短周期纳米结构是由光场的偏振干涉花样决定.这些研究在纳米材料制备、超高密度光存储以及材料特性周期性调制等方面有很大的应用前景.     

An anti-reflective 1D rectangle grating on GaAs solar cell using one-step femtosecond laser fabrication

We report the fabrication of the anti-reflective micro/nano-structure on absorbing layer of GaAs solar cell surface using an efficient approach based on one-step femtosecond laser irradiation. Morphology of the microstructures and reflectance of the cell irradiated are characterized with SEM and spectrometer to analyze the influence of laser processing parameters on the change of microstructures induced and the reflectance. It has been found that the rectangle grating micro/nano-structure with a period of 700 nm and width of 600 nm is obtained neatly with laser pulse energy of 30.5 μJ(pulse duration is 130 fs, center wavelength is 800 nm, scanning speed is 2.2 mm/s and spot diameter is 22 µm). Reflectance has been suppressed to 23.6% with rectangle structure from 33% of planar cell. In addition, simulation using a finite-difference-time domain(FDTD) method results show that the rectangle grating micro/nano-structure can effectively suppress the reflection within large wavelength ranges.     

Direct fabrication of surface-relief grating by interferometric technique using femtosecond laser

A surface-relief grating is a key element in optical communication and opto-electronic integrated devices. To date, many techniques for fabricating surface-relief gratings have been reported, but the present techniques still have many limitations and disadvantages. In this paper we present a new optical configuration to imprint a surface-relief grating by two-beam interferometry using a femtosecond laser. A relatively simple set-up is proposed in order to generate two parallel laser beams and then focus them by a common focusing lens to obtain an interference pattern. With the use of the common focusing lens, the two parallel beams will interfere exactly at the focal plane. This new optical set-up not only facilitates the alignment but also enhances the tunability to obtain different grating periods. Experimental results on solid copper targets are presented. The grating surface morphologies are studied by a scanning electron microscope and the grating relief profiles are characterized by an atomic force microscope. The prominent experimental results obtained have verified the feasibility of the new technique. In addition, the influence of laser fluence and pulse number on the surface morphology is presented. PACS 42.15.Eq; 42.25.Hz; 42.62.Cf     

Diffraction characteristics of chirped femtosecond laser pulse by rectangle reflection grating

The spectral and temporal intensity distribution expression for the chirped femtosecond laser pulse diffracted by a rectangle reflection grating is derived. The effects of the chirped coefficient on the spatiotemporal and spectral characteristics are theoretically investigated in detail, and a criterion for judging whether or not the diffraction pulse is just split into two independent pulses in the temporal domain is obtained. The results show that the envelope curve of spectral intensity on the diffraction axis is more blue-shift, and its full width at e^? 1 maximum is wider for bigger chirped coefficient. The principal maximum on the temporal axis can split into two independent principal maximums for enough height from the upper and the nether reflection surface of the grating. Each principal maximum splits into two smooth pulses, namely one principal pulse and one secondary pulse, and the secondary pulse gradually increases with the increasing of the chirped coefficient; the duration of two principal pulses increases with the increasing of the height of the upper and the nether reflection surface of the grating.     

三类构型激光脉冲压缩器光栅拼接误差容限比较

建立了包含拼接光栅的三类典型构型(双程Z型、X型及菱型)激光脉冲压缩器的理论模型. 利用光线追迹法计算压缩器引入的相位变化,结合傅里叶变换的方法仿真分析并比较了各压缩器相应的光栅拼接误差容限. 以远场焦斑峰值能量下降到理想值的0.9倍为限确定了三类压缩器光栅拼接误差容限,明确了不同构型激光脉冲压缩器对拼接误差的敏感程度. 这对脉冲压缩器的选型和设计具有指导意义. 关键词： 光栅拼接 脉冲压缩 误差容限 光线追迹     

基于多光子脉冲内干涉相位扫描法对飞秒激光脉冲进行相位测量和补偿的研究

研制了一套基于多光子脉冲内干涉相位扫描方法的可以同时对飞秒激光脉冲进行相位测量和补偿的实验系统装置.实验中,通过自主研发的LabVIEW程序控制液晶空间光调制器和光纤光谱仪,对待测飞秒激光脉冲施加相位扫描,并同时记录受到调制的飞秒激光脉冲的倍频光谱,得到了多光子脉冲内干涉相位扫描(MIIPS)轨迹图.通过MIIPS轨迹图的三次测量和迭代运算,还原出了经过预先啁啾调制的中心波长约为810 nm、重复频率为1 kHz的飞秒激光脉冲的光谱相位,测量精度在0.1 rad以内.根据测量结果,利用液晶空间光调制器对该飞秒激光脉冲进行相位补偿,得到了近似傅里叶变换极限的飞秒激光脉冲.这一装置将在多光子显微成像、脉冲整形、飞秒激光光谱学等众多领域发挥重要作用.     

