ICP-AES测定粉末冶金材料中钨、钼等八种元素

用硝酸、高氯酸和氢氟酸溶解样品,在0.025 mol·L-1 EDTA介质中,采用一种标准溶液,用ICP-AES光谱法测定样品溶液中Ni,Cu,V,Mn,W,Mo,Co,Cr的含量。研究了基体和共存元素对分析元素光谱的影响,选择合适的波长,测定了分析结果的精密度,方法的检出限和回收率,结果表明,分析方法有很低的检出限,样品分析结果的相对标准偏差小于1%,加入回收率在98.2%～101.6%,方法准确、可靠、简便、快速,满足生产要求。     

科学思想的火花照亮人类智慧的星空

 当暴风雨即将来临的时候,满天阴霾,空气沉闷,正所谓"山雨欲来风满楼,黑云压城城欲摧"。突然,一声霹雳,一道强光划破长空,照得天空和大地无比灿烂。天上的云层,地上的山水,像水洗过一样,尽收眼底。这就是闪电,是云层与云层之间,云层与大地之间由火花放电产生的巨大的电火花。     

不可思议的脉冲星

在浩瀚的宇宙中,存在着许许多多的不同种类的星体,在这些星体中,有我们熟悉的绿色家园行星——地球,能量之母的恒星——太阳,以及拖着长长尾巴的彗星等等。但是在众多的星体中,有些星体并不为人们所熟悉,这里就有诸如白矮星、红巨星、超新星、脉冲星和黑洞等等,这些不为人熟悉的星体中,它们都有着与平常星体许多不同寻常的地方,有些方面是我们常人无法想象的,在这众多的不同寻常的星体中,有一种星体它不仅在宇宙学的发展中具有划时代的意义,     

多重表征——建构主义物理教学的新思路

编者按:本文引用了心理学界长期使用的"结构良好领域的知识和结构不良领域的知识"的知识分类观点,实际上就科学知识而言,心理学的那种分类和解释并不很恰当,可以"通过复制与同化而获取"的知识,不能说是结构良好的,只能说是简单的确定的,"概念比较复杂,理解一个概念要涉及灵活性和变化性"的知识是多元的,开放的知识,不应该冠以"不良结构"的帽子,这一点也许正是心理学与自然科学,中、西方文化存在的差异的反映;但是我们认为对上述概念作科学的理解后,本文关于物理教学所讨论的问题仍然是有价值的.     

能量教学中值得注意的两个问题

能量是物理学中一个重要而且抽象的概念,如果在教学中教师表述不准确,学生就容易混淆不清,感到迷惑不解.因此,教师能否用准确的语言,严谨的思维,合理的模型给学生呈现能量概念,就显得尤为重要.应高度重视语言的准确,重视从能量是系统共同具有的角度,能量守恒的角度来进行教学.     

浅谈物理课堂教学的结尾设计

课堂教学是实施素质教育的主阵地,其重要地位不言而喻,课堂教学又是一个有机的整体,课堂引入、新课教学、课堂结尾等各个环节不容忽视,课堂教学设计是教学过程的重要环节,设计是否恰当、合理,直接影响着教学任务的完成,是评价课堂教学成败的标准．古人云：“凡事预则立,不预则废”．课堂结尾是课堂教学的重要组成部分,怎样恰当、合理设计课堂教学结尾,直接影响着教学过程的顺利进行和教学目标的实现．因此,课堂教学的结尾设计对于搞好课堂教学、提高教学质量具有重要的作用．笔者根据自己多年的教学实践,对物理课堂教学的结尾设计进行探讨．     

求异思维与创新能力培养

 求异思维也称发散思维,它表现在思维过程中的特点是：不循常规,不蹈旧矩,不依样画瓢,不盲从轻信,不囿于己有结论、方法和途径,不限于众所周知的框架、范畴和界限,而是想别人所未想,思他人所不思,走前人未走过的路,用常人没用过的方法,……因此,其思维的指向是多角度的、辐射式的,思路十分广阔,视野极其开放,在思考问题时勇于怀疑,善于分析,敢于标新立异,巧于另辟奚径,凡事都喜欢问一个为什么,解决问题决不一步一趋地重复以往的经验。这样思考的结果就能突破思维定势,产生新的思想,新的观念,探索新的途径,新的方法,形成新的方案,新的结论。     

