胍类化合物的制备及在有机合成中的应用

综述了胍类化合物的制备及其在有机合成中的应用，特别着重合成方法研究的 近期进展及在不对称合成中的应用。     

N-functionalized benzotriazole-1-carboximidoyl chlorides: synthetic equivalents for isocyanide dichlorides

Readily prepared N-functionalized benzotriazole-1-carboximidoyl chlorides are proposed as stable and novel isocyanide dichloride synthetic equivalents. Subsequent condensations of these new intermediates afford polysubstituted guanidines, S-aryl isothioureas, and 2-aminoquinazolin-4-thiones.     

Phase-transfer-catalyzed alkylation of guanidines by alkyl halides under biphasic conditions: a convenient protocol for the synthesis of highly functionalized guanidines

An operationally straightforward and efficient method for the alkylation of carbamate-protected guanidines with various alkyl halides and mesylates is described. This protocol proceeds via deprotonation of the acidic N-carbamate hydrogen of the guanidine under biphasic conditions using a catalytic amount of a tetrabutylammonium salt as a phase-transfer catalyst. In this manner, highly functionalized guanidines can be obtained. The reaction is tolerant of a wide range of functional groups on both the alkyl halide and guanidine component. In addition, the reaction is sufficiently mild such that simple aqueous workup and filtration through a short silica gel column yields the substituted guanidines in high purity. In conjunction with the EDCI-mediated guanylation of disubstituted thioureas with amines, phase-transfer catalyzed alkylation of guanidines via a one-pot, three-component synthesis of substituted guanidines was achieved.     

Solid-phase synthesis of substituted guanidines using a novel acid labile linker

A novel acid labile linker for solid-phase synthesis of substituted guanidines has been developed. Its synthetic utility is exemplified by high-yielding pyrazole displacement with structurally and electronically diverse sets of aliphatic and aromatic amines. The final cleavage is achieved by treatment with 95:5 trifluoroacetic acid/water for 1 h. The corresponding guanidines were obtained in high purity (80-95%) and good isolated yields (50-95%). The scope and limitations of this linker were further demonstrated by the solid-phase synthesis of an 880-member library of individual trisubstituted arylguanidines employing pyrazole displacement with a set of 11 anilines and two subsequent Mitsunobu N-alkylations with sets of 10 and 8 alcohols, respectively.     

Development of CN Coupling Using Mechanochemistry: Catalytic Coupling of Arylsulfonamides and Carbodiimides

Reported herein is the mechanochemical synthesis of sulfonyl guanidines, a family of molecules which are relevant as pharmaceuticals and herbicides, by direct coupling of sulfonamides and aromatic or aliphatic carbodiimides. Attempts to conduct the coupling in solution have either failed or given very low conversions, thus demonstrating mechanochemistry as the necessary component for the discovery of this synthetic strategy.     

Development of C?N Coupling Using Mechanochemistry: Catalytic Coupling of Arylsulfonamides and Carbodiimides

Reported herein is the mechanochemical synthesis of sulfonyl guanidines, a family of molecules which are relevant as pharmaceuticals and herbicides, by direct coupling of sulfonamides and aromatic or aliphatic carbodiimides. Attempts to conduct the coupling in solution have either failed or given very low conversions, thus demonstrating mechanochemistry as the necessary component for the discovery of this synthetic strategy.     

Synthesis of hindered chiral guanidine bases starting from (S)-(N,N-dialkyl-aminomethyl)pyrrolidines and BrCN

An efficient method for the preparation of hindered chiral guanidines using cyanogen bromide is described. The reaction between BrCN and vicinal diamines derived from (S)-2-(N,N-dialkyl-aminomethyl)-pyrrolidines provides chiral substituted cyanamides. The cyanamide derivatives reacted with secondary amines in hexafluoroisopropanol at reflux to form chiral hindered guanidines, which were isolated in good to excellent yields (70–96%). The chiral guanidines were prepared in an effort to design sophisticated chiral guanidine catalysts for asymmetric synthesis.     

