A general and highly efficient asymmetric synthesis of optically active anthracyclinones

The title asymmetric synthesis has been developed by featuring bromolactonization of (−)-acetals, derived from 2-acetyl-3,4-dihydronaphthacene-6,11-diones and (2R,3R)-(+)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraalkyltartaric acid diamides, as a key diastereoselective reaction. The produced bromolactone mixtures could be readily converted to the highly optically active key synthetic intermediates of 4-demethoxy- and 11-deoxy-4-demethoxyanthracyclinones.     

Recent studies on metal and metalloid bis(trimethylsilyl)methyls and the transformation of the bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl into the azaallyl and β-diketinimato ligands

Recent results (post-1990) on the synthesis and structures of bis(trimethylsilyl)methyls M(CHR₂)_m (R = SiMe₃) of metals and metalloids M are described, including those of the crystalline lipophilic [Na(μ-CHR₂)]_∞, [Rb(μ-CHR₂)(PMDETA)]₂, K₄(CHR₂)₄(PMDETA)₂, [Mg(CHR₂)(μ-CHR₂)]_∞, P(CHR₂)₂ (gaseous) and P₂(CHR₂)₄, [Yb(CHR₂)₂(OEt₂)₂] and [{Yb(CR₃)(μ-OEt)(OEt₂)}₂]; earlier information on other M(CHR₂)_m complexes and some of their adducts is tabulated. Treatment of M(CHR₂) (M = Li or K) with four different nitriles gave the X-ray-characterized azaallyls or β-diketinimates , and (LL′ = N(R)C(^tBu)CHR, L′L′ = N(R)C(Ph)C(H)C(Ph)NR, LL″ = N(R)C(Ph)NC(H)C(Ph)CHR, R = SiMe₃ and Ar = C₆H₃Me₂-2,5). The two lithium reagents were convenient sources of other metal azaallyls or β-diketinimates, including those of K, Co(II), Zr(IV), Sn(IV), Yb(II), Hf(IV) and U(VI)/U(III). Complexes having one or more of the bulky ligands [LL′]⁻, [L′L′]⁻, [LL]⁻, [LL″]⁻, [L″L]⁻, [LL]⁻ and [{N(R)C(^tBu)CH}₂C₆H₄-2]²⁻ are described and characterized (LL = N(H)C(Ph)C(H)C(Ph)NH, L″L = N(R)C(^tBu)C(H)C(Ph)NR, LL = N(R)C(^tBu)CHPh). Among the features of interest are (i) the contrasting tetrahedral or square-planar geometry for and , respectively, and (ii) olefin-polymerization catalytic activity of some of the zirconium(IV) chlorides.     

Polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidines. Part 3: A new and short enantiospecific synthesis of (+)-hyacinthacine A2

(1R,2R,3R,7aR)-1,2-Dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethylpyrrolizidine (+)-Hyacinthacine A₂ 1 has been synthesized by Wittig's methodology using [(2′S,3′R,4′R,5′R)-3′,4′-dibenzyloxy-N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-5′-tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxymethylpyrrolidin-2′-yl]carbaldehyde 3, prepared from a partially protected DMDP 2, and the appropriated ylide, followed by cyclization by an internal reductive amination process of the resulting unsaturated aldehyde 4 and total deprotection.     

Synthesis of 1,1′-methylenedi[(1R,1′R,3R,3′R,5R,5′R)-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-ol] and derivatives: precursors of long-chain polyketides

Racemic 1,1′-methylene[(1RS,1′RS,3RS,3′RS,5RS,5′RS)-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-ol] ((±)-6) derived from 2,2′-methylenedifuran has been resolved kinetically with Candida cyclindracea lipase-catalysed transesterification giving 1,1′-methylenedi[(1R,1′R,3R,3′R,5R,5′R)-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-ol] (−)-6 (30% yield, 98% ee) and 1,1′-methylenedi[(1S,1′S,3S,3′S,5S,5′S)-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-yl] diacetate (+)-8, (40% yield, 98% ee). These compounds have been converted into 1,1′-methylenedi[(4S,4′S,6S,6′S)- and (4R,4′R,6R,6′R)-cyclohept-1-en-4,6-diyl] derivatives.     

