Highly enantioselective synthesis of glycidic amides using camphor-derived sulfonium salts. Mechanism and applications in synthesis

The reactions of a range of amide-stabilized sulfur ylides derived from readily available camphor-derived sulfonium salts for the synthesis of glycidic amides have been studied. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides were tested, and it was found that the highest enantioselectivities were observed with tertiary amides, which provided glycidic amides in good to excellent yields, exclusive trans selectivity, and excellent enantioselectivities. The reaction was general for aromatic aldehydes, but aliphatic aldehydes gave more variable enantioselectivities. The epoxy amides could be converted cleanly into epoxy ketones by treatment with organolithium reagents. We were also able to effect selective ring opening of the epoxy amides with a variety of nucleophiles, followed by hydrolysis of the amide to yield the corresponding carboxylic acid. This methodology was applied to the total synthesis of the target compound SK&F 104353. A combination of crossover experiments and theoretical calculations has revealed that the rate- and selectivity-determining step is ring closure, not betaine formation as was the case for phenyl-stabilized ylides.     

Novel Synthesis of Optically Active 2‐Ethylhexanoic Acid, 2‐Ethylhexanol,and 2‐Ethylhexylamine via the Asymmetric Favorskii Rearrangement

The asymmetric Favorskii rearrangement of optically active α‐haloketones, which are easily prepared from chiral menthyl‐4‐toluenesulfoxide in several steps using primary or secondary amines, yields their corresponding secondary or tertiary chiral amides. The secondary chiral amides were converted to acids or amines using acylation followed by hydrolysis or reduction. In addition, the tertiary amides were directly reduced to alcohol with Super‐Hydride^®.     

Synthesis of various acylating agents directly from carboxylic acids

Abstract

A straightforward synthesis of acylating reagents such as Weinreb and MAP amides from aromatic, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and amino acids using PPh₃/NBS combination is described. A chemo-selective modification of the carboxylic acid group into Weinreb amide in the presence of more reactive aldehydes and ketones is presented. All reactions were performed at ambient temperature under air using undried commercial grade solvent. Furthermore, the present methodology could be performed at a gram scale under inert-free reaction conditions. In addition, 7-azaindoline amide auxiliary (used for catalytic asymmetric aldol- and Mannich-type reactions), which behaves like Weinreb amide is also synthesized under similar reaction conditions.     

Synthesis of amide derivatives of chlorin <Emphasis Type="Italic">e</Emphasis><Subscript>6</Subscript>

A number of secondary and tertiary chlorin e ₆-13-amides were synthesized in high yield by the action of primary and secondary amines on methylpheophorbide a under mild conditions. Unlike the secondary amides, tertiary 13-amides were shown to exist as two stereoisomers differing by orientation of the amide group plane with respect to the macroring. The reaction of methylpheophorbide a with 2-aminoethanol gave chlorin e ₆ derivatives containing one, two, and three hydroxy groups.     

Diastereo- and enantioselective aldol reaction of granatanone (pseudopelletierine)

Granatanone (granatan-3-one, 9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-one, pseudopelletierine or pseudopelletrierin) undergoes deprotonation with lithium amides giving a lithium enolate, which reacts with aldehydes diastereoselectively giving exclusively exo isomers and anti/syn selectivity up to 98:2. Granatanone can be enantioselectively lithiated by chiral lithium amides and the resulting non-racemic enolate can be reacted with aldehydes giving aldols with enantiomeric excess up to 93% (99% ee after recrystallization). The absolute and relative configuration of the aldol products was determined by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray analysis.Granatanone; aldol reaction; asymmetric synthesis; enantioselective deprotonation; chiral lithium amide.     

Chemoselective Reductive Nucleophilic Addition to Tertiary Amides,Secondary Amides,and N‐Methoxyamides

As the complexity of targeted molecules increases in modern organic synthesis, chemoselectivity is recognized as an important factor in the development of new methodologies. Chemoselective nucleophilic addition to amide carbonyl centers is a challenge because classical methods require harsh reaction conditions to overcome the poor electrophilicity of the amide carbonyl group. We have successfully developed a reductive nucleophilic addition of mild nucleophiles to tertiary amides, secondary amides, and N‐methoxyamides that uses the Schwartz reagent [Cp₂ZrHCl]. The reaction took place in a highly chemoselective fashion in the presence of a variety of sensitive functional groups, such as methyl esters, which conventionally require protection prior to nucleophilic addition. The reaction will be applicable to the concise synthesis of complex natural alkaloids from readily available amide groups.     