物理学咬文嚼字之四十五 此同时非彼同时

At the same time,meantime（meanwhile）,coeval,contemporaneous,contemporary,isochronal,synchronic,synchronous,synchronistic,simultaneous等等都有同时（刻、段、代）的意思,但此同时非彼同时,不可以总按照中文的同时来理解.同时性简直是物理学最深刻的概念--放弃simultaneity的绝对性是狭义相对论的关键,量子力学在随意地谈论同时测量的问题,而统计物理中的系综（ensemble）概念也和simultaneity有关.这些词之间的差别是微妙的,容不得任何含糊.     

将成功教育融入高职物理教学

近几年,随着高等学校的扩招,职业教育面临着前所未有的压力,生源的质量不能保证,学生的基础越来越差,职业教育从十几年前的精英教育变成了大众教育的排头兵.     

如何搞好物理“第二课堂”活动

第二课堂活动是实践教育目标的途径之一,是教学工作中不可缺少的环节,它与课堂教学的目的是一致的,但又不同于课堂教学,具有自己的特点．就内容来说,它不受教学计划和教学大纲的限制,比课堂教学有较大的伸缩性,内容更加广泛、丰富;就形式和方法来说,它有很大的灵活性,可以是集体活动,也可以分小组活动．如何搞好物理课“第二课堂”活动,我们是从以下3个方面进行的．     

Vibrations of the Crystal Lattice of Solid Solutions of Lead Zirconate-Titanate

The IR spectra of samples of solid solutions of lead zirconate-titanate with a rhombohedral and a tetragonal structures have been investigated. The frequencies of the vibrational modes of pairs or groups of atoms bound together have been determined in relation to the composition of the solid solutions. It has been established that in the case of lead zirconate-titanate with the rhombohedral structure, the modes with frequencies 150–250 and 450–600 cm^–1 are dependent on the ratio between the atoms of zirconium and titanium in the crystal lattice cell. It is shown that with increase in the content of lead titanate in solid solutions of lead zirconate-titanate with a tetragonal structure, the frequency of the ferroelectric-active mode shifts toward higher frequencies.     

Effects of confinement on static and dynamical properties of water

Molecular-dynamics results on water confined in a silica pore are reviewed and discussed in connection with experiments performed on water in Vycor and with studies of water in contact with proteins. The properties of confined water are studied as a function of both temperature and hydration level. The interaction of water in the film close to the substrate with the silica atoms induces a strong distortion of the hydrogen bond network. At high hydration levels a double dynamical regime is observed. At low hydration an anomalous diffusion is found upon supercooling with a transition from a Brownian to a non-Brownian regime on approaching the substrate in agreement with results found in studies of water in contact with globular proteins.Received: 1 January 2003, Published online: 14 October 2003PACS: 61.20.-p Structure of liquids - 61.20.Ja Computer simulation of liquid structure     

Enhancement of charging performance of quantum battery via quantum coherence of bath

An open quantum battery (QB) model of a single qubit system charging in a coherent auxiliary bath (CAB) consisting of a series of independent coherent ancillae is considered. According to the collision charging protocol we derive a quantum master equation and obtain the analytical solution of QB in a steady state. We find that the full charging capacity (or the maximal extractable work (MEW)) of QB, in the weak QB-ancilla coupling limit, is positively correlated with the coherence magnitude of ancilla. Combining with the numerical simulations we compare with the charging properties of QB at finite coupling strength, such as the MEW, average charging power and the charging efficiency, when considering the bath to be a thermal auxiliary bath (TAB) and a CAB, respectively. We find that when the QB with CAB, in the weak coupling regime, is in fully charging, both its capacity and charging efficiency can go beyond its classical counterpart, and they increase with the increase of coherence magnitude of ancilla. In addition, the MEW of QB in the regime of relative strong coupling and strong coherent magnitude shows the oscillatory behavior with the charging time increasing, and the first peak value can even be larger than the full charging MEW of QB. This also leads to a much larger average charging power than that of QB with TAB in a short-time charging process. These features suggest that with the help of quantum coherence of CAB it becomes feasible to switch the charging schemes between the long-time slow charging protocol with large capacity and high efficiency and the short-time rapid charging protocol with highly charging power only by adjusting the coupling strength of QB-ancilla. This work clearly demonstrates that the quantum coherence of bath can not only serve as the role of "fuel" of QB to be utilized to improve the QB's charging performance but also provide an alternative way to integrate the different charging protocols into a single QB.     