Tethered libraries: solid-phase synthesis of substituted urea-linked bicyclic guanidines

The general concept of tethered combinatorial libraries of compounds in which two pharmacophores are found is described. In particular, an improved method for the solid-phase synthesis of bicyclic guanidines from reduced N-acylated dipeptides, and its use in the synthesis of urea-linked bicyclic guanidines, is described. The exhaustive reduction of glutamine-containing resin-bound N-acylated dipeptides, using borane-THF, generated compounds containing three secondary amines and one primary amine. Following selective trityl protection of the primary amine, treatment of the three secondary amines with thiocarbonyldiimidazole (CSIm2) and mercuric acetate (Hg(OAc)2) generated the resin-bound bicyclic guanidines. Following trityl deprotection, an Fmoc-amino acid was coupled. Upon removal of the Fmoc protecting group, the resulting primary amine was treated with hexyl isocyanate to generate the urea-linked bicyclic guanidines. The desired products were cleaved from the resin using hydrogen fluoride. The selection of building blocks and characterization of controls for the synthesis of a combinatorial library is discussed.     

A novel solid-phase synthesis of cyclic guanidines

We have developed a robust solid-phase approach to cyclic guanidines based on the Staudinger protocol. The synthetic sequence involves the reaction of the immobilized aza-Wittig reagents derived from the respective azidobenzoic acids with bifunctional amines. Convenient isolation and good yields of the desired products (34-84%) along with the diversity of the targeted molecules are distinctive features of the resultant library.     

A traceless approach for the solid-phase synthesis of 6-amino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diones

A traceless approach for the solid-phase synthesis of 6-amino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diones is described. Reaction of resin-bound S-methylisothiourea with isocyanates yielded resin-bound iminoureas 3, which reacted with amines to afford the corresponding guanidines 4. Following intramolecular cyclizative cleavage of the resin-bound guanidines using potassium ethoxide as a base, the desired products 5 were obtained in good yields and high purities.     

Modified guanidines as potential chiral superbases. 1. Preparation Of 1,3-disubstituted 2-iminoimidazolidines and the related guanidines through chloroamidine derivatives

Modified guanidines were explored as potential chiral superbases. Thus, chiral 1,3-dimethyl-2-iminoimidazolidines with or without 4, 5-diphenyl groups, their guanidinium salts, and the 2-iminoimidazolidines with (S)-1-phenylethyl groups on the ring nitrogens were prepared by treatment of 2-chloroimidazolinium chlorides with appropriate amines. Bicyclic guanidines were also prepared from a prolinamide using a similar procedure.     

Reaction of β-alkoxyvinyl α-ketoesters with acyclic NCN binucleophiles – Scalable approach to novel functionalized pyrimidines

Two protocols for synthesis of series of low-molecular-weight di- and tri-substituted pyrimidines bearing a functional group at the 4th position, which rely on a base-mediated condensation of amidines or guanidines with β-alkoxyvinyl α-keto esters, have been developed. This approach allowed for multigram preparation of novel pyrimidine-4-carboxylates in 21–90% yield. The synthetic utility of these compounds was demonstrated by some standard functional group transformations providing promising building blocks for organic synthesis and drug discovery.     

A simple one-pot synthesis of triflyl guanidines: access to highly substituted electron-poor guanidines

Unsymmetrical di- and trisubstituted triflyl guanidines are accessed through a simple, one-pot protocol from the corresponding isothiocyanate and amine. Furthermore, in the presence of base, trisubstituted triflyl guanidines are alkylated to obtain tetrasubstituted triflyl guanidines in high yields and complete regioselectivity.     

Divergent 2-Chloroquinazolin-4(3H)-one Rearrangement: Twisted-Cyclic Guanidine Formation or Ring-Fused N-Acylguanidines via a Domino Process

A highly efficient 2-chloroquinazolin-4(3H)-one rearrangement was developed that predictably generates either twisted-cyclic or ring-fused guanidines in a single operation, depending on the presence of a primary versus secondary amine in the accompanying diamine reagent. Exclusive formation of twisted-cyclic guanidines results from pairing 2-chloroquinazolinones with secondary diamines. Use of primary amine-containing diamines permits a domino quinazolinone rearrangement/intramolecular cyclization, gated through (E)-twisted-cyclic guanidines, to afford ring-fused N-acylguanidines. This scalable, structurally tolerant transformation generated 55 guanidines and delivered twisted-cyclic guanidines with robust plasma stability and an abbreviated total synthesis of an antitumor ring-fused guanidine (4 steps, 55 % yield).     