Optimization of spiroimidazolidinone derivatives synthesis on solid phase using SynPhase™ Lanterns

We report the synthesis of 1,4,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-2-one derivatives from N-benzyl-4-piperidone and N-protected amino acid amides on solid support. We have translated the chemistry from solution to solid phase using a backbone amide linker (BAL) mimic. Using a parallel combinatorial approach, we performed the optimization of the synthesis on SynPhase™ Lanterns.     

Carbamoylimidazolium salts as diversification reagents: an application to the synthesis of tertiary amides from carboxylic acids

An efficient method for the preparation of tertiary amides from carbamoylimidazolium salts and carboxylic acids is described. The transformation occurs at room temperature and under relatively mild conditions. The carbamoylimidazolium salts are obtained from the reaction of secondary amines with N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole, followed by methylation with methyl iodide. The utility of this reaction was demonstrated in the formation of Weinreb amides and in a short synthesis of fused bicyclic amides. The introduction of this reaction now permits carbamoylimidazolium salts to be utilized in the formation of tertiary amides, ureas, carbamates and thiocarbamates under a single set of conditions.     

三级胺及酰胺硝解研究进展

综述了三级叔胺及酰胺硝解的近期研究进展,重点是已作为或有可能成为高能量密度化合物硝胺的合成。讨论了三级胺及酰胺的硝解历程,汇集了常用的硝化及硝解系统。详细阐述了烷基叔胺、叔酰胺、烷基酰基叔胺。特别是多环笼形叔胺和叔酰胺的硝解反应及硝解条件。     

Transamidation of Amides and Amidation of Esters by Selective N–C(O)/O–C(O) Cleavage Mediated by Air- and Moisture-Stable Half-Sandwich Nickel(II)–NHC Complexes

The formation of amide bonds represents one of the most fundamental processes in organic synthesis. Transition-metal-catalyzed activation of acyclic twisted amides has emerged as an increasingly powerful platform in synthesis. Herein, we report the transamidation of N-activated twisted amides by selective N–C(O) cleavage mediated by air- and moisture-stable half-sandwich Ni(II)–NHC (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbenes) complexes. We demonstrate that the readily available cyclopentadienyl complex, [CpNi(IPr)Cl] (IPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene), promotes highly selective transamidation of the N–C(O) bond in twisted N-Boc amides with non-nucleophilic anilines. The reaction provides access to secondary anilides via the non-conventional amide bond-forming pathway. Furthermore, the amidation of activated phenolic and unactivated methyl esters mediated by [CpNi(IPr)Cl] is reported. This study sets the stage for the broad utilization of well-defined, air- and moisture-stable Ni(II)–NHC complexes in catalytic amide bond-forming protocols by unconventional C(acyl)–N and C(acyl)–O bond cleavage reactions.     

Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of triazole-based macrocyclic amides through click chemistry

Triazole-based macrocyclic amides 1–12 with amide group as the intrannular functionality has been synthesized through click chemistry. Triazole-based macrocyclic amides 1–12 show good anti-inflammatory activity even at low concentration (50?µg/mL) when compared to that of the reference drug prednisolone. BINOL-based chiral macrocyclic amides and pyridine-based macrocyclic amides show better anti-inflammatory activity than the other synthesized macrocyclic amides.     

钯催化的烯烃与三嗪烷氢胺羰基化反应研究

酰胺类化合物广泛应用于医药、农药、材料、合成化学等领域,因此,新型且高效合成酰胺的方法一直具有很高的关注度.我们首次使用环状脂肪三级胺类化合物—1,3,5-三嗪烷作胺源,成功解决了钯催化的烯烃氢胺羰基化反应领域中脂肪胺对钯催化剂的毒化问题,合成了多种烷基支链酰胺化合物,并提出了可能的反应机理.     