Oligomeric flavanoids. Part 13. Synthesis of profisetinidins based on (−) robinetinidol and (+) -epifisetinidol

Acid-catalyzed condensation of (+)-mollisacacidin-[(2R, 3S, 4R)-2, 3-trans-3, 4-trans-flavan-3,3′,4,4′,7-pentaol] with an excess of (−)-robinetinidol[(2R,3S)-2,3-trans-flavan-3,3′,4′,5′,7-pentaol] afforded a novel series of bi-, tri-, and tetraflavanoid profisetinidins. They are accompanied by (−)-fisetinidol-(4,2′)-(−)-robinetinidol which results from the pyrogallol B-ring of (−)-robinetinidol serving as nucleophile competing with its resorcinol A-ring in coupling with a C-4 carbocationic intermediate. Similar condensation with (+)-epifisetinidol[(2S,3S)-2,3-cis-flavan-3,3′,4′,7-tetraol] led to the exclusive formation of [4,6]-interflavanyl bonds, these units being ‘linearly’ arranged in the tetraflavanoid analogue in contrast to the ‘branched’ nature of the (−)-robinetinidol homologue.     

Liquid chromatographic–electrospray mass spectrometric study of the phthalides of Angelica sinensis and chemical changes of Z-ligustilide

High-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry has been applied to analyze the chemical constituents of Danggui (the rhizome of Angelica sinensis) and to study chemical changes of Z-ligustilide. Twelve phthalides were unambiguously identified as senkyunolide I (3), senkyunolide H (4), sedanenolide (8), butylphthalide (9), E-ligustilide (13), Z-ligustilide (14), Z-butylidenephthalide (15), Z,Z′-6.8′,7.3′-diligustilide (16), angelicide (17), levistolide A (18), Z-ligustilide dimer E-232 (19) and Z,Z′-3.3′,8.8′-diligustilide (20) in Danggui extract. The existence of 12 other phthalides (2, 5–7, 11, 12, 22–27), ferulic acid (1) and coniferyl ferulate (10) in Danggui extract has also been demonstrated. Phthalides 3, 4, 16–18 and 20 were determined to be the products from chemical change of Z-ligustilide. This is the first report of the existence of 16 compounds (2–8, 10–12, 20, 22–25 and 27) in Danggui extract.     

Synthesis of metallocenes of zirconium, hafnium, manganese, iron, tin, lead and half-sandwich complexes of rhodium and iridium containing the ligands (η-C5R4CR′2PMe2), where R and R′ may be H or Me

The dimethylphosphino substituted cyclopentadienyl precursor compounds [M(C₅Me₄CH₂PMe₂)], where M=Li⁺ (1), Na⁺ (2), or K⁺ (3), and [Li(C₅H₄CR′₂PMe₂)], where R′₂=Me₂ (4), or (CH₂)₅ (5), [HC₅Me₄CH₂PMe₂H]X, where X⁻=Cl⁻ (6) or PF₆⁻ (7) and [HC₅Me₄CH₂PMe₂] (8), are described. They have been used to prepare new metallocene compounds, of which representative examples are [Fe(η-C₅R₄CR′₂PMe₂)₂], where R=Me, R′=H (9); R=H and R′₂=Me₂ (10), or (CH₂)₅ (11), [Fe(η-C₅H₄CMe₂PMe₃)₂]I₂ (12), [Fe{η-C₅Me₄CH₂P(O)Me₂}₂] (13), [Zr(η-C₅R₄CR′₂PMe₂)₂Cl₂], where R=H, R′=Me (14), or R=Me, R′=H (15), [Hf(η-C₅H₄CMe₂PMe₂)₂]Cl₂] (16), [Zr(η-C₅H₄CMe₂PMe₂)₂Me₂] (17), {[Zr(η-C₅Me₄CH₂PMe₂)₂]Cl}{(C₆F₅)₃BClB(C₆F₅)₃} (18), [Zr{(η-C₅Me₄CH₂PMe₂)₂Cl₂}PtI₂] (19), [Mn(η-C₅Me₄CH₂PMe₂)₂] (20), [Mn{(η-C₅Me₄CH₂PMe₂B(C₆F₅)₃}₂] (21), [Pb(η-C₅H₄CMe₂PMe₂)₂] (23), [Sn(η-C₅H₄CMe₂PMe₂)₂] (24), [Pb{η-C₅H₄CMe₂PMe₂B(C₆F₅)₃}₂] (25), [Pb(η-C₅H₄CMe₂PMe₂)₂PtI₂] (26), [Rh(η-C₅Me₄CH₂PMe₂)(C₂H₄)] 29, [M(η,κP-C₅Me₄CH₂PMe₂)I₂], where M=Rh (30), or Ir, (31).     