飞秒激光刻写的超短光纤布拉格光栅及其传感特性

为了提高光纤光栅传感器的测量精度及可靠性,实现点式测量,拓宽光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)的应用,本文提出了基于飞秒激光直写扫线技术制备超短FBG。首先,在单模光纤上制备了周期为5.35μm、长度为53.5μm的超短FBG,其温度和应力的灵敏度分别为0.011 nm/℃和1.509 nm/N;然后,用体积分数为4%的氢氟酸对制备超短FBG进行选择性腐蚀,制备出了微通道超短FBG,并研究了它对NaCl溶液的传感特性,其折射率灵敏度为69.11 nm/RIU。结果表明,这种微通道超短FBG具有高重复性、高可靠性、可多参数测量等优点。     

Enhanced near field mediated nanohole fabrication on silicon substrate by femtosecond laser pulse

Investigation of the process of nanohole formation on silicon surface mediated with near electromagnetic field enhancement in vicinity of gold particles is described. Gold nanospheres with diameters of 40, 80 and 200 nm are used. Irradiation of the samples with laser pulse at fluences below the ablation threshold for native Si surface, results in a nanosized surface modification. The nanostructure formation is investigated for the fundamental (λ = 800 nm, 100 fs) and the second harmonic (λ = 400 nm, 250 fs) of the laser radiation generated by ultrashort Ti:sapphire laser system. The near electric field distribution is analyzed by an Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulation code. The properties of the produced morphological changes on the Si surface are found to depend strongly on the polarization and the wavelength of the laser irradiation. When the laser pulse is linearly polarized the produced nanohole shape is elongated in the E-direction of the polarization. The shape of the hole becomes symmetrical when the laser radiation is circularly polarized. The size of the ablated holes depends on the size of the gold particles, as the smallest holes are produced with the smallest particles. The variation of the laser fluence and the particle size gives possibility of fabricating structures with lateral dimensions ranging from 200 nm to below 40 nm. Explanation of the obtained results is given on the basis simulations of the near field properties using FDTD model and Mie's theory.     

拼接光栅缝隙对激光脉冲光强分布的影响

以拼接光栅作为色散元件的激光脉冲压缩器中,要求脉冲压缩光栅表面光强分布均匀、能量输出效率高。利用菲涅耳-基尔霍夫衍射原理对脉冲压缩光栅表面光强和远场光强分布进行了研究。计算了拼接光栅缝隙宽度对光栅表面光强变化量和远场光强极大值的影响。在利特罗角附近入射时发现激光脉冲光强分布与拼接光栅缝隙宽度相关,得出了光栅拼接缝隙宽度应控制在0.5 mm以内。适当提高缝隙衍射效率能够改善光强分布均匀性和提高光能量输出,提出了对拼接缝隙采用两次重复曝光以提高其衍射效率的方法。     

利用多束飞秒激光干涉在金属箔和金属薄膜上形成阵列孔

报道了利用五束飞秒激光干涉，在镍箔和镀在玻璃上的铝膜上制备阵列孔的方法。光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察发现飞秒激光照射后在金属箔和薄膜上形成了微米量级的阵列孔。这一技术允许一步、大尺寸、微米量级的加工金属材料，具有潜在的工业应用价值。     

Lines of periodic hole structures produced by laser ablation using interfering femtosecond lasers split by a transmission grating

Long lines of periodic hole structures were produced on a gold film, a glass slide and polystyrene by laser ablation using interfering femtosecond lasers split by a transmission grating. An optical system comprising a cylindrical lens added to an imaging system with a transmission grating was used to obtain the interference of two beams along a long length, and high laser fluence was used to achieve laser ablation. The separation of each hole was 6.25 m, and the total length of the structure produced reached 6 mm, which is longest periodic structure produced by a shot of femtosecond laser. PACS 42.62.-b; 07.60.Ly; 42.40.Eq     

新型长周期光纤光栅的设计与研制进展

长周期光纤光栅(long-period fiber grating,LPFG)是一种宽带的透射型无源光子器件,在光纤通信和光纤传感领域应用广泛.本文从折射率空间调制的角度,根据栅格周期长短、折射率调制深度和栅面法线取向三个特征参数,对LPFG进行了分类并分析了其不足,定义了新型长周期光纤光栅(novel long-period fiber grating,NLPFG)概念并指出了其研究意义;阐述了典型的LPFG写制新技术,建立了NLPFG模型和设计理论;提出了NLPFG正、反向设计流程,阐述了NLPFG典型设计方法;综述了近年来NLPFG的研制及典型应用,展望了NLPFG研究的发展趋势.     