Micelle‐Enabled One‐Pot Guanidine Synthesis in Water Directly from Isothiocyanate using Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents under Mild Conditions

In this work, we developed a one‐pot synthesis of guanidine directly from isothiocyanate using DIB (diacetoxyiodobenzene) as a desulfurizing agent under micellar conditions in water. Our optimization study revealed that the use of 1 % TPGS‐750‐M as a surfactant with NaOH as an additive base at room temperature can convert a variety of isothiocyanates and amines into corresponding guanidines in excellent yields (69 – 95 %). This synthetic process in water can be applied to prepare guanidine at gram‐scale quantity. Our aqueous micellar medium also demonstrated high reusability as the reaction can be performed for several cycles without losing its efficiency. The reaction is metal‐free, utilizes water as solvent and practical (room temperature and open flask).     

Microwave-assisted synthesis of highly functionalized guanidines on soluble polymer support

An efficient method for the N,N′-di(Boc)-protected guanidines containing piperazine and homopiperazine scaffolds has been developed under multi-step microwave irradiation. Followed by alkylation of carbamate-protected guanidines with various alkyl halides is also explored. This protocol proceeds via deprotonation of the acidic N-carbamate hydrogen of the guanidine by sodium hydride on soluble polymer support. In this manner, highly functionalized guanidines were obtained after cleavage from the support. The reaction is tolerant of a wide range of functional groups on both the alkyl halide and guanidine components. In addition, the reaction is sufficiently simple workup by precipitation in each step to yield the substituted guanidines in high purity. In conjunction with microwave irradiation and soluble polymer support, this method provides an efficient route to access highly functionalized guanidines.     

Direct guanidinylation of aryl and heteroaryl halides via copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction

A modified Ullmann reaction using p-methoxybenzyl (PMB) guanidine as guanidinylation agent yielded various aryl and heteroaryl guanidines in good yields.     

Taurine isothiocyanate: a versatile intermediate for the preparation of ureas, thioureas, and guanidines. Taurine-derived cyclodextrins

A versatile and expeditious synthesis of taurine-derived thioureas, ureas, and guanidines using taurine isothiocyanate as the key intermediate is reported. Thioureas were obtained by a one-pot two-step procedure starting from taurine by the isothiocyanation reaction with thiophosgene in aqueous THF, followed by coupling with aliphatic and aromatic amines. Desulfurization of thiourea derivatives with yellow mercury(II) oxide gave access to either taurine-containing ureas or guanidines in a one-pot three-step fashion. This methodology was successfully applied to the preparation of a cyclodextrin-derived thiourea and guanidine with a taurine residue in their structures.     

Modified guanidines as potential chiral superbases. 3. Preparation Of 1,4,6-triazabicyclooctene systems and 1,4-disubstituted 2-iminoimidazolidines by the 2-chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium chloride-induced cyclization of guanidines with a hydroxyethyl substituent

Simple preparation methods of modified guanidines have been explored as potential chiral superbases. Thus, 3,7,8-trisubstituted and 3,6,7, 8-tetrasubstituted 1,4,6-triazabicyclooctene systems were prepared from (1S,2S)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine through stepwise 2-chloro-1, 3-dimethylimidazolinium chloride (DMC)-induced cyclizations of protected thioureas to the corresponding 2-iminoimidazolidines and then of 2-(2-hydroxyethylimino)imidazolidines to the bicyclic systems. Linear guanidines with a 2-hydroxyethyl functional group were prepared by the reaction of carbodiimides with 2-amino alcohols. Reaction of linear-type guanidines with DMC followed by base treatment afforded 1,4-disubstitued 2-iminoimidazolidines. Furthermore, another type of 1,4,6-triazabicyclooctene was also prepared through double DMC-induced cyclization of guanidines with two 2-hydroxyethyl substituents.     

New synthetic equivalent of nitromalonaldehyde treatable in organic media

beta-Nitroenamines having a formyl group at the beta-position behave as the synthetic equivalent of unstable nitromalonaldehyde, which is a useful synthon for syntheses of versatile nitro compounds. High solubility of the nitroenamines into general organic solvents enables us to conduct reactions in the organic media accompanied by easy experimental manipulations and considerable safety. When nitroenamines are treated with 1,2-bifunctional nucleophiles such as hydrazines, hydroxylamine and glycine ester, nitrated pyrazoles, isoxazole and pyrrole-2-carboxylate were readily prepared. This methodology was also applicable to guanidines and 1,2-diamines, leading to pyrimidines and 1,4-diazepines, respectively.