A study of leucoanthocyanidins of plants—I Isomers of leucodelphinidin from karada bark and eucalyptus gum

The leucoanthocyanidin of Karada bark (Cleistanthus collinus) has been isolated, and its acetate and methyl ether have been prepared and their properties and reactions studied. It is found to be a (−)-leucodelphinidin (5:7:3′:4′:5′-pentahydroxyflavan-3:4-diol). a dextro-rotatory leucodelphinidin is found in the kino (gum) obtained from Eucalyptus pilularis and it gives a different series of derivatives.     

Ferrocene compounds XXIII. Synthesis and reactions of the new type of methyl ferrocyloxyalkanoates

The new types of ferrocenyloxaaliphatic acid ester, FcCHROCHR′COOMe (R = H, Me, Ph; R′ = H, Me) (7) have been prepared by the action of alkoxides derived from methyl glycolate or methyl lactate on the corresponding ferrocenylcarbinyl acetates (2) or N,N,N-trimethylferrocylammonium iodides (4). The esters obtained were accompanied by a small quantity of oligomeric esters, FcCHR(OCHR′CO)_n OMe (9), and with more or less ferrocyl methyl ethers (8). As opposed to the alkaline hydrolysis of the analogous methyl benzoxyacetate (6) into benzoxyacetic acid (5) the acidification of sodium alkanoates 10 obtained by saponification of esters 7 gave unexpectedly the corresponding ferrocenylcarbinols 1. In a similar way the esters 7 were converted into mixtures of the mentioned carbinols and diferrocyl ethers 11 under action of aqueous hydrochloric acid. The mechanisms of the reactions 10 → 1 and 7 → 1, 11 are discussed.     

Chemistry of the podocarpaceae—IV Constituents of the heartwood of Podocarpus dacrydioides A. Rich

The extractives of the heartwood of Podocarpus dacrydioides A. Rich. contain the known diterpenoid constituents, podocarpic acid (I, R = H), methyl podocarpate (I, R = CH₃), ferruginol (II), Δ⁹-dehydro-ferruginol (III), sugiol (9-ketoferruginol, IV), xanthoperol (V) (in trace amount) and a new resin acid, C₂₀H₂₈O₅, for which the name pododacric acid is proposed. A saturated hydrocarbon also isolated is probably n-heptacosane.     

Chemical investigation of Andrographis serpyllifolia Isolation and structure of serpyllin, a new flavone

A new flavone, Serpyllin, has been isolated from Andrographis serpyllifolia Wt. and its structure has been established as 5-hydroxy-7,8,2′,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone by spectral and synthetic evidence. The synthesis of 5,6,7,2′,3′,4′-hexamethoxyflavone is also reported.     