Extracting the phase distribution of the electron wave packet ionized by an elliptically polarized laser pulse

We use an interferometic scheme to extract the phase distribution of the electron wave packet from above-threshold ionization in elliptically polarized laser fields. In this scheme, an electron wave packet released from a circularly polarized laser pulse acts as a reference wave and interferes with the electron wave packet ionized by a time-delayed counter-rotating elliptically polarized laser field. The generated vortex-shaped interference pattern in the photoelectron momentum distribution enables us to extract the phase distribution of the electron wave packet in the elliptically polarized laser pulse with high precision. By artificially screening the ionic potential at different ranges when solving the time-dependent Schördinger equation, we find that the angle-dependent phase distribution of the electron wave packet in the elliptically polarized laser field shows an obvious angular shift as compared to the strong-field approximation, whose value is the same as the attoclock shift. We also show that the amplitude of the angle-dependent phase distribution is sensitive to the ellipticity of the laser pulse, providing an alternative way to precisely calibrate the laser ellipticity in the attoclock measurement.     

金纳米棒的飞秒激光组装研究

金属纳米粒子对于研究表面等离子体共振具有非常重要的意义,其自组装形成的功能组装体能够展现出更加优异的整体协同性能.本文通过飞秒激光加工对金纳米棒直接进行组装,不引入其它的修饰剂,过程简单、快速(约1 min),不仅保留了金纳米棒表面等离子特性,且可以实现金纳米棒的任意精细图案化.将组装的微纳结构用于微流控芯片表面增强拉曼散射探测,可以得到很好的增强效果,为等离子体器件的制备提供了新的方法.     

Controllable photoinduced optical attenuation in a single-mode optical fiber by irradiation of a femtosecond pulse laser

Novel optical attenuation fibers were fabricated by the irradiation of a focused infrared femtosecond pulsed laser onto the core of a silica glass single-mode optical fiber. Optical attenuation at a wavelength of 1.55 microm proportionally increased with increasing numbers of irradiation points and was controllable under laser irradiation conditions. The single-mode property of the waveguide and the mode-field diameter of the optical fiber were maintained after irradiation of the femtosecond laser. It is suggested that the attenuation results from optical scattering at photoinduced spots formed inside the fiber core.     

单脉冲和多脉冲飞秒激光对单层光学薄膜的损伤

利用掺钛的蓝宝石飞秒激光系统输出的单脉冲和多脉冲飞秒激光(中心波长800 nm,脉宽50 fs,靶面聚焦直径Ф 40 μm),分别对BK7玻璃基底上厚约500 nm的单层HfO2和单层ZrO2薄膜进行辐照,得到了这两种薄膜在1-on-1和1 000-on-1测试方法下的激光损伤阈值。实验发现,两种方法下HfO2单层膜的阈值均比ZrO2单层膜的阈值高。从简化的Keldysh多光子离化理论出发,认为HfO2薄膜材料的带比ZrO2的宽是导致上述结果的主要原因。同时,同一种薄膜的多脉冲下的阈值比单脉冲下的低,原因是多脉冲下,飞秒激光对光学薄膜的损伤存在累积效应。     

单脉冲和多脉冲飞秒激光对单层光学薄膜的损伤

 利用掺钛的蓝宝石飞秒激光系统输出的单脉冲和多脉冲飞秒激光(中心波长800 nm,脉宽50 fs,靶面聚焦直径Ф 40 μm),分别对BK7玻璃基底上厚约500 nm的单层HfO₂和单层ZrO₂薄膜进行辐照,得到了这两种薄膜在1-on-1和1 000-on-1测试方法下的激光损伤阈值。实验发现,两种方法下HfO₂单层膜的阈值均比ZrO₂单层膜的阈值高。从简化的Keldysh多光子离化理论出发,认为HfO₂薄膜材料的带比ZrO₂的宽是导致上述结果的主要原因。同时,同一种薄膜的多脉冲下的阈值比单脉冲下的低,原因是多脉冲下,飞秒激光对光学薄膜的损伤存在累积效应。     

单脉冲飞秒激光时域参数测量技术研究

钛宝石飞秒激光放大系统具有重复频率低、脉冲波形复杂等特点,为准确测量其峰值功率,提出对单次脉冲波形和脉冲宽度测量的需求。介绍了单脉冲飞秒激光时域波形和脉冲宽度的测量原理和测量方法,设计了基于频率分辨光学开关法的单脉冲飞秒激光时域参数测量装置。讨论了单脉冲飞秒激光时域参数测量校准面临的问题及解决方法。