Influence of fluorination of xerogels on the intensity of photoluminescence of gamma-irradiated sol-gel quartz glasses

We investigated the influence of fluorination of xerogel on the intensity of luminescence with a maximum at 1.9 eV attributable to nonbridging oxygen atoms in gamma-quanta irradiated sol-gel quartzglasses. It is established that in samples with a high content of hydroxyl groups (more than 8 ppm) the intensity of this luminescence correlates with the content of hydroxyl in the initial samples. Fluorination of gels at the technological stage before sintering substantially reduces the number of silanol groups, improves the quality of glass, and increases their radiative-optical stability. Translated from Zhurnal Priklandoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 266–268, March–April, 2000. This work was carried out with financial support from the Belarusian Republican Foundation for Fundamental Research, project F98-139.     

混合物质高压状态方程的计算

 介绍了在温度相同的条件下,混合物中各组元通过密度-压强迭代法,达到温度和压强平衡,再结合叠加原理,编程计算出混合物质状态方程。为验证该程序,对氘氚与氩按不同比例混合时的状态参量进行了分析。当氘氚中含少量氩时,计算得到的状态方程与纯氘氚符合较好;同样地,氩中含少量氘氚时的状态方程也与纯氩的很接近。这说明该程序是可行的。     

Estimation of the optical properties of seawater from measurements of exit radiance

An inverse analysis for simultaneous estimation of the radiation phase function, single scattering albedo and optical thickness in natural waters, from the knowledge of the exit radiance measurements, is presented. A forward and an inverse model are utilized in our analysis. The forward model uses an analytical discrete-ordinates method for solving the radiative transfer equation and the inverse model contains an algorithm for least-squares estimation that is iteratively solved for retrieving the desired optical properties. The experimental data are simulated with synthetic data corrupted with noise. The results show that the optical properties, with the exception of the optical thickness, can be recovered with high accuracy, even for data with up to 10% noise.     

Model calculation of the density of states of dilute alloys

We show that the single pole dominance approximation in the theory of localized spin fluctuations gives the structure in the spectral density associated with the formation of localized magnetic moments in metals and with the Kondo effect, that is a triply peaked spectral density, in agreement with experiment.     

计算半导体平板微腔自发发射的近似方法

引入新变量,并利用高阶泰勒展开完成半导体平板微腔自发发射的空间积分,由此得到半导体平板微腔TE模式自发发射的近似表达式.在腔长为半个中心波长和高反射率腔面的半导体平板微腔中,结合电子和空穴的费米分布函数,用近似方法计算垂直方向小角度内自发发射谱和总的自发发射谱,分别与数值空间积分基本相同,可以用于计算量子阱平板微腔自发发射谱.     

Astigmatism of the radiation of semiconductor stripe-geometry lasers

The effect of injection current on the intensity and angular distribution of radiation in TE- and TM-polarized modes of diode lasers with a stripe geometry and double GaAs-AlGaAs-based heterostructure is investigated. The analysis of the angular distribution of radiation revealed the nonmonotonic behavior of its astigmatism with increase in the current. The coefficient of astigmatism in the mode of lasing is substantially higher for the TE-mode than for the TM-mode. An increase in radiation astigmatism is accompanied by a decrease in the differential effectiveness and polarization degree. These specific features are explained by the interaction of the defocusing action of distribution of the refractive index n(x) in the plane of the p-n-transition with a minimum under the center of the stripe contract (at x=0) with the focusing action of the gain coefficient distribution. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 67, No. 4, pp. 461–464, July–August, 2000.     

Explanation of the temperature variation of Hall coefficient of doped bismuth

The Hall effect in single crystals of bismuth doped with tin and lead has been measured in the temperature range 80 to 300 K. An attempt has been made here to explain the observed variations of Hall coefficient with temperature by considering the relative variation of the free carrier concentrations with temperature in different bands in alloys of bismuth in addition to variation of other parameters. Calculations have been made to see the effect of the overlap on Hall coefficient for different values of band overlap. The experimental curves are in satisfactory agreement with the theoretical calculations.