A new example of stereoisomerism in inorganic chemistry: PtRu chiral axis in [(η-p-cymene)RuCl(μ-N,N′-dialkyldithiox-amidato N,N′-Ru-S,S′Pt)Pt(2-diphenylphosphinopyridine)Cl]

The novel compounds [(η⁶-p-cymene)RuCl(μ-RR-DTO N,N′Ru S,S′-Pt)Pt(RR-DTO)(P-N)Cl] (P-N = 2-diphenylphosphino-pyridine, RR-DTO = N,N′-dialkyl-dithioxamidato, R = benzyl, 1; R = (R)-(−)-2-hydroxypropyl (coming from (R)-(−)-2-hydroxypropyl-amine), 2;) exhibit a Pt---Ru chiral axis which is a new example of stereoisomerism in inorganic chemistry. The crystal structure of 2 is also reported.     

Investigation on lanthanide binuclear complexes of 1,5-bis-(1′-phenyl-3′-methyl-5′-pyrazolone-4′)-1,5-pentanedione and 2,2′-bipyridine

The coordination of 1,5-bis-(1′-phenyl-3′-methyl-5′-pyrazolone-4′)-1,5-pentanedione (BPMPPD) and 2,2′-bipyridine (bipy) with lanthanide ions in water-alcohol solution has been studied. Binuclear complexes of the types : Ln₂(BPMPPD)₃(bipy)₂·nH₂O (n = 2 for Y, n = 4 for Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm and Yb); Ln₂(BPMPPD)₃bipy·nH₂O (n = 10 for La, n = 3 for Pr, Nd, Sm and Tb) were formed. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, IR, UV, ¹H NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and fluorescence spectra.     

The use of thermotropic liquid crystals in organometallic chemistry. Synthesis of new mercury, silver and gold complexes with 4,4′-disubstituted azob

Liquid crystalline 4-XC₆H₄N=NC₆H₄X-4′ [X = C₄H₉ (1a), C_1OH₂₁ (1b), OC₄H₉ (1c), OC₈H₁₇(1d)] can be easily prepared in high yields from the corresponding anilines. In order to study the influence of metals on the thermal properties of these materials, we have obtained adducts [AuCl ₃(4-C₄H₉OC₆H₄N=NC₆H₄OC₄H₉-4′)] (2) and [Ag(OC1O₃)L₂] [L = 4-XC₆H₄N=NC₆H₄X-4′; X = OC₄H, (3a), OC₈H₁₇ (3b)]. The silver adducts show themotropic behaviour. Mercuriation of dialkylazobenzenes 1a-b takes place with [Hg(OAc)₂] and LiCl to give [Hg(R)Cl] [R = C₆H₃(N=NC₆H₄X-4′)-2, X-5; X = C₄H₉ (bpap) (4a), C₁₀H₂₁ (dpap) (4b)] while dialkoxyazobenzenes 1c–d require [Hg (OOCCF₃)₂] to obtain [Hg(R)Cl] [R = C₆H₃(N---NC₆H₄X-4′)-2, X-5; X = OC₄H₉ (bxpap) (4c), OC ₈H₁₇ (4d)]. 4a-c react with NaI to give [HgR₂] [R= bpap (5a), dpap (5b), bxpap (5c), oxpap (5d)l. Both chloroaryl-, 4a and 4c, and diaryl-mercurials, 5a and 5c, act readily as transmetailating agents towards [Me₄N] [AuCl₄] in the presence of [Me₄N]Cl to give [Au(η²-R)Cl₂] [R = bpap (6a), bxpap (6b)]. After reaction of [AuCl ₃(tht)] (tht = tetrahydrothiophene) with [Me₄N]Cl and 4b (1:2:1), [Me₄N][Au(dpap)Cl₃] (7) can be isolated. C---H activati bxpap (8b)]. None of the complexes 4–8 shows mesomorphic behaviour.     