Cross‐Coupling of Secondary Amides with Tertiary Amides: The Use of Tertiary Amides as Surrogates of Alkyl Carbanions for Ketone Synthesis

In recent years, exciting progress has been made in the field of direct transformation of amides, nevertheless, the condensation between two amides remains rare and restricted to homo‐coupling reactions. Herein, we report the cross‐coupling of secondary amides with tertiary amides, which provides a synthesis of ketones under mild conditions, and features the use of tertiary amides as surrogates of alkyl carbanions. The method relies on the coupling of enamines, generated from tertiary amides by catalytic partial reduction of tertiary amides with Vaska's catalyst, with nitrilium ions, formed in situ from secondary amides via activation with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride, and on the subsequent deformylation.     

Sustainable Triazine-Based Dehydro-Condensation Agents for Amide Synthesis

Conventional methods employed today for the synthesis of amides often lack of economic and environmental sustainability. Triazine-derived quaternary ammonium salts, e.g., 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMTMM(Cl)), emerged as promising dehydro-condensation agents for amide synthesis, although suffering of limited stability and high costs. In the present work, a simple protocol for the synthesis of amides mediated by 2-chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine (CDMT) and a tert-amine has been described and data are compared to DMTMM(Cl) and other CDMT-derived quaternary ammonium salts (DMT-Ams(X), X: Cl⁻ or ClO₄⁻). Different tert-amines (Ams) were tested for the synthesis of various DMT-Ams(Cl), but only DMTMM(Cl) could be isolated and employed for dehydro-condensation reactions, while all CDMT/tert-amine systems tested were efficient as dehydro-condensation agents. Interestingly, in best reaction conditions, CDMT and 1,4-dimethylpiperazine gave N-phenethyl benzamide in 93% yield in 15 min, with up to half the amount of tert-amine consumption. The efficiency of CDMT/tert-amine was further compared to more stable triazine quaternary ammonium salts having a perchlorate counter anion (DMT-Ams(ClO₄)). Overall CDMT/tert-amine systems appear to be a viable and more economical alternative to most dehydro-condensation agents employed today.     

Enthalpies of interaction of N-acetyl amides of sarcosine and N-methyl-L-alanine dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide at 25°C

Enthalpies of dilution of N-acetyl amides of sarcosine and N-methyl-L-alanine dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide have been measured calorimetrically at 25°C. The enthalpic pairwise interaction coefficients calculated there from are negative, indicating a energetically favorable interaction. The results were used to make a comparison with other peptides with regard to the methylation of amide groups. Substituting a primary amide hydrogen by a methyl group gives a smaller positive change of the pairwise interaction coefficient than substituting a secondary amide hydrogen.     

有机锌试剂制备Weinreb酰胺的研究

探索了带Weinreb酰胺官能团的有机锌试剂的制备及其与酰氯的反应, 得到了另一类Weinreb酰胺, 提供了一种制备Weinreb酰胺的新方法.     

nBu4NI-catalyzed oxidative amidation of aldehydes with tertiary amines

An efficient oxidative coupling protocol for amide formation has been developed. Various tertiary amines and aromatic aldehydes were oxidized to their corresponding tertiary amides in moderate to good yields in the presence of a simple nBu₄NI-catalyst.     

Novel Synthesis of N-Substituted p-Hydroxybenzoic Amides on Soluble Polymer-Support

The synthesis of N-substituted p-hydroxybenzoic amides using a liquid phase approach is described. Poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were linked by oxalyl chloride to give compound 1, which was chlorinated by thionyl chloride, followed by amidation with NHR^1R^2 to yield compound 3. Hydrolysis of compound 3 gave the title amide 4.These crude library members were obtained in good yields with high purities.     

Modification of Kagan's amide for improved activity as Chiral Solvating Agent in enantiodiscrimination during NMR analysis

A modification is proposed in Kagan's amide in order to improve its ability to offer stronger hydrogen bonding and hence better ability to bind with substrates. Introduction of chlorine in the amide aromatic ring along with the two nitro groups, increases the acidic character of amide hydrogen and makes the hydrogen bond stronger, the concept is tested by making three derivatives of Kagan's amide and the effect is confirmed by nmr analysis. The modified chlorinated Kagan's amides were then tested as chiral solvating agents for detection of optical purity of several types of substrates where the supramolecular recognition is measured by in situ nmr analysis. Several guest molecules such as amide, sulfoxide, epoxy-keto, hydroxy acid, diacid and phosphoric acid were scanned for this study and its efficiency is further established by comparison with samples of known optical purity.