Effets des substituants sur la conformation du cycle γ-lactonique : I. Dérivés de la γ-butyrolactone

The structural study of some γ-butyrolactones substituted (i) in position 2 (position ): C₄H₄O₂Br₂ (II) and C₄H₅O₂R [R = Oφ (III); R = OCOφ (IV); R = OH (V); R = Br (VI); R = Cl (VII)] or (ii) in position 3 or 4 (β or β′): C₄H₅O₂Cl (VIII and IX) has been carried out by using different techniques of physical chemistry. Crystallographic data analysis demonstrates that in the solid state, 2,2-dibromo-γ-butyrolactone, unlike the 2,2-diphenyl-γ-butyrolactone, adopts an “envelope” structure which is comparable to those of compounds (III) and (IV). Spectroscopic data relative to the methylene bending mode δ(CH₂) are interpreted for the dissolved state in terms of rigid (III, IV, V, IX) or exchanging (VI, VII, VIII) “envelope” forms. For and β halogenated derivatives (VI, VII, VIII), quantitative analysis of infrared spectra shows a pseudo-axial predominance in apolar solvents, as found by application of the PCILO method. Interpretation of NMR spectra recorded at 250 MHz (III, IV, V, VI) confirms the data obtained by vibrational spectroscopy.     

Reactions of Ru(CCPh)(L2)Cp* (L2=dppm, dppe) with tetracyanoethene: cycloaddition, formation of monodentate dppm and dppmO complexes and migration of CN to ruthenium

Reactions of FcCCH (a), HCCCCFc (b) and FcCCCCFc (c) with Ru₃(CO)₁₀(NCMe)₂ (all) and Ru₃(μ-dppm)(CO)₁₀ (b and c only) are described. Among the products, the complexes Ru₃(μ₃-RC₂R′)(μ-CO)(CO)₉ (R=H, R′=Fc 1, CCFc 2; R=R′=Fc 5), Ru₃(μ-H)(μ₃-C₂CCFc)(μ-dppm)(CO)₇ 3, Ru₃(μ₃-FcC₂CCFc)(μ-dppm)(μ-CO)(CO)₇ 6 and Ru₃{μ₃-C₄Fc₂(CCFc)₂}(μ-dppm)(μ-CO)(CO)₅ 7 were characterised, including single-crystal structure determinations for 1, 3, 5 and 7; that of 7 did not differ significantly from an earlier study of a mixed CH₂Cl₂–C₆H₆ solvate.     

Novel cyclopentadienyl silanes and disilanes: synthesis, structure and gas-phase pyrolysis

The new chloro(cyclopentadienyl)silanes Cp′SiH_yCl_3−y (Cp′=Me₄EtC₅, y=1: 1; Cp′=Me₄C₅H, y=1: 2; y=0: 3; Cp′=Me₃C₅H₂, y=1: 4 and pentachloro(cyclopentadienyl)disilanes Cp′Si₂Cl₅ (Cp′=Me₅C₅ 5, Me₄EtC₅ 6, Me₄C₅H 7, Me₃C₅H₂ 8, Me₃SiC₅H₄ 9) are synthesized in good yields via metathesis reactions. Treatment of 1–9 with LiAlH₄ leads under Cl–H exchange to the hydridosilyl compounds Cp′SiH₃ (Cp′=Me₄EtC₅ 10, Me₄C₅H 11, Me₃C₅H₂ 12) and to the hydridodisilanyl compounds Cp′Si₂H₅ (Cp′=Me₅C₅ 13, Me₄EtC₅ 14, Me₄C₅H 15, Me₃C₅H₂ 16, Me₃SiC₅H₄ 17). Complexes 1–17 are characterized by ¹H, ¹³C, and ²⁹Si-NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and CH-analysis. The structures of 6, 7 and 9 are determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Pyrolysis studies of the cyclopentadienylsilanes 10–12 and disilanes 13–17 show their suitability as precursors in the MOCVD process.     

Theoretical investigations of the substituent effect on the absorption and emission properties for a series of platinum (II) complexes supported by tetradentate N2O2 chelates

The photophysical properties, which vary as R is varied, of a series of [Pt(N₂O₂)] complexes bearing bis(phenoxy)bipyridine auxiliaries with different substituents R=H (Pt-H) (1), 4,4′-2NH₂ (Pt-NH₂) (2), 4,4′-2tBu (Pt-tBu) (3), 4,4′-2CN (Pt-CN) (4), and 4,4′-2NO₂ (Pt-NO₂) (5) are investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). The solvent effects are discussed in CH₂Cl₂, CH₃CN and CH₃OH solutions, respectively, by polarizable continuum model (PCM). It is anticipated that compared with σ-donor substituents, π-acceptors have more dramatic effects on the electronic and optical properties in this series of complexes. Introduction of π-electron withdrawing substituents on bipyridine ligand will benefit the LLCT (or MLCT) and prohibit the non-radiative pathways via d–d transitions by increasing the energy gap between the HOMO–LUMO and d–d transitions. The results also reveal that the lowest-energy excitations of all complexes show blue-shifts in the polarized solution and when the polarity of the solvent increases from CH₂Cl₂, CH₃CN and CH₃OH, the low-energy broad absorption band exhibit blue-shifts. The lowest-energy excitations and photoluminescence of all complexes are dominated by π(phenoxy)→π^*(bpy/NO₂) (LLCT) excited state mixed with some energetically dπ (Pt)→π^*(bpy/NO₂) (MLCT) transition.     

Chains, ladders and sheets of d metal–organic polymers generated from the flexible bipyridyl ligands

By use of the three-layer diffusion method, reactions of flexible bipyridyl ligands (4,4′-bpp or 3,3′-bpp) with M(II) salts (M = Zn, Cd) and multi-carboxylate ligands resulted in the formation of four interesting d¹⁰ metal–organic coordination polymers: [Zn(μ-4,4′-bpp)Br₂]_n (1), [Zn(μ-4,4′-bpp)(1,2-bdc)]_n · nH₂O (2), [Zn(μ-3,3′-bpp)(1,3-bdc)]_n · nCH₃OH · 2nH₂O (3) and [Cd(μ-3,3′-bpp)(C₄H₂O₄)]_n · 3nH₂O (4) (4,4′-bpp = 2,2′-bis(4-pyridylmethyleneoxy)-1,1′-biphenylene; 3,3′-bpp = 2,2 ′-bis(3-pyridylmethyleneoxy)-1,1′-biphenylene; bdc=benzenedicarboxylate, C₄H₄O₄ = fumaric acid). Complex 1 has a 2D sheet structure consisting of two unusual zigzag Zn(II) chains which are nearly perpendicular to each other. Complex 2 is comprised of two-leg ladders, in which [Zn(4,4′-bpp)] chains serve as the side rails and 1,2-bdc ligands serve as the cross rungs. In complex 3, every two 1,3-bdc ligands connect the neighbouring Zn(II)-3,3′-bpp dimetallic rings in η¹ coordination modes into an interesting chain structure. Complex 4 consists of an anionic macrocycle-containing cadmium dicarboxylate sheets that are separated by 3,3′-bpp. These d¹⁰ metal complexes exhibit high thermal stabilities and strong luminescence efficiencies.     

Annellation effects in the perylene and coronene series

Naphtho(2′:3′, 2:3)perylene (VIII), dinaphtho(2′:3′, 2:3); (2″:3″, 8:9)perylene (VII), anthraceno(1′:4′, 1:12)perylene(IV), 1:12-benzonaphtho(2″:3″, 2:3)perylene(II), 1:12-benzonaphtho (2″:3″, 4:5)perylene (III) and 1:12-benzodinaphtho(2″:3″, 2:3); (2″“:3″”,8:9)perylene (XV) were synthesized. There are two different annellation effects in passing from 1:12-benzoperylene (I) to II or III resp., the one in naphthocoronene (V) lies in between these two effects. The annellation effect in the perylene series cannot be related to the molecular axes but is easily explained by the strict application of Robinsons aromatic sextet.